1
|
Deng B, Quan Y, Chen Z, Wang H. Radiation Effects of Normal B-Lymphoblastoid Cells after Exposing Them to Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation from Tritium β-rays. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38927298 PMCID: PMC11200481 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of tritium at low doses and low dose rates have received increasing attention due to recent developments in fusion energy and the associated risks of tritium releases into the environment. Mitochondria have been identified as a potential candidate for studying the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this study, irradiation experiments were conducted on normal B-lymphoblastoid cells using HTO at varying doses. When compared to X-ray irradiation, no significant differences in cell viability induced by different doses were observed. However, the results of ATP levels showed a significant difference between the irradiated sample at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium beta-rays and the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium beta-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed minimal differences compared to the sham-irradiated sample. Furthermore, distinct effects at 500 mGy were also confirmed in both ROS levels and apoptosis results obtained through tritium beta-ray irradiation. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potential sensitive target for investigating the effects of tritium beta-ray irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Y.Q.); (Z.C.); (H.W.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li K, Xue S. Hedgehog signaling and the glioma-associated oncogene in cancer radioresistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1257173. [PMID: 38020914 PMCID: PMC10679362 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1257173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor radioresistance remains a key clinical challenge. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) are aberrantly activated in several cancers and are thought to contribute to cancer radioresistance by influencing DNA repair, reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, autophagy, cancer stem cells, the cell cycle, and the tumor microenvironment. GLI is reported to activate the main DNA repair pathways, to interact with cell cycle regulators like Cyclin D and Cyclin E, to inhibit apoptosis via the activation of B-cell lymphoma-2, Forkhead Box M1, and the MYC proto-oncogene, to upregulate cell stemness related genes (Nanog, POU class 5 homeobox 1, SRY-box transcription factor 2, and the BMI1 proto-oncogene), and to promote cancer stem cell transformation. The inactivation of Patched, the receptor of HH, prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. This causes some cancer cells to survive while others become cancer stem cells, resulting in cancer recurrence. Combination treatment using HH inhibitors (including GLI inhibitors) and conventional therapies may enhance treatment efficacy. However, the clinical use of HH signaling inhibitors is associated with toxic side effects and drug resistance. Nevertheless, selective HH agonists, which may relieve the adverse effects of inhibitors, have been developed in mouse models. Combination therapy with other pathway inhibitors or immunotherapy may effectively overcome resistance to HH inhibitors. A comprehensive cancer radiotherapy with HH or GLI inhibitor is more likely to enhance cancer treatment efficacy while further studies are still needed to overcome its adverse effects and drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Nephrology Department, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Xue
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Averbeck D. Low-Dose Non-Targeted Effects and Mitochondrial Control. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11460. [PMID: 37511215 PMCID: PMC10380638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-targeted effects (NTE) have been generally regarded as a low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) phenomenon. Recently, regarding long distant abscopal effects have also been observed at high doses of IR) relevant to antitumor radiation therapy. IR is inducing NTE involving intracellular and extracellular signaling, which may lead to short-ranging bystander effects and distant long-ranging extracellular signaling abscopal effects. Internal and "spontaneous" cellular stress is mostly due to metabolic oxidative stress involving mitochondrial energy production (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation and/or anaerobic pathways accompanied by the leakage of O2- and other radicals from mitochondria during normal or increased cellular energy requirements or to mitochondrial dysfunction. Among external stressors, ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to very rapidly perturb mitochondrial functions, leading to increased energy supply demands and to ROS/NOS production. Depending on the dose, this affects all types of cell constituents, including DNA, RNA, amino acids, proteins, and membranes, perturbing normal inner cell organization and function, and forcing cells to reorganize the intracellular metabolism and the network of organelles. The reorganization implies intracellular cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of important proteins, activation of autophagy, and mitophagy, as well as induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. It also includes reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism as well as genetic and epigenetic control of the expression of genes and proteins in order to ensure cell and tissue survival. At low doses of IR, directly irradiated cells may already exert non-targeted effects (NTE) involving the release of molecular mediators, such as radicals, cytokines, DNA fragments, small RNAs, and proteins (sometimes in the form of extracellular vehicles or exosomes), which can induce damage of unirradiated neighboring bystander or distant (abscopal) cells as well as immune responses. Such non-targeted effects (NTE) are contributing to low-dose phenomena, such as hormesis, adaptive responses, low-dose hypersensitivity, and genomic instability, and they are also promoting suppression and/or activation of immune cells. All of these are parts of the main defense systems of cells and tissues, including IR-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. The present review is focused on the prominent role of mitochondria in these processes, which are determinants of cell survival and anti-tumor RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arakelyan VB, Khachatryan GE, Nalbandyan-Schwarz AG, Mothersill CE, Seymour CB, Korogodina VL. Main radiation pathways in the landscape of Armenia. Int J Radiat Biol 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36706217 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2172623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate sources, accumulation, and vertical migration of radionuclides in Armenia, and their impact on biota. CONCLUSIONS This review describes the radiation status in the landscape of Armenia and features of the impact of natural and human-generated radiation on human and non-human biotas, according to studies of Armenian scientists carried out since the middle of the last century. The mountain landscape demonstrates the diversity, speciation, and radioresistance of the biota, which arise under radiation exposure in a variable environment. Although the effects of radiation have been described for a long time, some of them require further study. It is important to present the data collected in order to produce a base line for future studies of radiation effects and interactions with other stressors caused by climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V B Arakelyan
