1
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Felipe Perez R, Mochi G, Khan A, Woodford M. Mitochondrial Chaperone Code: Just warming up. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:483-496. [PMID: 38763405 PMCID: PMC11153887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 99% of the mitochondrial proteome is encoded by the nucleus and requires refolding following import. Therefore, mitochondrial proteins require the coordinated action of molecular chaperones for their folding and activation. Several heat shock protein (Hsp) molecular chaperones, including members of the Hsp27, Hsp40/70, and Hsp90 families, as well as the chaperonin complex Hsp60/10 have an established role in mitochondrial protein import and folding. The "Chaperone Code" describes the regulation of chaperone activity by dynamic post-translational modifications; however, little is known about the post-translational regulation of mitochondrial chaperones. Dissecting the regulation of chaperone function is essential for understanding their differential regulation in pathogenic conditions and the potential development of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the recent literature on post-translational regulation of mitochondrial chaperones, the consequences for mitochondrial function, and potential implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Felipe Perez
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gianna Mochi
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ariba Khan
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark Woodford
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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2
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Hua L, Zhang Q, Zhu X, Wang R, You Q, Wang L. Beyond Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeric Molecules: Designing Heterobifunctional Molecules Based on Functional Effectors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8091-8112. [PMID: 35686733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the successful development of proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACs), the potential of heterobifunctional molecules to contribute to reenvisioning drug design, especially small-molecule drugs, has been increasingly recognized. Inspired by PROTACs, diverse heterobifunctional molecules have been reported to simultaneously bind two or more molecules and bring them into proximity to interaction, such as ribonuclease-recruiting, autophagy-recruiting, lysosome-recruiting, kinase-recruiting, phosphatase-recruiting, glycosyltransferase-recruiting, and acetyltransferase-recruiting chimeras. On the basis of the heterobifunctional principle, more opportunities for advancing drug design by linking potential effectors to a protein of interest (POI) have emerged. Herein, we introduce heterobifunctional molecules other than PROTACs, summarize the limitations of existing molecules, list the main challenges, and propose perspectives for future research directions, providing insight into alternative design strategies based on substrate-proximity-based targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R.China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R.China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R.China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R.China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R.China
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3
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Kasamatsu S. Persulfide-Dependent Regulation of Electrophilic Redox Signaling in Neural Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1320-1331. [PMID: 32536194 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis is precisely modulated by intricate systems that regulate production, elimination, and metabolism of electrophilic substances (electrophiles) in the nervous system. Since the first report of the endogenous production of reactive persulfide species in cells, such as cysteine persulfides (CysSSH), these reactive species have been a topic of extreme interest in the field of redox biology; persulfides/polysulfides possess unique chemical properties and are involved in multiple cellular functions. Recent Advances: Electrophilic signaling is mainly regulated by endogenous electrophiles that are generated from reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and their derivatives during stress responses, as well as by exogenous electrophiles, including compounds in foods and environmental pollutants, such as methylmercury (MeHg). Among diverse electrophiles that are endogenously generated, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) possesses unique redox properties, of which the biosynthetic pathway, signaling mechanism, and metabolism in cells have been elucidated. Critical Issues: Persulfides, such as CysSSH, that are endogenously produced are critically involved in 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. Exposure of neurons to the exogenous neurotoxicant, MeHg, causes severe neurodegeneration via disruption of persulfide-dependent 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. Future Directions: Accumulating evidence indicates that persulfides are involved in various cellular functions under physiological and pathological conditions. These new aspects of redox biology related to persulfides may be frontiers of cell research, medical and clinical investigations of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as other fields. 8-Nitro-cGMP-mediated signaling and its persulfide-dependent metabolism in cells could, therefore, be potential targets for drug development, which may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Alberti G, Vitale AM, Paladino L, Campanella C, Rappa F, Gorska M, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Hsp60 Post-translational Modifications: Functional and Pathological Consequences. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:95. [PMID: 32582761 PMCID: PMC7289027 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp60 is a chaperone belonging to the Chaperonins of Group I and typically functions inside mitochondria in which, together with the co-chaperonin Hsp10, maintains protein homeostasis. In addition to this canonical role, Hsp60 plays many others beyond the mitochondria, for instance in the cytosol, plasma-cell membrane, extracellular space, and body fluids. These non-canonical functions include participation in inflammation, autoimmunity, carcinogenesis, cell replication, and other cellular events in health and disease. Thus, Hsp60 is a multifaceted molecule with a wide range of cellular and tissue locations and functions, which is noteworthy because there is only one hsp60 gene. The question is by what mechanism this protein can become multifaceted. Likely, one factor contributing to this diversity is post-translational modification (PTM). The amino acid sequence of Hsp60 contains many potential phosphorylation sites, and other PTMs are possible such as O-GlcNAcylation, nitration, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, citrullination, oxidation, and ubiquitination. The effect of some of these PTMs on Hsp60 functions have been examined, for instance phosphorylation has been implicated in