1
|
Xie YY, Yang F, Liao XY. Hypothesis of design of biological cell robot as human immunodeficiency virus vaccine. World J Virol 2020; 9:19-26. [PMID: 33024716 PMCID: PMC7520875 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major intractable challenge to the practical design of vaccines. But a recent pioneer study published in PNAS Xenobots, is likely to revolutionize HIV prevention as it presented the world's first living robot made of cells. In the advent of this discovery, we herein discuss the possibility of using living biological cell robots to target HIV-infected T lymphocytes, and the prospects of this approach being a new HIV vaccine. We capture the current research status and trend of advances in biological cell robots' design as a new HIV vaccine. The key differences between this novel vaccine and other HIV vaccines are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ying Xie
- College of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prodger JL, Lai J, Reynolds SJ, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Kasule J, Kityamuweesi T, Buule P, Serwadda D, Nason M, Capoferri AA, Porcella SF, Siliciano RF, Redd AD, Siliciano JD, Quinn TC. Reduced Frequency of Cells Latently Infected With Replication-Competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in Virally Suppressed Individuals Living in Rakai, Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1308-1315. [PMID: 28535179 PMCID: PMC5850010 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists in latently infected resting CD4+ T cells (rCD4 cells), posing a major barrier to curing HIV-1 infection. Previous studies have quantified this pool of latently infected cells in Americans; however, no study has quantified this reservoir in sub-Saharan Africans, who make up the largest population of HIV-1-infected individuals globally. Methods Peripheral blood was collected from 70 virally suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals from Rakai District, Uganda, who had initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during chronic infection. The quantitative viral outgrowth assay was used to determine frequency of latently infected rCD4 cells containing replication-competent virus. Multivariate regression was used to identify correlates of reservoir size and to compare reservoir size between this Ugandan cohort and a previously studied cohort of individuals from Baltimore, Maryland. Results The median frequency of latently infected rCD4 cells in this Ugandan cohort was 0.36 infectious units per million cells (IUPM; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.55 IUPM), 3-fold lower than the frequency observed in the Baltimore cohort (1.08 IUPM; .72-1.49 IUPM; P < .001). Reservoir size in Ugandans was correlated positively with set-point viral load and negatively with duration of viral suppression. Conclusions Virally suppressed Ugandans had a 3-fold lower frequency of rCD4 cells latently infected with replication-competent HIV-1, compared with previous observations in a cohort of American patients, also treated with ART during chronic infection. The biological mechanism driving the observed smaller reservoir in Ugandans is of interest and may be of significance to HIV-1 eradication efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Prodger
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and
| | - Jun Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo,Uganda
| | - Jeanne C Keruly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard D Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Paul Buule
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo,Uganda
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo,Uganda
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam A Capoferri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana; and
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sagar M. Origin of the transmitted virus in HIV infection: infected cells versus cell-free virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 210 Suppl 3:S667-73. [PMID: 25414422 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
All human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected inocula, such as genital secretions, breast milk, and blood, contain both cell-free virus and infected cells. The relative contributions of cell-free and/or cell-associated virus in establishing an infection in a naive host during the different modes of HIV-1 acquisition remains unclear. Studies aim to elucidate the source of the acquired virus because strategies to prevent acquisition may have differential efficacy against the different modes of transmission. In this review, I will detail some of the challenges in identifying the source of the transmitted virus, genotypic and phenotypic differences among cell-free compared with cell-associated HIV-1, and implications on the efficacy for prevention strategies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Etemad B, Gonzalez OA, White L, Laeyendecker O, Kirk GD, Mehta S, Sagar M. Characterization of HIV-1 envelopes in acutely and chronically infected injection drug users. Retrovirology 2014; 11:106. [PMID: 25430652 PMCID: PMC4253609 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a limited number of variants, and these infecting strains potentially have unique properties, such as increased susceptibility to entry blockers, relative interferon-alpha (IFN-α) resistance, and replication differences in some primary cells. There is no data about the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 envelope variants found early after acquisition among subjects infected through injection drug use (IDU). For the first time, we compared the characteristics of virus envelopes among injection drug users sampled prior to seroconversion (HIV RNA+/Ab-), within 1 year (early), and more than 2 