- Faculty of Physics, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia.,Candle Synchrotron Research Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G E Khachatryan
- A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - C E Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - C B Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramakrishnan M, Papolu PK, Satish L, Vinod KK, Wei Q, Sharma A, Emamverdian A, Zou LH, Zhou M. Redox status of the plant cell determines epigenetic modifications under abiotic stress conditions and during developmental processes. J Adv Res 2022; 42:99-116. [PMID: 35690579 PMCID: PMC9788946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidation-reduction (redox) status of the cell influences or regulates transcription factors and enzymes involved in epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone protein modifications, and chromatin structure and remodeling. These changes are crucial regulators of chromatin architecture, leading to differential gene expression in eukaryotes. But the cell's redox homeostasis is difficult to sustain since the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is not equal in plants at different developmental stages and under abiotic stress conditions. Exceeding optimum ROS and RNS levels leads to oxidative stress and thus alters the redox status of the cell. Consequently, this alteration modulates intracellular epigenetic modifications that either mitigate or mediate the plant growth and stress response. AIM OF REVIEW Recent studies suggest that the altered redox status of the cell reform the cellular functions and epigenetic changes. Recent high-throughput techniques have also greatly advanced redox-mediated gene expression discovery, but the integrated view of the redox status, and its associations with epigenetic changes and subsequent gene expression in plants are still scarce. In this review, we accordingly focus on how the redox status of the cell affects epigenetic modifications in plants under abiotic stress conditions and during developmental processes. This is a first comprehensive review on the redox status of the cell covering the redox components and signaling, redox status alters the post-translational modification of proteins, intracellular epigenetic modifications, redox interplay during DNA methylation, redox regulation of histone acetylation and methylation, redox regulation of miRNA biogenesis, redox regulation of chromatin structure and remodeling and conclusion, future perspectives and biotechnological opportunities for the future development of the plants. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The interaction of redox mediators such as ROS, RNS and antioxidants regulates redox homeostasis and redox-mediated epigenetic changes. We discuss how redox mediators modulate epigenetic changes and show the opportunities for smart use of the redox status of the cell in plant development and abiotic stress adaptation. However, how a redox mediator triggers epigenetic modification without activating other redox mediators remains yet unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, & The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva - 84105, Israel; Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, Marine Algal Research Station, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam 623519, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Qiang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Bamboo Resources and High-efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan MGM, Wang Y. Advances in the Current Understanding of How Low-Dose Radiation Affects the Cell Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030356. [PMID: 35159169 PMCID: PMC8834401 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to ionizing radiation undergo a series of complex responses, including DNA damage, reproductive cell death, and altered proliferation states, which are all linked to cell cycle dynamics. For many years, a great deal of research has been conducted on cell cycle checkpoints and their regulators in mammalian cells in response to high-dose exposures to ionizing radiation. However, it is unclear how low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) regulates the cell cycle progression. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that LDIR may have profound effects on cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how LDIR (of up to 200 mGy) regulates the cell cycle and cell-cycle-associated proteins in various cellular settings. In light of current findings, we also illustrate the conceptual function and possible dichotomous role of p21Waf1, a transcriptional target of p53, in response to LDIR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Musawwir Khan
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
| | - Yi Wang
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu HM, Tan HY, Lin Y, Xu BN, Zhao WH, Xie YA. MicroRNA-1271-5p inhibits cell proliferation and enhances radiosensitivity by targeting CDK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biochem 2021; 167:513-524. [PMID: 32275316 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether miR-1271-5p inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the radiosensitivity by targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its expression levels in the HCC cell lines were significantly lower than those in normal human liver cell line. Bioinformatics analysis indicated CDK1 was a potential target of miR-1271-5p. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay confirmed that CDK1 is a direct target gene of miR-1271-5p. With overexpression of miR-1271-5p in SMMC-7721 and HuH-7 cells, cell proliferation was decreased, radiosensitivity was enhanced, cell cycle distribution was altered and the growth of transplanted tumours in nude mice was significantly reduced. miR-1271-5p overexpression enhanced radiosensitivity, which could be reduced by CDK1 overexpression. Overall, our findings suggested that miR-1271-5p inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the radiosensitivity of HCC cell lines by targeting CDK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Liu