sperm capacitation, docking of H2B and microtubule-associated proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, tumor invasiveness, and delay or facilitation of apoptosis. Nitration was found to affect the stability of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, to inhibit folding ability, and to perturb insulin secretion. Hyperacetylation was associated with mitochondrial failure; S-nitrosylation has an impact on mitochondrial stability and endothelial integrity; citrullination can be pro-apoptotic; oxidation has a role in the response to cellular injury and in cell migration; and ubiquitination regulates interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Future research ought to determine which PTM causes which variations in the Hsp60 molecular properties and functions, and which of them are pathogenic, causing chaperonopathies. This is an important topic considering the number of acquired Hsp60 chaperonopathies already cataloged, many of which are serious diseases without efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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5
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Matsui R, Ferran B, Oh A, Croteau D, Shao D, Han J, Pimentel DR, Bachschmid MM. Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:677-700. [PMID: 31813265 PMCID: PMC7047114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Over the past several years, oxidative post-translational modifications of protein cysteines have been recognized for their critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Cells have harnessed thiol modifications involving both oxidative and reductive steps for signaling and protein processing. One of these stages requires oxidation of cysteine to sulfenic acid, followed by two reduction reactions. First, glutathione (reduced glutathione [GSH]) forms a S-glutathionylated protein, and second, enzymatic or chemical reduction removes the modification. Under physiological conditions, these steps confer redox signaling and protect cysteines from irreversible oxidation. However, oxidative stress can overwhelm protein S-glutathionylation and irreversibly modify cysteine residues, disrupting redox signaling. Critical Issues: Glutaredoxins mainly catalyze the removal of protein-bound GSH and help maintain protein thiols in a highly reduced state without exerting direct antioxidant properties. Conversely, glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxiredoxins, and occasionally glutaredoxins can also catalyze protein S-glutathionylation, thus promoting a dynamic redox environment. Recent Advances: The latest studies of glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) transgenic or knockout mice demonstrate important distinct roles of Glrx in a variety of pathologies. Endogenous Glrx is essential to maintain normal hepatic lipid homeostasis and prevent fatty liver disease. Further, in vivo deletion of Glrx protects lungs from inflammation and bacterial pneumonia-induced damage, attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy, and improves ischemic limb vascularization. Meanwhile, exogenous Glrx administration can reverse pathological lung fibrosis. Future Directions: Although S-glutathionylation modifies many proteins, these studies suggest that S-glutathionylation and Glrx regulate specific pathways in vivo, and they implicate Glrx as a potential novel therapeutic target to treat diverse disease conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 677-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albin Oh
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Croteau
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Di Shao
- Helens Clinical Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus Michael Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Tsutsuki H, Kasamatsu S, Kunieda K, Ida T, Sawa T, Sasakawa N, Akaike T, Ihara H. 8-Nitro-cGMP modulates exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:225-230. [PMID: 32201073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated production of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) is a crucial signaling pathway that controls a wide array of neuronal functions, including exocytotic neurotransmitter release. A novel nitrated derivative of cGMP, 8-nitro-cGMP, not only activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), but also has membrane permeability and redox activity to produce superoxide and S-guanylated protein. To date, no studies have addressed the effects of 8-nitro-cGMP on exocytotic kinetics. Here, we aimed to assess the 8-nitro-cGMP-mediated modulation of the depolarization-evoked catecholamine release from bovine chromaffin cells. 8-Nitro-cGMP was produced in bovine chromaffin cells dependent on NO donor. Amperometric analysis revealed that 8-nitro-cGMP modulated the kinetic parameters of secretory spikes from chromaffin cells, particularly decreased the speed of individual spikes, resulting in a reduced amperometric spike height, slope β, and absolute value of slope γ. The modulatory effects were independent of the PKG signal and superoxide production. This is the first study to demonstrate that 8-nitro-cGMP modulates exocytosis and provide insights into a novel regulatory mechanism of exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kohei Kunieda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sasakawa
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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7
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Petřivalský M, Luhová L. Nitrated Nucleotides: New Players in Signaling Pathways of Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32508862 PMCID: PMC7248558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of diverse biomolecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acid, by reactive nitrogen species represents one of the key mechanisms mediating nitric oxide (NO) biological activity across all types of organisms. 8-nitroguanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) has been described as a unique electrophilic intermediate involved in intracellular redox signaling. In animal cells, 8-nitro-cGMP is formed from guanosine-5'-triphosphate by a combined action of reactive nitrogen (RNS) and oxygen species (ROS) and guanylate cyclase. As demonstrated originally in animal models, 8-nitro-cGMP shows certain biological activities closely resembling its analog cGMP; however, its regulatory functions are mediated mainly by its electrophilic properties and chemical interactions with protein thiols resulting in a novel protein post-translational modification termed S-guanylation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 8-nitro-cGMP was reported to mediate NO-dependent signaling pathways controlling abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure, however, its derivative 8-mercapto-cGMP (8-SH-cGMP) was later shown as the active component of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-mediated guard cell signaling. Here we present a survey of current knowledge on biosynthesis, metabolism and biological activities of nitrated nucleotides with special attention to described and proposed functions of 8-nitro-cGMP and its metabolites in plant physiology and stress responses.