years (chronic) after estimated acquisition. RESULTS Virus envelopes from 7 HIV RNA+/Ab- subjects possessed lower genetic diversity and divergence compared to 7 unrelated individuals sampled during the chronic phase of disease. Replication competent recombinant viruses incorporating the HIV RNA+/Ab- as compared to the chronic phase envelopes were significantly more sensitive to a CCR5 receptor inhibitor and IFN-α and showed a statistical trend toward greater sensitivity to a fusion blocker. The early as compared to chronic infection envelopes also demonstrated a statistical trend or significantly greater sensitivity to CCR5 and fusion inhibitor and IFN- α. The HIV RNA+/Ab- as compared to chronic envelope viruses replicated to a lower extent in mature monocyte derived dendritic cells - CD4+ T cell co-cultures, but there were no significant replication differences in other primary cells among the viruses with envelopes from the 3 different stages of infection. CONCLUSIONS Similar to mucosal acquisition, HIV-1 envelope quasispecies present in injection drug users prior to seroconversion have unique phenotypic properties compared to those circulating during the chronic phase of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Etemad
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Laura White
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Shruti Mehta
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Manish Sagar
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pena-Cruz V, Etemad B, Chatziandreou N, Nyein PH, Stock S, Reynolds SJ, Laeyendecker O, Gray RH, Serwadda D, Lee SJ, Quinn TC, Sagar M. HIV-1 envelope replication and α4β7 utilization among newly infected subjects and their corresponding heterosexual partners. Retrovirology 2013; 10:162. [PMID: 24369910 PMCID: PMC3883469 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that active selection limits the number of HIV-1 variants acquired by a newly infected individual from the diverse variants circulating in the transmitting partner. We compared HIV-1 envelopes from 9 newly infected subjects and their linked transmitting partner to explore potential mechanisms for selection. RESULTS Recipient virus envelopes had significant genotypic differences compared to those present in the transmitting partner. Recombinant viruses incorporating pools of recipient and transmitter envelopes showed no significant difference in their sensitivity to receptor and fusion inhibitors, suggesting they had relatively similar entry capacity in the presence of low CD4 and CCR5 levels. Aggregate results in primary cells from up to 4 different blood or skin donors showed that viruses with envelopes from the transmitting partner as compared to recipient envelopes replicated more efficiently in CD4+ T cells, monocyte derived dendritic cell (MDDC) - CD4+ T cell co-cultures, Langerhans cells (LCs) - CD4+ T cell co-cultures and CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of the gut homing receptor, α4β7, and demonstrated greater binding to α4β7 high / CD8+ T cells. These transmitter versus recipient envelope virus phenotypic differences, however, were not always consistent among the primary cells from all the different blood or skin donation volunteers. CONCLUSION Although genotypically unique variants are present in newly infected individuals compared to the diverse swarm circulating in the chronically infected transmitting partner, replication in potential early target cells and receptor utilization either do not completely dictate this genetic selection, or these potential transmission phenotypes are lost very soon after HIV-1 acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ng OT, Laeyendecker O, Redd AD, Munshaw S, Grabowski MK, Paquet AC, Evans MC, Haddad M, Huang W, Robb ML, Reynolds SJ, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Eshleman SH, Quinn TC. HIV type 1 polymerase gene polymorphisms are associated with phenotypic differences in replication capacity and disease progression. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:66-73. [PMID: 23922373 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinants of intersubtype differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clinical disease progression remain unknown. METHODS HIV-1 subtype was independently determined for 5 separate genomic regions in 396 HIV-1 seroconverters from Rakai, Uganda, using a multiregion hybridization assay. Replication capacities (RC) in samples from a subset of 145 of these subjects were determined. HIV-1 genomic regions and pol RC were examined for association with disease progression. Amino acid polymorphisms were examined for association with pol RC. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, the hazard for progression to the composite end point (defined as a CD4(+) T-cell count <250 cells/mm(3), antiretroviral therapy initiation, or death) among patients with subtype D pol infection was 2.4 times the hazard for those infected with subtype A pol infection (P = .001). Compared with subtype A pol (the reference group), the hazard for progression to the composite end point for subtype D pol infection with a pol RC >67% (ie, the median pol RC) was significantly greater (HR, 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-11.0; P = .001), whereas the hazard for progression to the composite end point for subtype D pol infection with a pol RC ≤67% was not significantly different (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.9; P = .051). Amino acid substitutions at protease positions 62 and 64 and at reverse transcriptase position 272 were associated with significant differences in pol RC. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 pol gene intersubtype and RC differences are associated with disease progression and may be influenced by amino acid polymorphisms.
Collapse
|