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Ihnatenko I, Müller MJ, Orban OCF, Lindhof JC, Benítez D, Ortíz C, Dibello E, Seidl LL, Comini MA, Kunick C. The indole motif is essential for the antitrypanosomal activity of N5-substituted paullones. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292946. [PMID: 38032881 PMCID: PMC10688702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe infections with potentially fatal outcomes are caused by parasites from the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania (class Kinetoplastea). The diseases affect people of remote areas in the tropics and subtropics with limited access to adequate health care. Besides insufficient diagnostics, treatment options are limited, with tenuous developments in recent years. Therefore, new antitrypanosomal antiinfectives are required to fight these maladies. In the presented approach, new compounds were developed and tested on the target trypanothione synthetase (TryS). This enzyme is crucial to the kinetoplastids' unique trypanothione-based thiol redox metabolism and thus for pathogen survival. Preceding studies have shown that N5-substituted paullones display antitrypanosomal activity as well as TryS inhibition. Herein, this compound class was further examined regarding the structure-activity relationships (SAR). Diverse benzazepinone derivatives were designed and tested in cell-based assays on bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b. brucei) and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) as well as in enzyme-based assays on L. infantum TryS (LiTryS) and T. b. brucei TryS (TbTryS). While an exchange of just the substituent in the 9-position of paullones led to potent inhibitors on LiTryS and T. b. brucei parasites, new compounds lacking the indole moiety showed a total loss of activity in both assays. Conclusively, the indole as part of the paullone structure is pivotal for keeping the TryS inhibitory and antitrypanosomal activity of this substance class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ihnatenko
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ-Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco J Müller
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ-Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver C F Orban
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ-Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens C Lindhof
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ-Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diego Benítez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Ortíz
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estefanía Dibello
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leonardo L Seidl
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ-Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Favaro A, Bolcato G, Comini MA, Moro S, Bellanda M, Sturlese M. Drugging the Undruggable Trypanosoma brucei Monothiol Glutaredoxin 1. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031276. [PMID: 36770941 PMCID: PMC9919793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a species of kinetoplastid causing sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cows and horses. One of the peculiarities of this species of parasites is represented by their redox metabolism. One of the proteins involved in this redox machinery is the monothiol glutaredoxin 1 (1CGrx1) which is characterized by a unique disordered N-terminal extension exclusively conserved in trypanosomatids and other organisms. This region modulates the binding profile of the glutathione/trypanothione binding site, one of the functional regions of 1CGrx1. No endogenous ligands are known to bind this protein which does not present well-shaped binding sites, making it target particularly challenging to target. With the aim of targeting this peculiar system, we carried out two different screenings: (i) a fragment-based lead discovery campaign directed to the N-terminal as well as to the canonical binding site of 1CGrx1; (ii) a structure-based virtual screening directed to the 1CGrx1 canonical binding site. Here we report a small molecule that binds at the glutathione binding site in which the binding mode of the molecule was deeply investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). This compound represents an important step in the attempt to develop a novel strategy to interfere with the peculiar Trypanosoma Brucei redox system, making it possible to shed light on the perturbation of this biochemical machinery and eventually to novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagiulia Favaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bolcato
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8275081
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Ali V, Behera S, Nawaz A, Equbal A, Pandey K. Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:75-155. [PMID: 35878950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are mainly responsible for heterogeneous parasitic diseases: Leishmaniasis, Sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease and control of these diseases implicates serious challenges due to the emergence of drug resistance. Redox-active biomolecules are the endogenous substances in organisms, which play important role in the regulation of redox homeostasis. The redox-active substances like glutathione, trypanothione, cysteine, cysteine persulfides, etc., and other inorganic intermediates (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) are very useful as defence mechanism. In the present review, the suitability of trypanothione and other essential thiol molecules of trypanosomatids as drug targets are described in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. We have explored the role of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutaredoxins in the anti-oxidant mechanism and drug resistance. Up-regulation of some proteins in trypanothione metabolism