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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB. Asymmetric Synthesis of Potential Precursors of the HIV Drug MC1220 and Its Analogues by Hydrogenation of (1-Arylvinyl)pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Loksha
- Nucleic Acid Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Sinai University; Al-Arish North Sinai Egypt
| | - Erik B. Pedersen
- Nucleic Acid Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
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2
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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Mietsch M, Sauermann U, Mätz-Rensing K, Klippert A, Daskalaki M, Stolte-Leeb N, Stahl-Hennig C. Revisiting a quarter of a century of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated cardiovascular diseases at the German Primate Center. Primate Biol 2017; 4:107-115. [PMID: 32110698 PMCID: PMC7041533 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-107-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) comorbidities have become
clinically more important due to antiretroviral therapy. Although therapy
increases life expectancy, it does not completely suppress immune activation
and its associated complications. The simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) represents a valuable
model for the investigation of SIV-associated diseases. Although
cardiovascular (CV) changes are common in HIV-infected patients, there are
only a few reports on the incidence of CV findings in SIV-infected animals.
In addition, potential associations between pathohistological findings and
hematological parameters are still unclear. We therefore conducted a retrospective analysis of 195 SIV-infected rhesus
macaques that were euthanized with AIDS-related symptoms at the German
Primate Center, Goettingen, over a 25-year period. Pathological findings
were correlated with hematological data. The main findings included myocarditis (12.8 %), endocarditis
(9.7 %),
and arteriopathy (10.3 %) in various organs. Thrombocytopenia occurred
more frequently in macaques with endocarditis or arteriopathy than in
macaques without CV disease (80 % in animals with endocarditis, 60 %
in animals with arteriopathy, p<0.0001 and p=0.0016, respectively). Further investigations of the interaction between coagulation markers,
proinflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers associated with endothelial
dysfunction (e.g., D-dimers) and histological data (vascular wall structure)
may unravel the mechanisms underlying HIV/SIV-associated CV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mietsch
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Antonina Klippert
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Daskalaki
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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4
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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB, Loddo R, La Colla P. Synthesis and Anti-HIV-1 Evaluation of Some Novel MC-1220 Analogs as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:363-72. [PMID: 26996241 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Some novel MC-1220 analogs were synthesized by condensation of 4,6-dichloro-N-methylpyrimidin-2-amine derivatives (1a,b and 15) and/or 4-chloro-6-methoxy-N,N,5-trimethylpyrimidin-2-amine (2a) with the sodium salt of 2,6-difluorophenylacetonitrile followed by treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide in methanol, alkylation, reduction, halogenation, and/or acidic hydrolysis. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their activity against HIV-1. The most active compound in this study was compound 7, which showed activity against HIV-1 comparable to that of MC-1220. The only difference in structure between compound 7 and MC-1220 is a fluoro atom instead of a CH3 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M Loksha
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinai University, Al-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Erik B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Roberta Loddo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia Generale e Biotecnologie Microbiche, Universita di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia Generale e Biotecnologie Microbiche, Universita di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation following Vaginal Application of IQB3002, a Dual-Chamber Microbicide Gel Containing the Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor IQP-0528 in Rhesus Macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1393-400. [PMID: 26666935 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02201-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the in vivo pharmacokinetics and used a complementary ex vivo coculture assay to determine the pharmacodynamics of IQB3002 gel containing 1% IQP-0528, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), in rhesus macaques (RM). The gel (1.5 ml) was applied vaginally to 6 simian-human immunodeficiency (SHIV)-positive female RM. Blood, vaginal fluids, and rectal fluids were collected at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h. RM were euthanized at 4 h, and vaginal, cervical, rectal, and regional lymph node tissues were harvested. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity was evaluated ex vivo by coculturing fresh or frozen vaginal tissues with activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and measuring the p24 levels for 10 days after an HIV-1Ba-L challenge. The median levels of IQP-0528, determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) methods, were between 10(4) and 10(5) ng/g in vaginal and cervical tissue, between 10(3) and 10(4) ng/g in rectal tissues, and between 10(5) and 10(7) ng/ml in vaginal fluids over the 4-h period. The vaginal tissues protected the cocultured PBMCs from HIV-1 infection ex vivo, with a viral inhibition range of 81 to 100% in fresh and frozen tissues that were proximal, medial, and distal relative to the cervix. No viral inhibition was detected in untreated baseline tissues. Collectively, the median drug levels observed were 5 to 7 logs higher than the in vitro 50% effective concentration (EC50) range (0.21 ng/ml to 1.29 ng/ml), suggesting that 1.5 ml of the gel delivers IQP-0528 throughout the RM vaginal compartment at levels that are highly inhibitory to HIV-1. Importantly, antiviral activity was observed in both fresh and frozen vaginal tissues, broadening the scope of the ex vivo coculture model for future NNRTI efficacy studies.