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8
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Balke JE, Zhang L, Percival JM. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant function: Insights into nitric oxide signaling from skeletal muscle. Nitric Oxide 2018; 82:35-47. [PMID: 30503614 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant localization and signaling in skeletal muscle are a firmly established pathogenic characteristic of many neuromuscular diseases, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD, respectively). Therefore, substantial efforts have been made to understand and therapeutically target skeletal muscle nNOS isoform signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent salient advances in understanding of the regulation, targeting, and function of nNOSμ and nNOSβ splice variants in normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle, primarily using findings from mouse models. The first focus of this review is how the differential targeting of nNOS splice variants creates spatially and functionally distinct nitric oxide (NO) signaling compartments at the sarcolemma, Golgi complex, and cytoplasm. Particular attention is given to the functions of sarcolemmal nNOSμ and limitations of current nNOS knockout models. The second major focus is to review current understanding of cGMP-mediated nNOS signaling in skeletal muscle and its emergence as a therapeutic target in DMD and BMD. Accordingly, we address the preclinical and clinical successes and setbacks with the testing of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors to redress nNOS signaling defects in DMD and BMD. In summary, this review of nNOS function in normal and dystrophic muscle aims to advance understanding how the messenger NO is harnessed for cellular signaling from a skeletal muscle perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Balke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA
| | - Justin M Percival
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA.
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9
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Khan S, Fujii S, Matsunaga T, Nishimura A, Ono K, Ida T, Ahmed KA, Okamoto T, Tsutsuki H, Sawa T, Akaike T. Reactive Persulfides from Salmonella Typhimurium Downregulate Autophagy-Mediated Innate Immunity in Macrophages by Inhibiting Electrophilic Signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1403-1413.e4. [PMID: 30197193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive persulfides such as cysteine persulfide and glutathione persulfide are produced by bacteria including Salmonella during sulfur metabolism. The biological significance of bacterial reactive persulfides in host-pathogen interactions still warrants investigation. We found that reactive persulfides produced by Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 regulate macrophage autophagy via metabolizing 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), an electrophilic product of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signaling. 8-Nitro-cGMP signaling was required for efficient autophagy-mediated clearance of Salmonella from infected macrophages. In the infected cells, 8-nitro-cGMP caused cGMP adduct formation (S-guanylation) of bacterial surface proteins, which triggered recruitment of autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3-II to the intracellular bacteria. We also found that Salmonella-produced reactive persulfides downregulated this autophagy by decreasing cellular 8-nitro-cGMP content, thereby inhibiting electrophilic signaling. These data reveal a pathogenic role of bacteria-derived reactive persulfides via suppression of anti-bacterial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Khandaker Ahtesham Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okamoto
- Intensive Care Unit, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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10
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Kishimoto Y, Kunieda K, Kitamura A, Kakihana Y, Akaike T, Ihara H. 8-Nitro-cGMP Attenuates the Interaction between SNARE Complex and Complexin through S-Guanylation of SNAP-25. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:217-223. [PMID: 29110463 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is the second messenger in nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species redox signaling. This molecule covalently binds to protein thiol groups, called S-guanylation, and exerts various biological functions. Recently, we have identified synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) as a target of S-guanylation, and demonstrated that S-guanylation of SNAP25 enhanced SNARE complex formation. In this study, we have examined the effects of S-guanylation of SNAP-25 on the interaction between the SNARE complex and complexin (cplx), which binds to the SNARE complex with a high affinity. Pull-down assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments have revealed that S-guanylation of Cys90 in SNAP-25 attenuates the interaction between the SNARE complex and cplx. In addition, blue native-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis revealed that the amount of cplx detected at a high molecular weight decreased upon 8-nitro-cGMP treatment in SH-SY5Y cells. These results demonstrated for the first time that S-guanylation of SNAP-25 attenuates the interaction between the SNARE complex and cplx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kishimoto
