1
|
Liu T, Zhang T, Guo C, Liang X, Wang P, Zheng B. Murine double minute 2-mediated estrogen receptor 1 degradation activates macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation and oxidative stress during thoracic aortic aneurysm progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119661. [PMID: 38218386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) has been recently demonstrated as a potential diagnostic biomarker for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). However, its precise role in the progression of TAA remains unclear. In this study, TAA models were established in ApoE-knockout mice and primary mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through treatment with angiotensin (Ang) II. Our findings revealed a downregulation of ESR1 in Ang II-induced TAA mice and VSMCs. Upregulation of ESR1 mitigated expansion and cell apoptosis in the mouse aorta, reduced pathogenetic transformation of VSMCs, and reduced inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we identified macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a biological target of ESR1. ESR1 bound to the MIF promoter to suppress its transcription. Artificial MIF restoration negated the mitigating effects of ESR1 on TAA. Additionally, we discovered that murine double minute 2 (MDM2) was highly expressed in TAA models and mediated protein degradation of ESR1 through ubiquitination modification. Silencing of MDM2 reduced VSMC dedifferentiation and suppressed oxidative stress. However, these effects were reversed upon further silencing of ESR1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MDM2 activates MIF by mediating ESR1 degradation, thus promoting VSMC dedifferentiation and oxidative stress during TAA progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Chenfan Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiangsen Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Pandeng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Baoshi Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding X, Xiang W, He X. IFN-I Mediates Dysfunction of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Atherosclerosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581385. [PMID: 33262760 PMCID: PMC7686511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease including the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis is the most common cardiovascular complication of SLE and a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Vascular damage/protection mechanism in SLE patients is out of balance, caused by the cascade reaction among oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, activation of B cells and autoantibodies and abnormal T cells. As a precursor cell repairing vascular endothelium, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) belong to the protective mechanism and show the reduced number and impaired function in SLE. However, the pathological mechanism of EPCs dysfunction in SLE remains ill-defined. This paper reviews the latest SLE epidemiology and pathogenesis, discusses the changes in the number and function of EPCs in SLE, expounds the role of EPCs in SLE atherosclerosis, and provides new guidance and theoretical basis for exploring novel targets for SLE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ding
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical diseases (Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Wei S, Song H, Zhang X, Wang W, Du N, Song T, Liang H, Chen X, Wang Y. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor derived from spinal cord is involved in activation of macrophages following gecko tail amputation. FASEB J 2019; 33:14798-14810. [PMID: 31689136 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801966rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and their initiation of acute inflammation have been defined to be functionally important in tissue repair and regeneration. In injury-induced production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which has been described as a pleiotropic protein that participates in multiple cellular and biologic processes, it is unknown whether it is involved in the regulation of macrophage events during the epimorphic regeneration. In the model of gecko tail amputation, the protein levels of gecko MIF (gMIF) have been determined to be significantly increased in the nerve cells of the spinal cord in association with the recruitment of macrophages to the lesion site. gMIF has been shown to interact with the CD74 receptor to promote the migration of macrophages through activation of Ras homolog gene family member A and to trigger inflammatory responses through MAPK signaling pathways. The determination of microsphere phagocytosis also indicated that gMIF could enhance macrophage phagocytosis. gMIF-mediated recruitment and activation of macrophages have been found to be necessary for gecko tail regeneration, as evidenced by the depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposomes. The results present a novel function of MIF during the epimorphic regeneration, which is beneficial for insights into its pleiotropic property.-Wang, Y., Wei, S., Song, H., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Du, N., Song, T., Liang, H., Chen, X., Wang, Y. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor derived from spinal cord is involved in activation of macrophages following gecko tail amputation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sumei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Honghua Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nan Du