- Research Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Yan Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Lin
- Research Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Ning Xu
- Research Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhao
- Research Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-An Xie
- Research Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,The Maternal & Health Hospital, The Children's Hospital, The Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kratz EM, Sołkiewicz K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Sirtuins as Important Factors in Pathological States and the Role of Their Molecular Activity Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020630. [PMID: 33435263 PMCID: PMC7827102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs. Extensive research on the expression of SIRTs in various pathological conditions suggests that regulation of their activity may have positive results in supporting the treatment of certain metabolic, neurodegenerative or cancer diseases or this connected with oxidative stress. Due to such a wide spectrum of activity, SIRTs may also be a prognostic markers of selected pathological conditions and prove helpful in assessing their progression, especially by modulating their activity. The article presents and discusses the activating or inhibiting impact of individual SIRTs modulators. The review also gathered selected currently available information on the expression of SIRTs in individual disease cases as well as the biological role that SIRTs play in the human organism, also in connection with oxidative stress condition, taking into account the progress of knowledge about SIRTs over the years, with particular reference to the latest research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(71)-784-01-52
| | - Katarzyna Sołkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
β-Elemene enhances radiosensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell traits via Prx-1/NF-kB/iNOS signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2575-2592. [PMID: 33316778 PMCID: PMC7880315 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is widely used to treat a variety of malignant tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, ionizing radiation (IR) paradoxically promotes radioresistance, metastasis and recurrence by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we developed two NSCLC radioresistant (RR) cell lines (A549-RR and H1299-RR) and characterized their motility, cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, and CSC production using migration/invasion assays, flow cytometry, comet assays, and sphere formation, respectively. We also evaluated their tumorigenicity in vivo using a mouse xenograft model. We found that invasion and spheroid formation by A549-RR and H1299-RR cells were increased as compared to their parental cells. Furthermore, as compared to radiation alone, the combination of β-elemene administration with radiation increased the radiosensitivity of A549 cells and reduced expression of EMT/CSC markers while inhibiting the Prx-1/NF-kB /iNOS signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that NSCLC radioresistance is associated with EMT, enhanced CSC phenotypes, and activation of the Prx-1/NF-kB/iNOS signaling pathway. They also suggest that combining β-elemene with radiation may be an effective means of overcoming radioresistance in NSCLC.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ionizing Radiation and Translation Control: A Link to Radiation Hormesis? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186650. [PMID: 32932812 PMCID: PMC7555331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis, or mRNA translation, is one of the most energy-consuming functions in cells. Translation of mRNA into proteins is thus highly regulated by and integrated with upstream and downstream signaling pathways, dependent on various transacting proteins and cis-acting elements within the substrate mRNAs. Under conditions of stress, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, regulatory mechanisms reprogram protein synthesis to translate mRNAs encoding proteins that ensure proper cellular responses. Interestingly, beneficial responses to low-dose radiation exposure, known as radiation hormesis, have been described in several models, but the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are largely unknown. In this review, we explore how differences in cellular responses to high- vs. low-dose ionizing radiation are realized through the modulation of molecular pathways with a particular emphasis on the regulation of mRNA translation control.
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo X, He X, Liu X, Zhong L, Hu W. miR-96-5p Suppresses the Progression of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Targeting CDK1. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7467-7477. [PMID: 32801769 PMCID: PMC7406360 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s248338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Clinically, radiotherapy is the preferred treatment for NPC, and cervical lymph node metastasis is easy to emerge in the early stage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role and potential molecular mechanisms of miR-96-5p in NPC cells to develop new therapeutic horizons. Methods The expression of miR-96-5p and CDK1 was measured by RT-qPCR or Western blot. The target relationship between miR-96-5p and CDK1 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. CCK-8, sphere formation, flow cytometry and colony formation assay were employed to examine cell viability, stem-like property, apoptosis and cycle, respectively. Male BALB/c nude mice model (6-8 weeks, weigh 18-20 g) was used to evaluate the effect of miR-96-5p on tumor growth in vivo. Results miR-96-5p was lowly expressed and CDK1 was highly expressed in NPC tissues and cell lines. CDK1 was identified as a direct target of miR-96-5p, and its expression was negatively regulated by miR-96-5p. By targeting CDK1, miR-96-5p overexpression significantly inhibited tumor sphere formation, promoted apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CNE-2Z cells. Importantly, CCK-8 and colony formation assay demonstrated that elevated miR-96-5p enhanced the radiotherapy and chemotherapy sensitivity of CNE-2Z cells. Animal experiments showed that the overexpression of miR-96-5p reduced tumor weight and size in tumor-bearing mice and inhibited the expression of stem-like marker proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. Conclusion These results, together, suggested that miR-96-5p induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibited stem-like property, and enhanced the radiochemical sensitivity of NPC by targeting CDK1. In short, miR-96-5p may be a diagnostic and therapeutic target for NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646699, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646699, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646699, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunkun Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646699, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646699, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li JJ. Mitigating Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Radiotherapy. iScience 2020; 23:101215. [PMID: 32512383 PMCID: PMC7260547 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytokine storm (CS) in lungs leads to the high mortality in COVID-19 patients. To reduce ARDS, an ideal approach is to diminish virus loading by activating immune cells for CS prevention or to suppress the overactive cytokine-releasing immune cells for CS inhibition. Here, a potential radiation-mediated CS regulation is raised by reevaluating the radiation-mediated pneumonia control in the 1920s, with the following latent advantages of lung radiotherapy (LR) in treatment of COVID-19: (1) radiation accesses poorly circulated tissue more efficiently than blood-delivered medications; (2) low-dose radiation (LDR)-mediated metabolic rewiring and immune cell activation inhibit virus loading; (3) pre-consumption of immune reserves by LDR decreases CS severity; (4) higherdose radiation (HDR) within lung-tolerable doses relieves CS by eliminating in situ overactive cytokine-releasing cells. Thus, LDR and HDR or combined with antiviral and life-supporting modalities may mitigate SARS-CoV-2 and other virus-mediated ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite G0140, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sisakht M, Darabian M, Mahmoodzadeh A, Bazi A, Shafiee SM, Mokarram P, Khoshdel Z. The role of radiation induced oxidative stress as a regulator of radio-adaptive responses. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:561-576. [PMID: 31976798 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1721597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Various sources of radiation including radiofrequency, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), low- dose X-radiation, low-level microwave radiation and ionizing radiation (IR) are indispensable parts of modern life. In the current review, we discussed the adaptive responses of biological systems to radiation with a focus on the impacts of radiation-induced oxidative stress (RIOS) and its molecular downstream signaling pathways.Materials and methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Keywords included Mesh terms of "radiation," "electromagnetic radiation," "adaptive immunity," "oxidative stress," and "immune checkpoints." Manuscripts published up until December 2019 were included.Results: RIOS induces various molecular adaptors connected with adaptive responses in radiation exposed cells. One of these adaptors includes p53 which promotes various cellular signaling pathways. RIOS also activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activating the caspase apoptotic cascade. RIOS is also involved in radiation-induced proliferative responses through interaction with mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPks) including p38 MAPK, ERK, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Protein kinase B (Akt)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in RIOS-induced proliferative responses. Furthermore, RIOS promotes genetic instability by introducing DNA structural and epigenetic alterations, as well as attenuating DNA repair mechanisms. Inflammatory transcription factors including macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) paly major role in RIOS-induced inflammation.Conclusion: In conclusion, RIOS considerably contributes to radiation induced adaptive responses. Other possible molecular adaptors modulating RIOS-induced responses are yet to be divulged in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sisakht
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Darabian
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshdel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dong C, Tu W, He M, Fu J, Kobayashi A, Konishi T, Shao C. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrion in Proton Microbeam Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect. Radiat Res 2019; 193:63-72. [PMID: 31714866 DOI: 10.1667/rr15469.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play important roles in radiation response, but their functions in radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) are largely unclear. In this study, we found that when a small portion of cells in a population of human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells were precisely irradiated through either the nuclei or cytoplasm with counted microbeam protons, the yield of micronuclei (MN) and the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nonirradiated cells neighboring irradiated cells were significantly increased. Mito/ER-tracker staining demonstrated that the mitochondria were clearly activated after nuclear irradiation and ER mass approached a higher level after cytoplasmic irradiation. Moreover, the radiation-induced ROS was diminished by rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondria activation, but it was not influenced by siRNA interference of BiP, an ER regulation protein. While for nuclear irradiation, rotenone-enhanced radiation-induced ER expression, and BiP siRNA eliminated radiation-induced activation of mitochondria, these phenomena were not observed for cytoplasmic irradiation. Bystander MN was reduced by rotenone but enhanced by BiP siRNA. When the cells were treated with both rotenone and BiP siRNA, the MN yield was reduced for nuclear irradiation but was enhanced for cytoplasmic irradiation. Our results suggest that the organelles of mitochondria and ER have different roles in RIBE with respect to nuclear and cytoplasmic irradiation, and the function of ER is a prerequisite for mitochondrial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenzhi Tu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Mingyuan He