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kohei Kunieda
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department
of Protein Factory, Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Kakihana
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department
of Environmental Health Science and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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11
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Arimoto H, Takahashi D. 8-Nitro-cGMP: A Novel Protein-Reactive cNMP and Its Emerging Roles in Autophagy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:253-268. [PMID: 28213625 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) raises the intracellular 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level through the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and, in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reacts with biomolecules to produce nitrated cGMP derivatives. 8-Nitro-cGMP was the first endogenous cGMP derivative discovered in mammalian cells (2007) and was later found in plant cells. Among the six nitrogen atoms in this molecule, the one in the nitro group (NO2) comes from NO. This chapter asserts that this newly found cGMP is undoubtedly one of the major physiological cNMPs. Multiple studies suggest that its intracellular abundance might exceed that of unmodified cGMP. The characteristic chemical feature of 8-nitro-cGMP is its ability to modify proteinous cysteine residues via a stable sulfide bond. In this posttranslational modification, the nitro group is detached from the guanine base. This modification, termed "protein S-guanylation," is known to regulate the physiological functions of several important proteins. Furthermore, 8-nitro-cGMP participates in the regulation of autophagy. For example, in antibacterial autophagy (xenophagy), S-guanylation accumulates around invading bacterial cells and functions as a "tag" for subsequent clearance of the organism via ubiquitin modifications. This finding suggests the existence of a system for recognizing the cGMP structure on proteins. Autophagy induction by 8-nitro-cGMP is mechanistically distinct from the well-described starvation-induced autophagy and is independent of the action of mTOR, the master regulator of canonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Arimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Daiki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Ihara H, Kasamatsu S, Kitamura A, Nishimura A, Tsutsuki H, Ida T, Ishizaki K, Toyama T, Yoshida E, Abdul Hamid H, Jung M, Matsunaga T, Fujii S, Sawa T, Nishida M, Kumagai Y, Akaike T. Exposure to Electrophiles Impairs Reactive Persulfide-Dependent Redox Signaling in Neuronal Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1673-1684. [PMID: 28837763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrophiles such as methylmercury (MeHg) affect cellular functions by covalent modification with endogenous thiols. Reactive persulfide species were recently reported to mediate antioxidant responses and redox signaling because of their strong nucleophilicity. In this study, we used MeHg as an environmental electrophile and found that exposure of cells to the exogenous electrophile elevated intracellular concentrations of the endogenous electrophilic molecule 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), accompanied by depletion of reactive persulfide species and 8-SH-cGMP which is a metabolite of 8-nitro-cGMP. Exposure to MeHg also induced S-guanylation and activation of H-Ras followed by injury to cerebellar granule neurons. The electrophile-induced activation of redox signaling and the consequent cell damage were attenuated by pretreatment with a reactive persulfide species donor. In conclusion, exogenous electrophiles such as MeHg with strong electrophilicity impair the redox signaling regulatory mechanism, particularly of intracellular reactive persulfide species and therefore lead to cellular pathogenesis. Our results suggest that reactive persulfide species may be potential therapeutic targets for attenuating cell injury by electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kento Ishizaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hisyam Abdul Hamid
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus , 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Minkyung Jung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience), National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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13