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tiancheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan Y, Zhang J, Chen CY, Xiao YB, Asico LD, Jose PA, Xu JC, Qian GS, Zeng CY. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor triggers vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation by a p68-serum response factor axis. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:519-530. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Cui J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu J, Ming X, Hou J, Lv B, Fang S, Yu B. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes cardiac stem cell proliferation and endothelial differentiation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK pathways. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1299-309. [PMID: 27035848 PMCID: PMC4829139 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has pleiotropic immune functions in a number of inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence from expression and functional studies has indicated that MIF is involved in various aspects of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aimed to determine whether MIF supports in vitro c-kit+CD45− cardiac stem cell (CSC) survival, proliferation and differentiation into endothelial cells, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. We observed MIF receptor (CD74) expression in mouse CSCs (mCSCs) using PCR and immunofluorescence staining, and MIF secretion by mCSCs using PCR and ELISA in vitro. Increasing amounts of exogenous MIF did not affect CD74 expression, but promoted mCSC survival, proliferation and endothelial differentiation. By contrast, treatment with an MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) or siRNA targeting CD74 (CD74-siRNA) suppressed the biological changes induced by MIF in the mCSCs. Increasing amounts of MIF increased the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which are known to support cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. These effects of MIF on the mCSCs were abolished by LY294002 [a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor] and MK-2206 (an Akt inhibitor). Moreover, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation increased following treatment with MIF. The AMPK inhibitor, compound C, partly blocked the pro-proliferative effects of MIF on the mCSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that MIF promotes mCSC survival, proliferation and endothelial differentiation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways. Thus, MIF may prove to be a potential therapeutic factor in the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction by activating CSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xing Ming
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Djudjaj S, Lue H, Rong S, Papasotiriou M, Klinkhammer BM, Zok S, Klaener O, Braun GS, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Bucala R, Tittel AP, Kurts C, Moeller MJ, Floege J, Ostendorf T, Bernhagen J, Boor P. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Mediates Proliferative GN via CD74. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1650-64. [PMID: 26453615 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologic proliferation of mesangial and parietal epithelial cells (PECs) is a hallmark of various glomerulonephritides. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that mediates inflammation by engagement of a receptor complex involving the components CD74, CD44, CXCR2, and CXCR4. The proliferative effects of MIF may involve CD74 together with the coreceptor and PEC activation marker CD44. Herein, we analyzed the effects of local glomerular MIF/CD74/CD44 signaling in proliferative glomerulonephritides. MIF, CD74, and CD44 were upregulated in the glomeruli of patients and mice with proliferative glomerulonephritides. During disease, CD74 and CD44 were expressed de novo in PECs and colocalized in both PECs and mesangial cells. Stress stimuli induced MIF secretion from glomerular cells in vitro and in vivo, in particular from podocytes, and MIF stimulation induced proliferation of PECs and mesangial cells via CD74. In murine crescentic GN, Mif-deficient mice were almost completely protected from glomerular injury, the development of cellular crescents, and the activation and proliferation of PECs and mesangial cells, whereas wild-type mice were not. Bone marrow reconstitution studies showed that deficiency of both nonmyeloid and bone marrow-derived Mif reduced glomerular cell proliferation and injury. In contrast to wild-type mice, Cd74-deficient mice also were protected from glomerular injury and ensuing activation and proliferation of PECs and mesangial cells. Our data suggest a novel molecular mechanism and glomerular cell crosstalk by which local upregulation of MIF and its receptor complex CD74/CD44 mediate glomerular injury and pathologic proliferation in GN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Djudjaj
- Department of Pathology, Department of Nephrology and Immunology, and
| | - Hongqi Lue
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, and
| | | | | | | | - Ole Klaener
- Department of Pathology, Department of Nephrology and Immunology, and
| | | | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andre P Tittel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Pathology, Department of Nephrology and Immunology, and Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yüksel A, Bilgir F, Bilgir O, Calan M, Bozkaya G. Increased circulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels are associated with coronary artery disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:169-72. [PMID: 26017646 PMCID: PMC4449471 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(03)03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor and E-selectin levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. MATERIALS/METHODS We examined the plasma migration inhibitory factor and E-selectin levels in 87 patients who presented with chest pain at our hospital. The patients were classified into two groups according to their cardiac status. Sixty-five patients had acute myocardial infarction, and 22 patients had non-cardiac chest pain (non-coronary disease). We designated the latter group of patients as the control group. The patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction were further divided into two subgroups: ST-elevated myocardial infarction (n = 30) and non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (n = 35). RESULTS We found higher plasma migration inhibitory factor levels in both acute myocardial infarction subgroups than in the control group. However, the E-selectin levels were similar between the acute myocardial infarction and control patients. In addition, we did not find a significant difference in the plasma migration inhibitory factor levels between the ST elevated myocardial infarction and NST-elevated myocardial infarction subgroups. DISCUSSION The circulating concentrations of migration inhibitory factor were significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction patients, whereas the soluble E-selectin levels were similar between acute myocardial infarction patients and control subjects. Our results suggest that migration inhibitory factor may play a role in the atherosclerotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yüksel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Bilgir
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Katip Çelebi University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oktay Bilgir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Calan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giray Bozkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tillmann S, Bernhagen J, Noels H. Arrest Functions of the MIF Ligand/Receptor Axes in Atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:115. [PMID: 23720662 PMCID: PMC3655399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been defined as an important chemokine-like function (CLF) chemokine with an essential role in monocyte recruitment and arrest. Adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall and their transendothelial migration are critical in atherogenesis and many other inflammatory diseases. Chemokines carefully control all steps of the monocyte recruitment process. Those chemokines specialized in controlling arrest are typically immobilized on the endothelial surface, mediating the arrest of rolling monocytes by chemokine receptor-triggered pathways. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 functions as an important arrest receptor on monocytes. An arrest function has been revealed for the bona fide CXCR2 ligands CXCL1 and CXCL8, but genetic studies also suggested that additional arrest chemokines are likely to be involved in atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. While CXCR2 is known to interact with numerous CXC chemokine ligands, the CLF chemokine MIF, which structurally does not belong to the CXC chemokine sub-family, was surprisingly identified as a non-cognate ligand of CXCR2, responsible for critical arrest functions during the atherogenic process. MIF was originally identified as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (this function being eponymous), but is now known as a potent inflammatory cytokine with CLFs including chemotaxis and leukocyte arrest. This review will cover the mechanisms underlying these functions, including MIF’s effects on LFA1 integrin activity and signal transduction, and will discuss the structural similarities between MIF and the bona fide CXCR2 ligand CXCL8 while emphasizing the structural differences. As MIF also interacts with CXCR4, a chemokine receptor implicated in CXCL12-elicited lymphocyte arrest, the arrest potential of the MIF/CXCR4 axis will also be scrutinized as well as the recently identified role of pericyte MIF in attracting leukocytes exiting through venules as part of the pericyte “motility instruction program.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tillmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lan MY, Chang YY, Chen WH, Tseng YL, Lin HS, Lai SL, Liu JS. Association between MIF gene polymorphisms and carotid artery atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:319-22. [PMID: 23537651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a potent cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Polymorphisms including five- to eight-repeat CATT variants ((CATT)(5-8)) and G-173C in the promoter region of the MIF gene are associated with altered levels of MIF gene transcription. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between promoter polymorphisms of the MIF gene and the severity of carotid artery atherosclerosis (CAA). The severity of CAA was assessed in 593 individuals with a history of ischemic stroke by using sonographic examination, and the MIF promoter polymorphisms of these individuals were genotyped. The carriage of (CATT)7 (compared to genotypes composed of (CATT)5, (CATT)6, or both), carriage of C allele (compared to GG), and carriage of the haplotype (CATT)7-C (compared to genotypes composed of (CATT)5-G, (CATT)6-G, or both) were significantly associated with an increase in the severity of CAA. We conclude that polymorphisms in the MIF gene promoter are associated with CAA severity in ischemic stroke patients. These genetic variants may serve as markers for individual susceptibility to CAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Asare Y, Schmitt M, Bernhagen J. The vascular biology of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Expression and effects in inflammation, atherogenesis and angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:391-8. [PMID: 23329140 DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine-like functions. MIF is a critical mediator of the host immune and inflammatory response. Dysregulated MIF expression has been demonstrated to contribute to various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions as well as cancer development. More recently, MIF has been identified as an important pro-atherogenic factor. Its blockade could even aid plaque regression in advanced atherosclerosis. Promotion of atherogenic leukocyte recruitment processes has been recognised as a major underlying mechanism of MIF in vascular pathology. However, MIF's role in vascular biology is not limited to immune cell recruitment as recent evidence also points to a role for this mediator in neo-angiogenesis / vasculogenesis by endothelial cell activation and endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. On the basis of introducing MIF's chemokine-like functions, the current article focusses on MIF's role in vascular biology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Asare
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Taube A, Schlich R, Sell H, Eckardt K, Eckel J. Inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: links to cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2148-65. [PMID: 22447947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00907.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies highlight a key role of adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and aberrant adipokine release in this process. An increased demand for lipid storage results in both hyperplasia and hypertrophy, finally leading to chronic inflammation, hypoxia, and a phenotypic change of the cellular components of adipose tissue, collectively leading to a substantially altered secretory output of adipose tissue. In this review we have assessed the adipo-vascular axis, and an overview of adipokines associated with cardiovascular disease is provided. This resulted in a first list of more than 30 adipokines. A deeper analysis only considered adipokines that have been reported to impact on inflammation and NF-κB activation in the vasculature. Out of these, the most prominent link to cardiovascular disease was found for leptin, TNF-α, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, interleukins, and several novel adipokines such as lipocalin-2 and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Future work will need to address the potential role of these molecules as biomarkers and/or drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Taube
- Paul Langerhans Group, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu H, Luo F, Yang L, Wu W, Liu X. Hypoxia stimulates the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human vascular smooth muscle cells via HIF-1alpha dependent pathway. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:66. [PMID: 20727156 PMCID: PMC2931459 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia plays an important role in vascular remodeling and directly affects vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) functions. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a well known proinflammatory factor, and recent evidence suggests an important role of MIF in the progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis. However, the potential link between hypoxia and MIF in VSMC has not been investigated. The current study was designed to test whether hypoxia could regulate MIF expression in human VSMC. The effect of modulating MIF expression on hypoxia-induced VSMC proliferation and migration was also investigated at the same time. Results Expression of MIF mRNA and protein was up-regulated as early as 2 hours in cultured human VSMCs after exposed to moderate hypoxia condition (3% O2). The up-regulation of MIF expression appears to be dependent on hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α(HIF-1α) since knockdown of HIF-1α inhibits the hypoxia induction of MIF gene and protein expression. The hypoxia induced expression of MIF was attenuated by antioxidant treatment as well as by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Under moderate hypoxia conditions (3% O2), both cell proliferation and cell migration were increased in VSMC cells. Blocking the MIF by specific small interference RNA to MIF (MIF-shRNA) resulted in the suppression of proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that in VSMCs, hypoxia increased MIF gene expression and protein production. The hypoxia-induced HIF-1α activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ERK activation might be involved in this response. Both MIF and HIF-1α mediated the hypoxia response of vascular smooth muscle cells, including cell migration and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zernecke A, Weber C. Chemokines in the vascular inflammatory response of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:192-201. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
14
|