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiamei Fu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Department of Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deng YR, Chen XJ, Chen W, Wu LF, Jiang HP, Lin D, Wang LJ, Wang W, Guo SQ. Sp1 contributes to radioresistance of cervical cancer through targeting G2/M cell cycle checkpoint CDK1. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5835-5844. [PMID: 31303791 PMCID: PMC6610296 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Radioresistance remains a significant obstacle in the therapy of cervical cancer, and the mechanism of it is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in radioresistance of cervical cancer. Methods Sp1 was examined immunohistochemically on tissues from 36 human cervical cancer patients. We used RT-qPCR and Western blot to examine the expression of Sp1 in irradiated cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and HeLa. The role of Sp1 in radioresistance of cervical cancer cells was assessed by colony-formation assay and cell cycle analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the downstream of Sp1. Results High Sp1 expression was positively correlated with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) of cervical cancer. The expression of Sp1 was dose-dependently increased in irradiated cervical cancer cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Colony-formation assay showed that alteration of Sp1 expression affected the survival of cervical cancer cells with radiotherapy (RT) treatment. Knockdown of Sp1 significantly strengthened the cellular response to radiation by inducing G2/M arrest in cervical cancer cells. Overexpression of Sp1 significantly decreased G2/M arrest in cervical cancer cells, which was related to upregulation of CDK1 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed the direct effect of Sp1 on the transcriptional activation of CDK1. Conclusion Sp1 may contribute to radioresistance through inhibiting G2/M phase arrest by targeting CDK1, and be considered as a potential therapeutic target to promote the effect of RT for patients with cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Run Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Fang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui-Qun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guéguen Y, Bontemps A, Ebrahimian TG. Adaptive responses to low doses of radiation or chemicals: their cellular and molecular mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1255-1273. [PMID: 30535789 PMCID: PMC11105647 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge on the mechanisms of adaptive response to low doses of ionizing radiation or chemical exposure. A better knowledge of these mechanisms is needed to improve our understanding of health risks at low levels of environmental or occupational exposure and their involvement in cancer or non-cancer diseases. This response is orchestrated through a multifaceted cellular program involving the concerted action of diverse stress response pathways. These evolutionary highly conserved defense mechanisms determine the cellular response to chemical and physical aggression. They include DNA damage repair (p53, ATM, PARP pathways), antioxidant response (Nrf2 pathway), immune/inflammatory response (NF-κB pathway), cell survival/death pathway (apoptosis), endoplasmic response to stress (UPR response), and other cytoprotective processes including autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and the unfolded protein response. The coordinated action of these processes induced by low-dose radiation or chemicals produces biological effects that are currently estimated with the linear non-threshold model. These effects are controversial. They are difficult to detect because of their low magnitude, the scarcity of events in humans, and the difficulty of corroborating associations over the long term. Improving our understanding of these biological consequences should help humans and their environment by enabling better risk estimates, the revision of radiation protection standards, and possible therapeutic advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRSI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Alice Bontemps
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Teni G Ebrahimian
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie B, Wang S, Jiang N, Li JJ. Cyclin B1/CDK1-regulated mitochondrial bioenergetics in cell cycle progression and tumor resistance. Cancer Lett 2018; 443:56-66. [PMID: 30481564 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A mammalian cell houses two genomes located separately in the nucleus and mitochondria. During evolution, communications and adaptations between these two genomes occur extensively to achieve and sustain homeostasis for cellular functions and regeneration. Mitochondria provide the major cellular energy and contribute to gene regulation in the nucleus, whereas more than 98% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome. Such two-way signaling traffic presents an orchestrated dynamic between energy metabolism and consumption in cells. Recent reports have elucidated the way how mitochondrial bioenergetics synchronizes with the energy consumption for cell cycle progression mediated by cyclin B1/CDK1 as the communicator. This review is to recapitulate cyclin B1/CDK1 mediated mitochondrial activities in cell cycle progression and stress response as well as its potential link to reprogram energy metabolism in tumor adaptive resistance. Cyclin B1/CDK1-mediated mitochondrial bioenergetics is applied as an example to show how mitochondria could timely sense the cellular fuel demand and then coordinate ATP output. Such nucleus-mitochondria oscillation may play key roles in the flexible bioenergetics required for tumor cell survival and compromising the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy. Further deciphering the cyclin B1/CDK1-controlled mitochondrial metabolism may invent effect targets to treat resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Shuangyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nian Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Spagnoletti G, Li Bergolis V, Piscazzi A, Giannelli F, Condelli V, Sisinni L, Bove G, Storto G, Landriscina M. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 targeting improves sensitivity to radiation in BRAF V600E colorectal carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318770957. [PMID: 29663854 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318770957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preoperative chemoradiation is currently the standard of care in locally advanced rectal carcinoma, even though a subset of rectal tumors does not achieve major clinically meaningful responses upon neoadjuvant chemoradiation. At present, no molecular biomarkers are available to predict response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation and select resistant tumors willing more intense therapeutic strategies. Thus, BRAF mutational status was investigated for its role in favoring resistance to radiation in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 as a target to improve radiosensitivity in BRAF V600E colorectal tumor cells. METHODS Colony-forming assay and apoptotic rates were evaluated to compare the sensitivity of different colon carcinoma cell lines to ionizing radiation and their radiosensitivity upon exposure to BRAF and/or cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibitory/silencing strategies. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression/subcellular distribution was studied by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Colon carcinoma BRAF V600E HT29 cells exhibited poor response to radiation compared to BRAF wild-type COLO320 and HCT116 cells. Interestingly, neither radiosensitizing doses of 5-fluoruracil nor BRAF inhibition/silencing significantly improved radiosensitivity in HT29 cells. Of note, poor response to radiation correlated with upregulation/relocation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in mitochondria. Consistently, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibition/silencing as well as its targeting, through inhibition of HSP90 quality control pathway, significantly inhibited the clonogenic ability and increased apoptotic rates in HT29 cells upon exposure to radiation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that BRAF V600E colorectal carcinoma cells are poorly responsive to radiation, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 represents a target to improve radiosensitivity in BRAF V600E colorectal tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Spagnoletti