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Hoshino M, Kaneko K, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimura K, Suzuki D, Akaike T, Sawa T, Ida T, Fujii S, Ihara H, Tanaka J, Tsukuura R, Chikazu D, Mishima K, Baba K, Kamijo R. 8-Nitro-cGMP promotes bone growth through expansion of growth plate cartilage. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:63-71. [PMID: 28559051 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In endochondral ossification, growth of bones occurs at their growth plate cartilage. While it is known that nitric oxide (NO) synthases are required for proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage and growth of bones, the precise mechanism by which NO facilitates these process has not been clarified yet. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) also positively regulate elongation of bones through expansion of the growth plate cartilage. Both NO and CNP are known to use cGMP as the second messenger. Recently, 8-nitro-cGMP was identified as a signaling molecule produced in the presence of NO in various types of cells. Here, we found that 8-nitro-cGMP is produced in proliferating chondrocytes in the growth plates, which was enhanced by CNP, in bones cultured ex vivo. In addition, 8-nitro-cGMP promoted bone growth with expansion of the proliferating zone as well as increase in the number of proliferating cells in the growth plates. 8-Nitro-cGMP also promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro. On the other hand, 8-bromo-cGMP enhanced the growth of bones with expansion of hypertrophic zone of the growth plates without affecting either the width of proliferating zone or proliferation of chondrocytes. These results indicate that 8-nitro-cGMP formed in growth plate cartilage accelerates chondrocyte proliferation and bone growth as a downstream molecule of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Tsukuura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Chikazu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Nishida M, Nishimura A, Matsunaga T, Motohashi H, Kasamatsu S, Akaike T. Redox regulation of electrophilic signaling by reactive persulfides in cardiac cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:132-140. [PMID: 28109891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining a redox balance by means of precisely controlled systems that regulate production, and elimination, and metabolism of electrophilic substances (electrophiles) is essential for normal cardiovascular function. Electrophilic signaling is mainly regulated by endogenous electrophiles that are generated from reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and the derivative reactive species of nitric oxide during stress responses, as well as by exogenous electrophiles including compounds in foods and environmental pollutants. Among electrophiles formed endogenously, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) has unique cell signaling functions, and pathways for its biosynthesis, signaling mechanism, and metabolism in cells have been clarified. Reactive persulfide species such as cysteine persulfides and polysulfides that are endogenously produced in cells are likely to be involved in 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. These new aspects of redox biology may stimulate innovative and multidisciplinary research in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. In our review, we focus on the redox-dependent regulation of electrophilic signaling via reduction and metabolism of electrophiles by reactive persulfides in cardiac cells, and we include suggestions for a new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsunaga
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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15
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Superoxide generation from nNOS splice variants and its potential involvement in redox signal regulation. Biochem J 2017; 474:1149-1162. [PMID: 28126743 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated different spacial expression profiles of the neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) splice variants nNOS-µ and nNOS-α in the brain; however, their exact functions are not fully understood. Here, we used electron paramagnetic resonance to compare the electron-uncoupling reactions of recombinant nNOS-µ and nNOS-α that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), in this case superoxide. nNOS-µ generated 44% of the amount of superoxide that nNOS-α generated. We also evaluated the ROS production in HEK293 cells stably expressing nNOS-α and nNOS-µ by investigating these electron-uncoupling reactions as induced by calcium ionophore A23187. A23187 treatment induced greater ROS production in HEK293 cells expressing nNOS-α than those expressing nNOS-µ. Also, immunocytochemical analysis revealed that A23187-treated cells expressing nNOS-α produced more 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a second messenger in NO/ROS redox signaling, than did the cells expressing nNOS-µ. Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that the ratio of nonsynonymous sites to synonymous sites for the nNOS-µ-specific region was higher than that for the complete gene, indicating that this region has fewer functional constraints than does the complete gene. These observations shed light on the physiological relevance of the nNOS-µ variant and may improve understanding of nNOS-dependent NO/ROS redox signaling and its pathophysiological consequences in neuronal systems.