Noels H, Bernhagen J, Weber C. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a noncanonical chemokine important in atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19:76-86. [PMID: 19679264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, atherogenesis has increasingly been linked to inflammatory processes in the injured vessel wall. Recruitment and arrest of monocytes, T cells, and neutrophils via the concerted actions of multiple chemokines and their chemokine receptors have been the subject of intense research and are being appreciated as key events underlying atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression. The evolutionary conserved cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exhibits prominent proinflammatory and proatherogenic functions, and the latest findings on its chemotactic and chemokine-like properties imply MIF as a crucial drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, the role of MIF in atherosclerosis and injury-induced neointima formation is discussed. We place an emphasis on its proinflammatory and chemokine-like functions in the context of underlying extra- and intracellular signaling mechanisms. These findings clearly distinguish MIF from other cytokines in atherosclerosis and justify the intensive search for inhibitors targeting MIF in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including advanced atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Noels
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The highly conserved and archetypical yet atypical cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) fulfills pleiotropic immune functions in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence has emerged from both expression and functional studies to implicate MIF in various aspects of cardiovascular disease. The present review is aimed at providing a synopsis of the involvement of MIF in the inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its consequences, namely unstable plaque formation, remodeling after arterial injury, aneurysm formation, myocardial infarction, or ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, other forms of myocardial dysfunction and inflammation and the role of MIF in angiogenesis are reviewed. The functional data are reconciled with recent progress in the identification of heptahelical (CXC chemokine) receptors for MIF, its prototypic role as their noncanonical ligand, and its signal transduction profile operative in atherogenic and inflammatory recruitment of mononuclear cells and in the oxidative damage and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Its unique features and functions clearly distinguish MIF from other cytokines implicated in atherogenesis and make it a prime target for achieving therapeutic regression of atherosclerosis. The potential of targeting or exploiting MIF for therapeutic strategies or as a diagnostic marker in the management of cardiovascular diseases or disorders is scrutinized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Molekulare Herz-Kreislaufforschung, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schober A, Bernhagen J, Weber C. Chemokine-like functions of MIF in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:761-70. [PMID: 18385967 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a unique pro-inflammatory regulator of many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation of the arterial wall characterized by chemokine-mediated influx of leukocytes plays a central role. The contribution of MIF to atherosclerotic vascular disease has come into focus of many studies in recent years. MIF is highly expressed in macrophages and endothelial cells of different types of atherosclerotic plaques, and functional studies established the contribution of MIF to lesion progression and plaque inflammation. This proatherogenic effect may partly be explained by the finding that MIF regulates inflammatory cell recruitment to lesion areas. Similar to chemokines, MIF induces integrin-dependent arrest and transmigration of monocytes and T cells. These chemokine-like functions are mediated through interaction of MIF with the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 as a non-canonical ligand. In atherogenic monocyte recruitment, MIF-induced monocyte adhesion involves CD74 and CXCR2, which form a signaling receptor complex. In addition to lesion progression, MIF has been implicated in plaque destabilization, since MIF is predominantly expressed in vulnerable plaques and can induce collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases. The latter could be a relevant mechanism in atherosclerotic abdominal aneurysm formation, where MIF expression is correlated with aneurysmal expansion. In summary, MIF has been identified as an important regulator of atherosclerotic vascular disease with exceptional chemokine-like functions. Detailed analysis of the interaction of MIF with its receptors could provide valuable information for drug development for the anti-inflammatory treatment of established and unstable atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- Cardiology Unit, Medical Policlinic-City Center Campus, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doran AC, Meller N, McNamara CA. Role of smooth muscle cells in the initiation and early progression of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:812-9. [PMID: 18276911 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.159327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of atherosclerosis results from complex interactions of circulating factors and various cell types in the vessel wall, including endothelial cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Recent reviews highlight the role of activated endothelium and inflammatory cell recruitment in the initiation of and progression of early atherosclerosis. Yet, human autopsy studies, in vitro mechanistic studies, and in vivo correlative data suggest