- 1 Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,2 Radiotherapy Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Li Bergolis
- 1 Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Piscazzi
- 1 Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Giannelli
- 1 Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- 3 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Pz, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- 3 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Pz, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bove
- 2 Radiotherapy Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Storto
- 4 Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Pz, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- 1 Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,3 Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Pz, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Benfica PL, de Ávila RI, Rodrigues BDS, Cortez AP, Batista AC, Gaeti MPN, Lima EM, Rezende KR, Valadares MC. 4-Nerolidylcatechol: apoptosis by mitochondrial mechanisms with reduction in cyclin D1 at G0/G1 stage of the chronic myelogenous K562 cell line. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1899-1908. [PMID: 28644062 PMCID: PMC6130688 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1311351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 4-Nerolidylcatechol (4-NRC) has showed antitumor potential through apoptosis. However, its apoptotic mechanisms are still unclear, especially in leukemic cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of 4-NRC and its cell death pathways in p53-null K562 leukemic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity of 4-NRC (4.17-534.5 μM) over 24 h of exposure was evaluated by MTT assay. 4-NRC-induced apoptosis in K562 cells was investigated by phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, cell cycle, sub-G1, mitochondrial evaluation, cytochrome c, cyclin D1 and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caspase activity analysis. RESULTS IC50 values obtained were 11.40, 27.31, 15.93 and 15.70 μM for lymphocytes, K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cells, respectively. In K562 cells, 4-NRC (27 μM) promoted apoptosis as verified by cellular morphological changes, a significant increase in PS externalization and sub-G1 cells. Moreover, it significantly arrested the cells at the G0/G1 phase due to a reduction in cyclin D1 expression. These effects of 4-NRC also significantly promoted a reduction in mitochondrial activity and membrane depolarization, accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c and ROS overproduction. Additionally, it triggered an increase in caspases -3/7, -8 and -9 activities. When the cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine ROS scavenger, 4-NRC-induced apoptosis was partially blocked, which suggests that it exerts cytotoxicity though not exclusively through ROS-mediated mechanisms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4-NRC has antileukemic properties, inducing apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms with cyclin D1 inhibition. Given that emerging treatment concepts include novel combinations of well-known agents, 4-NRC could offer a promising alternative for chemotherapeutic combinations to maximize tumour suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polyana Lopes Benfica
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruna dos Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alane Pereira Cortez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kênnia Rocha Rezende
- Laboratório de Biofarmácia e Farmacocinética de Substâncias Bioativas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular-FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sisinni L, Maddalena F, Condelli V, Pannone G, Simeon V, Li Bergolis V, Lopes E, Piscazzi A, Matassa DS, Mazzoccoli C, Nozza F, Lettini G, Amoroso MR, Bufo P, Esposito F, Landriscina M. TRAP1 controls cell cycle G2-M transition through the regulation of CDK1 and MAD2 expression/ubiquitination. J Pathol 2017; 243:123-134. [PMID: 28678347 DOI: 10.1002/path.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of tumour cell proliferation by molecular chaperones is still a complex issue. Here, the role of the HSP90 molecular chaperone TRAP1 in cell cycle regulation was investigated in a wide range of human breast, colorectal, and lung carcinoma cell lines, and tumour specimens. TRAP1 modulates the expression and/or the ubiquitination of key cell cycle regulators through a dual mechanism: (i) transcriptional regulation of CDK1, CYCLIN B1, and MAD2, as suggested by gene expression profiling of TRAP1-silenced breast carcinoma cells; and (ii) post-transcriptional quality control of CDK1 and MAD2, being the ubiquitination of these two proteins enhanced upon TRAP1 down-regulation. Mechanistically, TRAP1 quality control on CDK1 is crucial for its regulation of mitotic entry, since TRAP1 interacts with CDK1 and prevents CDK1 ubiquitination in cooperation with the proteasome regulatory particle TBP7, this representing the limiting factor in TRAP1 regulation of the G2-M transition. Indeed, TRAP1 silencing results in enhanced CDK1 ubiquitination, lack of nuclear translocation of CDK1/cyclin B1 complex, and increased MAD2 degradation, whereas CDK1 forced up-regulation partially rescues low cyclin B1 and MAD2 levels and G2-M transit in a TRAP1-poor background. Consistently, the CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306 is less active in a TRAP1-high background. Finally, a significant correlation was observed between TRAP1 and Ki67, CDK1 and/or MAD2 expression in breast, colorectal, and lung human tumour specimens. This study represents the first evidence that TRAP1 is relevant in the control of the complex machinery that governs cell cycle progression and mitotic entry and provides a strong rationale to regard TRAP1 as a biomarker to select tumours with deregulated cell cycle progression and thus likely poorly responsive to novel cell cycle inhibitors. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valeria Li Bergolis
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Elvira Lopes