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16
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Ahmed KA, Zhang T, Ono K, Tsutsuki H, Ida T, Akashi S, Miyata K, Oike Y, Akaike T, Sawa T. Synthesis and Characterization of 8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphorothioate Rp-Isomer as a Potent Inhibitor of Protein Kinase G1α. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 40:365-374. [PMID: 27980245 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases (PKG) are kinases regulating diverse physiological functions including vascular smooth muscle relaxation, neuronal synaptic plasticity, and platelet activities. Certain PKG inhibitors, such as Rp-diastereomers of derivatives of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cGMPS), have been designed and used to study PKG-regulated cell signaling. 8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is an endogenous cGMP derivative formed as a result of excess production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. 8-Nitro-cGMP causes persistent activation of PKG1α through covalent attachment of cGMP moieties to cysteine residues of the enzyme (i.e., the process called protein S-guanylation). In this study, we synthesized a nitrated analogue of Rp-cGMPS, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate Rp-isomer (Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS), and investigated its effects on PKG1α activity. We synthesized Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS by reacting Rp-8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-8-bromo-cGMPS) with sodium nitrite. Rp-8-Nitro-cGMPS reacted with the thiol compounds cysteine and glutathione to form Rp-8-thioalkoxy-cGMPS adducts to a similar extent as did 8-nitro-cGMP. As an important finding, a protein S-guanylation-like modification was clearly observed, by using Western blotting, in the reaction between recombinant PKG1α and Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS. Rp-8-Nitro-cGMPS inhibited PKG1α activity with an inhibitory constant of 22 µM in a competitive manner. An organ bath assay with mouse aorta demonstrated that Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS inhibited vascular relaxation induced by acetylcholine or 8-bromo-cGMP more than Rp-8-bromo-cGMPS did. These findings suggest that Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS inhibits PKG through induction of an S-guanylation-like modification by attaching the Rp-cGMPS moiety to the enzyme. Additional study is warranted to explore the potential application of Rp-8-nitro-cGMPS to biochemical and therapeutic research involving PKG1α activation.
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17
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Redox Signaling Regulated by Cysteine Persulfide and Protein Polysulfidation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121721. [PMID: 27983699 PMCID: PMC6273478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, reactive persulfide species including cysteine persulfide (CysSSH) have been known to exist endogenously in organisms. However, the physiological significance of endogenous persulfides remains poorly understood. That cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase produced CysSSH from cystine was recently demonstrated. An endogenous sulfur transfer system involving CysSSH evidently generates glutathione persulfide (GSSH) that exists at concentrations greater than 100 μM in vivo. Because reactive persulfide species such as CysSSH and GSSH have higher nucleophilicity than parental cysteine (Cys) and glutathione do, these reactive species exhibit strong scavenging activities against oxidants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, and electrophiles, which contributes to redox signaling regulation. Also, several papers indicated that various proteins and enzymes have Cys polysulfides including CysSSH at their specific Cys residues, which is called protein polysulfidation. Apart from the redox signaling regulatory mechanism, another plausible function of protein polysulfidation is providing protection for protein thiol residues against irreversible chemical modification caused by oxidants and electrophiles. Elucidation of the redox signaling regulatory mechanism of reactive persulfide species including small thiol molecules and thiol-containing proteins should lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies and drug discoveries for oxidative and electrophilic stress-related diseases.
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18
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Fujii S, Sawa T, Nishida M, Ihara H, Ida T, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Redox signaling regulated by an electrophilic cyclic nucleotide and reactive cysteine persulfides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:140-6. [PMID: 27095231 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen (oxidant) and free radical species are known to cause nonspecific damage of various biological molecules. The oxidant toxicology is developing an emerging concept of the physiological functions of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling regulation. Redox signaling is precisely modulated by endogenous electrophilic substances that are generated from reactive oxygen species during cellular oxidative stress responses. Among diverse electrophilic molecular species that are endogenously generated, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is a unique second messenger whose formation, signaling, and metabolism in cells was recently clarified. Most important, our current studies revealed that reactive cysteine persulfides that are formed abundantly in cells are critically involved in the metabolism of 8-nitro-cGMP. Modern redox biology involves frontiers of cell research and stem cell research; medical and clinical investigations of infections, cancer, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases; and other fields. 8-Nitro-cGMP-mediated signaling and metabolism in cells may therefore be potential targets for drug development, which may lead to discovery of new therapeutic agents for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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19