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6
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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB, La Colla P, Loddo R. Facile synthesis of the NNRTI microbicide MC-1220 and synthesis of its phosphoramidate prodrugs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:940-6. [PMID: 26608715 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and novel synthetic route to MC-1220 was achieved by condensation of 4,6-dichloro-N,N-5-trimethylpyrimidin-2-amine (1) with the sodium salt of 2,6-difluorophenylacetonitrile, followed by methylation and strong acidic hydrolysis. The prodrugs of MC-1220 were synthesized by reaction of chlorophosphoramidate derivatives (7a-e) or α-acetobromoglucose with the sodium salt of MC-1220. The stability and anti-HIV-1 activity of phosphoramidate prodrugs turned out to be comparable to those of the parent drug MC-1220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M Loksha
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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7
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Antimisiaris SG, Mourtas S. Recent advances on anti-HIV vaginal delivery systems development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 92:123-45. [PMID: 25858666 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A review of the recent outcomes regarding technologies to prevent vaginal transmission of HIV, mainly by using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs formulated as microbicides. An introduction about the HIV transmission mechanisms by the vaginal route is included, together with the recent challenges faced for development of successful microbicide products. The outcomes of clinical evaluations are mentioned, and the different formulation strategies studied to-date, with the requirements, advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each dosage-form type, are presented. Finally, the recent attempts to apply various types of nanotechnologies in order to develop advanced microbicide-products and overcome existing limitations, are discussed.
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8
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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB, Loddo R, Sanna G, Collu G, Giliberti G, Colla PL. Synthesis of Novel Fluoro Analogues of MKC442 as Microbicides. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5169-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M. Loksha
- Nucleic
Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Sinai University, Al-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Erik B. Pedersen
- Nucleic
Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Roberta Loddo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sanna
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Collu
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Münch J, Sauermann U, Yolamanova M, Raue K, Stahl-Hennig C, Kirchhoff F. Effect of semen and seminal amyloid on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2013; 10:148. [PMID: 24308721 PMCID: PMC4029343 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Semen and semen-derived amyloid fibrils boost HIV infection in vitro but their impact on sexual virus transmission in vivo is unknown. Here, we examined the effect of seminal plasma (SP) and semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) on vaginal virus transmission in the SIV/rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model. Results A total of 18 non-synchronized female rhesus macaques (six per group) were exposed intra-vaginally to increasing doses of the pathogenic SIVmac239 molecular clone in the presence or absence of SEVI and SP. Establishment of productive virus infection was assessed by measuring plasma viral RNA loads at weekly intervals. We found that the first infections occurred at lower viral doses in the presence of SP and SEVI compared to the control group. Furthermore, the average peak viral loads during acute infection were about 6-fold higher after exposure to SP- and SEVI-treated virus. Overall infection rates after a total of 27 intra-vaginal exposures to increasing doses of SIV, however, were similar in the absence (4 of 6 animals) and presence of SP (5 of 6), or SEVI (4 of 6). Furthermore, the infectious viral doses required for infection varied considerably and did not differ significantly between these three groups. Conclusions Semen and SEVI did not have drastic effects on vaginal SIV transmission in the present experimental setting but may facilitate spreading of virus infection after exposure to low viral doses that most closely approximate the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Ariën KK, Venkatraj M, Michiels J, Joossens J, Vereecken K, Van der Veken P, Abdellati S, Cuylaerts V, Crucitti T, Heyndrickx L, Heeres J, Augustyns K, Lewi PJ, Vanham G. Diaryltriazine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are potent candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis in the prevention of sexual HIV transmission. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2038-47. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Fetherston SM, Boyd P, McCoy CF, McBride MC, Edwards KL, Ampofo S, Malcolm RK. A silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention containing two microbicides with different mechanisms of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 48:406-15. [PMID: 23266465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal rings are currently being developed for the long-term (at least 30 days) continuous delivery of microbicides against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Research to date has mostly focused on devices containing a single antiretroviral compound, exemplified by the 25mg dapivirine ring currently being evaluated in a Phase III clinical study. However, there is a strong clinical rationale for combining antiretrovirals with different mechanisms of action in a bid to increase breadth of protection and limit the emergence of resistant strains. Here we report the development of a combination antiretroviral silicone elastomer matrix-type vaginal ring for simultaneous controlled release of dapivirine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and maraviroc, a CCR5-targeted HIV-1 entry inhibitor. Vaginal rings loaded with 25mg dapivirine and various quantities of maraviroc (50-400mg) were manufactured and in vitro release assessed. The 25mg dapivirine and 100mg maraviroc formulation was selected for further study. A 24-month pharmaceutical stability evaluation was conducted, indicating good product stability in terms of in vitro release, content assay, mechanical properties and related substances. This combination ring product has now progressed to Phase I clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Fetherston
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marcella C McBride
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Stephen Ampofo
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Fetherston SM, Geer L, Veazey RS, Goldman L, Murphy DJ, Ketas TJ, Klasse PJ, Blois S, La Colla P, Moore JP, Malcolm RK. Partial protection against multiple RT-SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge of rhesus macaques by a silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing the NNRTI MC1220. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:394-403. [PMID: 23109186 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MC1220 has potent in vitro activity against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). A liposome gel formulation of MC1220 has previously been reported to partially protect rhesus macaques against vaginal challenge with a simian HIV (SHIV). Here, we describe the pre-clinical development of an MC1220-releasing silicone elastomer vaginal ring (SEVR), including pharmacokinetic (PK) and efficacy studies in macaques. METHODS In vitro release studies were conducted on SEVRs loaded with 400 mg of MC1220, using simulated vaginal fluid (SVF, n = 4) and 1 : 1 isopropanol/water (IPA/H(2)O, n = 4) as release media. For PK evaluation, SEVRs were inserted into adult female macaques (n = 6) for 30 days. Following a 1 week washout period, fresh rings were placed in the same animals, which were then challenged vaginally with RT-SHIV162P3 once weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS SEVRs released 1.66 and 101 mg of MC1220 into SVF and IPA/H(2)O, respectively, over 30 days, the differential reflecting the low aqueous solubility of the drug. In macaque PK studies, MC1220 was consistently detected in vaginal fluid (peak 845 ng/mL) and plasma (peak 0.91 ng/mL). Kaplan-Meier analysis over 9 weeks showed significantly lower infection rates for animals given MC1220-containing SEVRs than placebo rings (hazard ratio 0.20, P = 0.0037). CONCLUSIONS An MC1220-releasing SEVR partially protected macaques from vaginal challenge. Such ring devices are a practical method for providing sustained, coitally independent protection against vaginal exposure to HIV-1.