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Annamaria Piscazzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Carmela Mazzoccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Filomena Nozza
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amoroso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Bufo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tungjai M, Phathakanon N, Rithidech KN. Effects of Medical Diagnostic Low-dose X Rays on Human Lymphocytes: Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Apoptosis and Cell Cycle. HEALTH PHYSICS 2017; 112:458-464. [PMID: 28350700 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose radiation is widely used across the world for the diagnosis of many diseases by means of a variety of imaging technologies. However, the harmful effects of exposure to low-dose radiation during medical examination remain controversial. The authors studied the effects of medical diagnostic low-dose x rays (i.e., 0.03, 0.05, or 0.1 mGy) after an in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes. Cells with no irradiation served as the non-irradiated control group. Three biological indicators were used to determine the effects of medical diagnostic low-dose x rays at 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h post-irradiation. These biological endpoints were mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), cell cycle, and apoptosis. Results indicated no changes in the ΔΨm, number of apoptotic cells, and cell cycle in lymphocytes exposed to these low doses of radiation, as compared to the corresponding non-irradiated lymphocytes at all harvest time-points. These results suggested that there were no harmful effects of the diagnostic low-dose x rays when human lymphocytes were exposed in an in vitro condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montree Tungjai
- *Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroroj Rd., Sripoom, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; †Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Korkmaz S, Korkmaz H. Effect of alterations in apoptotic pathway on development of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1549-1557. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Korkmaz
- Trakya University Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Edirne Turkey
| | - H. Korkmaz
- Edirne Sultan 1. Murat State Hospital; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease; Edirne Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lipophilic triphenylphosphonium derivatives enhance radiation-induced cell killing via inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism in tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 390:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
24
|
Patwardhan RS, Sharma D, Checker R, Thoh M, Sandur SK. Spatio-temporal changes in glutathione and thioredoxin redox couples during ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress regulate tumor radio-resistance. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1218-32. [PMID: 26021764 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1056180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced oxidative stress in tumor cells is effectively managed by constitutive and inducible antioxidant defense systems. This study was initiated to understand the relative contribution of different redox regulatory systems in determining the tumor radio-resistance. In this study, human T-cell lymphoma (Jurkat) cells were exposed to IR (4 Gy) and monitored for the spatio-temporal changes in cellular redox regulatory parameters. We monitored the changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (total, mitochondrial, primary, and secondary), thiols (total, surface, and intracellular), GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity viz. thioredoxin (Trx), Trx reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase with respect to time. We have also measured protein glutathionylation. We observed that tumor cells mount a biphasic response after IR exposure which can be divided into early (0-6 h) and late (16-48 h) responses in terms of changes in cellular redox parameters. During early response, constitutively active GSH and Trx systems respond to restore cellular redox balance to pre-exposure levels and help in activation of redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf-2. During late response, increase in the levels of antioxidants GSH and Trx rescue cells against IR-mediated damage. We observed that disruption of either glutathione or thioredoxin metabolism led to partial impairment of ability of cells to survive against IR-induced damage. But simultaneous disruption of both the pathways significantly increased radio sensitivity of Jurkat cells. This highlighted the importance of these two antioxidant pathways in regulating redox homeostasis under conditions of IR-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Patwardhan
- a Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay, Mumbai , India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Premkumar K, Shankar BS. Involvement of MAPK signalling in radioadaptive response in BALB/c mice exposed to low dose ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:249-62. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
26
|
Potential Modulation of Sirtuins by Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9831825. [PMID: 26788256 PMCID: PMC4691645 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9831825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a conserved family of NAD-dependent protein deacylases. Initially proposed as histone deacetylases, it is now known that they act on a variety of proteins including transcription factors and metabolic enzymes, having a key role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Seven isoforms are identified in mammals (SIRT1–7), all of them sharing a conserved catalytic core and showing differential subcellular localization and activities. Oxidative stress can affect the activity of sirtuins at different levels: expression, posttranslational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and NAD levels. Mild oxidative stress induces the expression of sirtuins as a compensatory mechanism, while harsh or prolonged oxidant conditions result in dysfunctional modified sirtuins more prone to degradation by the proteasome. Oxidative posttranslational modifications have been identified in vitro and in vivo, in particular cysteine oxidation and tyrosine nitration. In addition, oxidative stress can alter the interaction with other proteins, like SIRT1 with its protein inhibitor DBC1 resulting in a net increase of deacetylase activity. In the same way, manipulation of cellular NAD levels by pharmacological inhibition of other NAD-consuming enzymes results in activation of SIRT1 and protection against obesity-related pathologies. Nevertheless, further research is needed to establish the molecular mechanisms of redox regulation of sirtuins to further design adequate pharmacological interventions.