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Tsutsuki H, Jung M, Zhang T, Ono K, Ida T, Kunieda K, Ihara H, Akaike T, Sawa T. Endogenous occurrence of protein S-guanylation in Escherichia coli: Target identification and genetic regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:7-11. [PMID: 27473654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is a nitrated cGMP derivative formed in response to nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It can cause a post-translational modification (PTM) of protein thiols through cGMP adduction (protein S-guanylation). Accumulating evidence has suggested that, in mammals, S-guanylation of redox-sensor proteins may implicate in regulation of adaptive responses against ROS-associated oxidative stress. Occurrence as well as protein targets of S-guanylation in bacteria remained unknown, however. Here we demonstrated, for the first time, the endogenous occurrence of protein S-guanylation in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Western blotting using anti-S-guanylation antibody clearly showed that multiple proteins were S-guanylated in E. coli. Interestingly, some of those proteins were more intensely S-guanylated when bacteria were cultured under static culture condition than shaking culture condition. It has been known that E. coli is deficient of guanylate cyclase, an enzyme indispensable for 8-nitro-cGMP formation in mammals. We found that adenylate cyclase from E. coli potentially catalyzed 8-nitro-cGMP formation from its precursor 8-nitroguanosine 5'-triphosphate. More importantly, E. coli lacking adenylate cyclase showed significantly reduced formation of S-guanylated proteins. Our S-guanylation proteomics successfully identified S-guanylation protein targets in E. coli, including chaperons, ribosomal proteins, and enzymes which associate with protein synthesis, redox regulation and metabolism. Understanding of functional impacts for protein S-guanylation in bacterial signal transduction is necessary basis for development of potential chemotherapy and new diagnostic strategy for control of pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Minkyung Jung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tianli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kohei Kunieda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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20
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Nishida M, Kumagai Y, Ihara H, Fujii S, Motohashi H, Akaike T. Redox signaling regulated by electrophiles and reactive sulfur species. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:91-8. [PMID: 27013774 PMCID: PMC4788399 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling is a key modulator of oxidative stress induced by nonspecific insults of biological molecules generated by reactive oxygen species. Current redox biology is revisiting the traditional concept of oxidative stress, such that toxic effects of reactive oxygen species are protected by diverse antioxidant systems upregulated by oxidative stress responses that are physiologically mediated by redox-dependent cell signaling pathways. Redox signaling is thus precisely regulated by endogenous electrophilic substances that are generated from reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and its derivative reactive species during stress responses. Among electrophiles formed endogenously, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) has unique cell signaling functions, and pathways for its biosynthesis, signaling mechanism, and metabolism in cells have been clarified. Reactive sulfur species such as cysteine hydropersulfides that are abundant in cells are likely involved in 8-nitro-cGMP metabolism. These new aspects of redox biology may stimulate innovative and multidisciplinary research in cell and stem cell biology; infectious diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, ageing, and neurodegenerative diseases; and other oxidative stress-related disorders. This review focuses on the most recent progress in the biosynthesis, cell signaling, and metabolism of 8-nitro-cGMP, which is a likely target for drug development and lead to discovery of novel therapeutics for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishida
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Translational Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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21
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Akashi S, Ahmed KA, Sawa T, Ono K, Tsutsuki H, Burgoyne JR, Ida T, Horio E, Prysyazhna O, Oike Y, Rahaman MM, Eaton P, Fujii S, Akaike T. Persistent Activation of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase by a Nitrated Cyclic Nucleotide via Site Specific Protein S-Guanylation. Biochemistry 2016; 55:751-61. [PMID: 26784639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is a nitrated derivative of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) formed endogenously under conditions associated with production of both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. It acts as an electrophilic second messenger in the regulation of cellular signaling by inducing a post-translational modification of redox-sensitive protein thiols via covalent adduction of cGMP moieties to protein thiols (protein S-guanylation). Here, we demonstrate that 8-nitro-cGMP potentially S-guanylates thiol groups of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), the enzyme that serves as one of the major receptor proteins for intracellular cGMP and controls a variety of cellular responses. S-Guanylation of PKG was found to occur in a site specific manner; Cys42 and Cys195 were the susceptible residues among 11 Cys residues. Importantly, S-guanylation at Cys195, which is located in the high-affinity cGMP binding domain of PKG, causes persistent enzyme activation as determined by in vitro kinase assay as well as by an organ bath assay. In vivo, S-guanylation of PKG was demonstrated to occur in mice without any specific treatment and was significantly enhanced by lipopolysaccharide administration. These findings warrant further investigation in terms of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of S-guanylation-dependent persistent PKG activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Akashi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Khandaker Ahtesham Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Joseph R Burgoyne
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital , London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Eiji Horio
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Oleksandra Prysyazhna
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital , London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mizanur Md Rahaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Philip Eaton
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital , London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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22