an important role for SMCs in the initiation of atherosclerosis. SMCs are the major producers of extracellular matrix within the vessel wall and in response to atherogenic stimuli can modify the type of matrix proteins produced. In turn, the type of matrix present can affect the lipid content of the developing plaque and the proliferative index of the cells that are adherent to it. SMCs are also capable of functions typically attributed to other cell types. Like macrophages, SMCs can express a variety of receptors for lipid uptake and can form foam-like cells, thereby participating in the early accumulation of plaque lipid. Like endothelial cells, SMCs can also express a variety of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to which monocytes and lymphocytes can adhere and migrate into the vessel wall. In addition, through these adhesion molecules, SMCs can also stabilize these cells against apoptosis, thus contributing to the early cellularity of the lesion. Like many cells within the developing plaque, SMCs also produce many cytokines such as PDGF, transforming growth factor-beta, IFNgamma, and MCP-1, all of which contribute to the initiation and propagation of the inflammatory response to lipid. Recent advances in SMC-specific gene modulation have enhanced our ability to determine the role of SMCs in early atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Doran
- Cardiovascular Division/Department of Medicine, the Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dewor M, Steffens G, Krohn R, Weber C, Baron J, Bernhagen J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes fibroblast migration in scratch-wounded monolayers in vitro. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4734-42. [PMID: 17854804 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MIF was recently redefined as an inflammatory cytokine, which functions as a critical mediator of diseases such as septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. MIF also regulates wound healing processes. Given that fibroblast migration is a central event in wound healing and that MIF was recently demonstrated to promote leukocyte migration through an interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors, we investigated the effect of MIF on fibroblast migration in wounded monolayers in vitro. Transient but not permanent exposure of primary mouse or human fibroblasts with MIF significantly promoted wound closure, a response that encompassed both a proliferative and a pro-migratory component. Importantly, MIF-induced fibroblast activation was accompanied by an induction of calcium signalling, whereas chronic exposure with MIF down-regulated the calcium transient, suggesting receptor desensitization as the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Dewor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53) is mutated more often in human cancers than any other gene yet reported. Of importance, it is mutated frequently in the common human malignancies of the breast and colorectum and also, but less frequently, in other significant human cancers such as glioblastomas. There is also one inherited cancer predisposing syndrome called Li-Fraumeni that is caused by TP53 mutations. In this review, we discuss the significance of p53 mutations in some of the above tumors with a view to outlining how p53 contributes to malignant progression. We also discuss the usefulness of TP53 status as a prognostic marker and its role as a predictor of response to therapy. Finally, we outline some evidence that abnormalities in p53 function contribute to the etiology of other non-neoplastic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Royds
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bernhagen J, Krohn R, Lue H, Gregory JL, Zernecke A, Koenen RR, Dewor M, Georgiev I, Schober A, Leng L, Kooistra T, Fingerle-Rowson G, Ghezzi P, Kleemann R, McColl SR, Bucala R, Hickey MJ, Weber C. MIF is a noncognate ligand of CXC chemokine receptors in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment. Nat Med 2007; 13:587-96. [PMID: 17435771 DOI: 10.1038/nm1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases and atherogenesis. We identify the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 as functional receptors for MIF. MIF triggered G(alphai)- and integrin-dependent arrest and chemotaxis of monocytes and T cells, rapid integrin activation and calcium influx through CXCR2 or CXCR4. MIF competed with cognate ligands for CXCR4 and CXCR2 binding, and directly bound to CXCR2. CXCR2 and CD74 formed a receptor complex, and monocyte arrest elicited by MIF in inflamed or atherosclerotic arteries involved both CXCR2 and CD74. In vivo, Mif deficiency impaired monocyte adhesion to the arterial wall in atherosclerosis-prone mice, and MIF-induced leukocyte recruitment required Il8rb (which encodes Cxcr2). Blockade of Mif but not of canonical ligands of Cxcr2 or Cxcr4 in mice with advanced atherosclerosis led to plaque regression and reduced monocyte and T-cell content in plaques. By activating both CXCR2 and CXCR4, MIF displays chemokine-like functions and acts as a major regulator of inflammatory cell recruitment and atherogenesis. Targeting MIF in individuals with manifest atherosclerosis can potentially be used to treat this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bernhagen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernhagen J. Macrophage migration and function: from recruitment in vascular disease to redox regulation in the immune and neuroendocrine networks. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1182-8. [PMID: 16115021 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|