Collapse
|
27
|
He Y, Cao X, Liu X, Li X, Xu Y, Liu J, Shi J. Quercetin reverses experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension by modulating the TrkA pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:122-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Ko AR, Hyun HW, Min SJ, Kim JE, Kang TC. Endothelin-1 induces LIMK2-mediated programmed necrotic neuronal death independent of NOS activity. Mol Brain 2015; 8:58. [PMID: 26438559 PMCID: PMC4595180 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we have reported that LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) involves programmed necrotic neuronal deaths induced by aberrant cyclin D1 expression following status epilepticus (SE). Up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induces neuronal necrosis by impairment of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission. However, we could not elucidate the upstream effecter for LIMK2-mediated neuronal death. Thus, we investigated the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in LIMK2-mediated neuronal necrosis, since ET-1 involves neuronal death via various pathways. RESULTS Following SE, ET-1 concentration and its mRNA were significantly increased in the hippocampus with up-regulation of ETB receptor expression. BQ788 (an ETB receptor antagonist) effectively attenuated SE-induced neuronal damage as well as reduction in LIMK2 mRNA/protein expression. In addition, BQ788 alleviated up-regulation of Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression and impairment of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission in CA1 neurons following SE. BQ788 also attenuated neuronal death and up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induced by exogenous ET-1 injection. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ET-1 may be one of the upstream effectors for programmed neuronal necrosis through abnormal LIMK2 over-expression by ROCK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Ko
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Hyun
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Su-Ji Min
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Efremova Y, Sinkorova Z, Navratil L. Protective effect of 940 nm laser on gamma-irradiated mice. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:82-91. [PMID: 25654740 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the radioprotective features of 940 nm laser on the life span of mice, and absolute counts of blood cells and their proportions in gamma-irradiated mice. BACKGROUND DATA An important feature of laser light is activation of mitotic division and differentiation of cells, which may be useful in activation of hematopoiesis in gamma-irradiated organisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were randomly assigned to 11 groups according to the type(s) of influence. Generally, mice were irradiated in three different ways: with laser at different fluences, with gamma irradiation, or by combination of laser at different fluences and gamma irradiation in a different order. Mice were treated with 940 nm laser at 3, 12, or 18 J/cm(2) and/or a lethal dose of gamma irradiation (8.7 Gy). Each group was randomly subdivided into two subgroups, in which the life span of the mice and blood cell counts (on 12th and 45th day after gamma irradiation) were analyzed. RESULTS Laser (940 nm) at a fluence of 3 J/cm(2) significantly prolonged the life span of gamma-irradiated mice (p<0.05). In the same group, counts of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were higher on day 12 than in the gamma group. On day 45 after gamma irradiation, some signs of hematopoiesis repair were found in blood. There were no significant differences in counts of erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, or the proportion of neutrophils between this group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, 940 nm laser at a fluence of 3 J/cm(2) demonstrates radioprotective features in an experiment with lethally irradiated mice. Mechanisms responsible for this effect will be investigated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Efremova
- 1 Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague , Kladno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saeed Y, Xie B, Xu J, Wang H, Hassan M, Wang R, Hong M, Hong Q, Deng Y. Indirect effects of radiation induce apoptosis and neuroinflammation in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2334-42. [PMID: 25227747 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have evaluated the role of direct radiation exposure in neurodegenerative disorders; however, association among indirect effects of radiation and neurodegenerative diseases remains rarely discussed. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of neurodegeneration due to direct and indirect effects of radiation. (60)Co gamma ray was used as source of direct radiation whereas irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) was used to mimic the indirect effect of radiation. To determine the potency of ICCM to inhibit neuronal cells survival colony forming assay was performed. The role of ICCM to induce apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells was estimated by TUNEL assay and Annexin V/PI assay. Level of oxidative stress and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines after exposing to direct radiation and ICCM were evaluated by ELISA method. Expression of key apoptotic protein following direct and indirect radiation exposure was investigated by western blot technique. Experimental data manifest that ICCM account loss of cell survival and increase apoptotic induction in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells that was dependent on time and dose. Moreover, ICCM stimulate significant release of inflammatory cytokines i.e., tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha (P < 0.01), Interleukin-1 (IL-1, P < 0.001), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6, P < 0.001) in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and elevate the level of oxidative stress (MDA, P < 0.01). Up-regulation of key apoptotic protein expression i.e., Bax, Bid, cytochrome C, caspase-8 and caspase-3 confirms the toxicity of ICCM to neuronal cells. This study provides the evidence that indirect effect of radiation can be as much damaging to neuronal cells as direct radiation exposure can be. Hence, more focused research on estimation risks of indirect effect of radiation to CNS at molecular level may help to reduce the uncertainty about cure and cause of several neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lou X, Zhang J, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. The other side of the coin: the tumor-suppressive aspect of oncogenes and the oncogenic aspect of tumor-suppressive genes, such as those along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1677-93. [PMID: 24799665 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer-regulatory genes are dichotomized to oncogenes and tumor-suppressor gene s, in reality they can be oncogenic in one situation but tumor-suppressive in another. This dual-function nature, which sometimes hampers our understanding of tumor biology, has several manifestations: (1) Most canonically defined genes have multiple mRNAs, regulatory RNAs, protein isoforms, and posttranslational modifications; (2) Genes may interact at different levels, such as by forming chimeric RNAs or by forming different protein complexes; (3) Increased levels of tumor-suppressive genes in normal cells drive proliferation of cancer progenitor cells in the same organ or tissue by imposing compensatory proliferation pressure, which presents the dual-function nature as a cell-cell interaction. All these manifestations of dual functions can find examples in the genes along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. The dual-function nature also underlies the heterogeneity of cancer cells. Gene-targeting chemotherapies, including that targets CDK4, are effective to some cancer cells but in the meantime may promote growth or progression of some others in the same patient. Redefining "gene" by considering each mRNA, regulatory RNA, protein isoform, and posttranslational modification from the same genomic locus as a "gene" may help in better understanding tumor biology and better selecting targets for different sub-populations of cancer cells in individual patients for personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology; Cancer Institute; Chinese Academy of Medical Science; Beijing, PR China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota; Austin, MN USA
| |
Collapse
|