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Kunieda K, Tsutsuki H, Ida T, Kishimoto Y, Kasamatsu S, Sawa T, Goshima N, Itakura M, Takahashi M, Akaike T, Ihara H. 8-Nitro-cGMP Enhances SNARE Complex Formation through S-Guanylation of Cys90 in SNAP25. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26221773 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrated guanine nucleotide 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) generated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species causes protein S-guanylation. However, the mechanism of 8-nitro-cGMP formation and its protein targets in the normal brain have not been identified. Here, we investigated 8-nitro-cGMP generation and protein S-guanylation in the rodent brain. Immunohistochemistry indicated that 8-nitro-cGMP was produced by neurons, such as pyramidal cells and interneurons. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we determined endogenous 8-nitro-cGMP levels in the brain as 2.92 ± 0.10 pmol/mg protein. Based on S-guanylation proteomics, we identified several S-guanylated neuronal proteins, including SNAP25 which is a core member of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. SNAP25 post-translational modification including palmitoylation, phosphorylation, and oxidation, are known to regulate neurotransmission. Our results demonstrate that S-guanylation of SNAP25 enhanced the stability of the SNARE complex, which was further promoted by Ca(2+)-dependent activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified SNAP25 cysteine 90 as the main target of S-guanylation which enhanced the stability of the SNARE complex. The present study revealed a novel target of redox signaling via protein S-guanylation in the nervous system and provided the first substantial evidence of 8-nitro-cGMP function in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kunieda
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department
of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate
School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishimoto
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate
School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department
of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoki Goshima
- Quantitative
Proteomics Team, Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masami Takahashi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate
School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department
of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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23
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Sawa T, Ihara H, Ida T, Fujii S, Nishida M, Akaike T. Formation, signaling functions, and metabolisms of nitrated cyclic nucleotide. Nitric Oxide 2013; 34:10-8. [PMID: 23632125 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
8-Nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is a unique derivative of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) formed in mammalian and plant cells in response to production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. 8-Nitro-cGMP possesses signaling activity inherited from parental cGMP, including induction of vasorelaxation through activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. On the other hand, 8-nitro-cGMP mediates cellular signaling that is not observed for native cGMP, e.g., it behaves as an electrophile and reacts with protein sulfhydryls, which results in cGMP adduction to protein sulfhydryls (protein S-guanylation). Several proteins have been identified as targets for endogenous protein S-guanylation, including Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), H-Ras, and mitochondrial heat shock proteins. 8-Nitro-cGMP signaling via protein S-guanylation of those proteins may have evolved to convey adaptive cellular stress responses. 8-Nitro-cGMP may not undergo conventional cGMP metabolism because of its resistance to phosphodiesterases. Hydrogen sulfide has recently been identified as a potent regulator for metabolisms of electrophiles including 8-nitro-cGMP, through sulfhydration of electrophiles, e.g., leading to the formation of 8-SH-cGMP. Better understanding of the molecular basis for the formation, signaling functions, and metabolisms of 8-nitro-cGMP would be useful for the development of new diagnostic approaches and treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and redox metabolisms.
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Key Words
- 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)
- 15d-PGJ(2)
- 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
- 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
- 4H-8-bromo-1,2,4-oxadiazolo(3,4-d)benz(b)(1,4)oxazin-1-one
- 60-kDa heat-shock protein
- 8-Nitro-cGMP
- 8-bromo-cGMP
- 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- 8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- ATP
- CBS
- CSE
- ELISA
- ETC
- Electrophile
- GSH
- GTP
- HNE
- HO-1
- HPLC-ECD
- HSP60
- Hydrogen sulfide
- IFN-γ
- IL-1β
- Keap1
- Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LC–MS/MS
- LPS
- MI
- MPO
- N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester
- N(ω)-monomethyl-l-arginine
- NADPH oxidase
- NADPH oxidase 2
- NOS
- NS 2028
- Nox
- Nox2
- Nrf2
- ODQ
- Oxidative stress
- PDEs
- PKG
- PTM
- Protein S-guanylation
- RAR
- RNOS
- ROS
- SOD
- TNFα
- adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- cAMP
- cGMP
- cGMP-dependent protein kinase
- cPTIO
- cystathionine β-synthase
- cystathionine γ-lyase
- eNOS
- electron transport chain
- endothelial NOS
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- glutathione
- guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- guanosine 5′-triphosphate
- heme oxygenase-1
- high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detector
- iNOS
- inducible NOS
- interferon-γ
- interleukin-1β
- l-NAME
- l-NMMA
- lipopolysaccharide
- liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- mPTP
- mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- myeloperoxidase
- myocardial infarction
- nNOS
- neuronal NOS
- nitric oxide synthases
- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- pGC
- particulate-type guanylyl cyclase
- phosphodiesterases
- post-translational modification
- reactive nitrogen oxide species
- reactive oxygen species
- retinoic acid receptor
- sGC
- soluble-type guanylyl cyclase
- superoxide dismutase
- tumor necrosis factor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-001, Japan
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