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Grammen C, Augustijns P, Brouwers J. In vitro profiling of the vaginal permeation potential of anti-HIV microbicides and the influence of formulation excipients. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:226-33. [PMID: 23000496 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the search for an effective anti-HIV microbicidal gel, limited drug penetration into the vaginal submucosa is a possible reason for failed protection against HIV transmission. To address this issue in early development, we here describe a simple in vitro strategy to predict the tissue permeation potential of vaginally applied drugs, based on solubility, permeability and flux assessment. We demonstrated this approach for four model microbicides (tenofovir, darunavir, saquinavir mesylate and dapivirine) and additionally examined the influence of formulation excipients on the permeation potential. When formulated in an aqueous-based HEC gel, high flux values across an HEC-1A cell layer were reached by tenofovir, as a result of its high aqueous solubility. In contrast, saquinavir and dapivirine fluxes remained low due to poor permeability and solubility, respectively. These low fluxes suggest limited in vivo tissue penetration, possibly leading to lack of efficacy. Dapivirine fluxes, however, could be enhanced up to 30-fold, by including formulation excipients such as polyethylene glycol 1000 (20%) or cyclodextrins (5%) in the HEC gels. Alternative formulations, i.e. emulsions or silicone elastomer gels, were less effective in flux enhancement compared to cyclodextrin-HEC gels. In conclusion, implementing the proposed solubility and permeability profiling in early microbicide development may contribute to the successful selection of promising microbicide candidates and appropriate formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Grammen
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Ruffin N, Borggren M, Euler Z, Fiorino F, Grupping K, Hallengärd D, Javed A, Mendonca K, Pollard C, Reinhart D, Saba E, Sheik-Khalil E, Sköld A, Ziglio S, Scarlatti G, Gotch F, Wahren B, Shattock RJ. Rational design of HIV vaccines and microbicides: report of the EUROPRISE annual conference 2011. J Transl Med 2012; 10:144. [PMID: 22784600 PMCID: PMC3476975 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Europrise is a Network of Excellence supported by the European Commission within the 6th Framework programme from 2007 to 2012. The Network has involved over 50 institutions from 13 European countries together with 3 industrial partners and 6 African countries. The Network encompasses an integrated program of research, training, dissemination and advocacy within the field of HIV vaccines and microbicides. A central and timely theme of the Network is the development of the unique concept of co-usage of vaccines and microbicides. Training of PhD students has been a major task, and some of these post-graduate students have here summarized novel ideas emanating from presentations at the last annual Europrise meeting in Prague. The latest data and ideas concerning HIV vaccine and microbicide studies are included in this review; these studies are so recent that the majority have yet to be published. Data were presented and discussed concerning novel immunisation strategies; microbicides and PrEP (alone and in combination with vaccines); mucosal transmission of HIV/SIV; mucosal vaccination; novel adjuvants; neutralizing antibodies; innate immune responses; HIV/SIV pathogenesis and disease progression; new methods and reagents. These – necessarily overlapping topics - are comprehensively summarised by the Europrise students in the context of other recent exciting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Veazey RS, Shattock RJ, Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Animal models for microbicide studies. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:79-87. [PMID: 22264049 DOI: 10.2174/157016212799304715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There have been encouraging recent successes in the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent vaginal or rectal HIV-1 transmission, based on the use of anti-retroviral drugs. However, much work remains to be accomplished before a microbicide becomes a standard element of prevention science strategies. Animal models should continue to play an important role in pre-clinical testing, with emphasis on safety, pharmacokinetic and efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Early identification of availability issues for poorly water-soluble microbicide candidates in biorelevant media: a case study with saquinavir. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:217-23. [PMID: 21683096 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a successful HIV microbicide, many poorly water-soluble antiviral agents are currently being investigated. Unfortunately, solubility and precipitation issues may limit intravaginal concentrations and thus availability of these agents upon application of an aqueous gel formulation. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro precipitation behavior of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in vaginal and seminal fluid simulants (VFS and SFS). Despite its limited solubility, the mesylate salt of saquinavir enables formulation of sufficiently high concentrations (2.5 mM, i.e. ca. 10(5)-fold in vitro IC(50) values) in a standard aqueous vehicle. While saquinavir stays in solution upon dilution with VFS, SFS induces precipitation of saquinavir, resulting in a 5-fold reduced availability and antiviral potency. Inclusion of the solubilizing excipients polyethylene glycol 1000 (12%) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2.5%) was required to avoid saquinavir precipitation in SFS and to restore the antiviral potency of the formulation. This study illustrates the importance of identifying solubility and precipitation issues of microbicide candidates in biorelevant media and provides a simple in vitro procedure to implement this evaluation in early microbicide development.
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