helps the parasites in survival against drug pressure (sodium stibogluconate, Amphotericin B, etc.) and oxidative stress. These molecules accept electrons from the reduced trypanothione and donate their electrons to other proteins, and these proteins reduce toxic molecules, neutralize reactive oxygen, or nitrogen species; and help parasites to cope with oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the role of these molecules in drug resistance and redox homeostasis will help to target metabolic pathway proteins to combat Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Sachidananda Behera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Afreen Nawaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Botany, Araria College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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Benítez D, Franco J, Sardi F, Leyva A, Durán R, Choi G, Yang G, Kim T, Kim N, Heo J, Kim K, Lee H, Choi I, Radu C, Shum D, No JH, Comini MA. Drug-like molecules with anti-trypanothione synthetase activity identified by high throughput screening. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:912-929. [PMID: 35306933 PMCID: PMC8942522 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2045590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione synthetase (TryS) catalyses the synthesis of N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine (trypanothione), which is the main low molecular mass thiol supporting several redox functions in trypanosomatids. TryS attracts attention as molecular target for drug development against pathogens causing severe and fatal diseases in mammals. A drug discovery campaign aimed to identify and characterise new inhibitors of TryS with promising biological activity was conducted. A large compound library (n = 51,624), most of them bearing drug-like properties, was primarily screened against TryS from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTryS). With a true-hit rate of 0.056%, several of the TbTryS hits (IC50 from 1.2 to 36 µM) also targeted the homologue enzyme from Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 values from 2.6 to 40 µM). Calmidazolium chloride and Ebselen stand out for their multi-species anti-TryS activity at low µM concentrations (IC50 from 2.6 to 13.8 µM). The moieties carboxy piperidine amide and amide methyl thiazole phenyl were identified as novel TbTryS inhibitor scaffolds. Several of the TryS hits presented one-digit µM EC50 against T. cruzi and L. donovani amastigotes but proved cytotoxic against the human osteosarcoma and macrophage host cells (selectivity index ≤ 3). In contrast, seven hits showed a significantly higher selectivity against T. b. brucei (selectivity index from 11 to 182). Non-invasive redox assays confirmed that Ebselen, a multi-TryS inhibitor, induces an intracellular oxidative milieu in bloodstream T. b. brucei. Kinetic and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Ebselen is a slow-binding inhibitor that modifies irreversible a highly conserved cysteine residue from the TryS’s synthetase domain. The most potent TbTryS inhibitor (a singleton containing an adamantine moiety) exerted a non-covalent, non-competitive (with any of the substrates) inhibition of the enzyme. These data feed the drug discovery pipeline for trypanosomatids with novel and valuable information on chemical entities with drug potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Benítez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Franco
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Sardi
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Leyva
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosario Durán
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gahee Choi
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyongseon Yang
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Assay Development and Screening, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Namyoul Kim
- Assay Development and Screening, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Heo
- Assay Development and Screening, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kideok Kim
- Automation and Logistics Management, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Honggun Lee
- Automation and Logistics Management, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Constantin Radu
- Automation and Logistics Management, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - David Shum
- Assay Development and Screening, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Balatti GE, Barletta GP, Parisi G, Tosatto SCE, Bellanda M, Fernandez-Alberti S. Intrinsically Disordered Region Modulates Ligand Binding in Glutaredoxin 1 from Trypanosoma Brucei. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13366-13375. [PMID: 34870419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are small proteins that share a common well-conserved thioredoxin-fold and participate in a wide variety of biological processes. Among them, class II Grx are redox-inactive proteins involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) metabolism. In the present work, we report different structural and dynamics aspects of 1CGrx1 from the pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei that differentiate it from other orthologues by the presence of a parasite-specific unstructured N-terminal extension whose role has not been fully elucidated yet. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies revealed significant differences with respect to the mutant lacking the disordered tail. Herein, we have performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations that, complementary to NMR studies, confirm the intrinsically disordered nature of the N-terminal extension. Moreover, we confirm the main role of these residues in modulating the conformational dynamics of the glutathione-binding pocket. We observe that the N-terminal extension modifies the ligand cavity stiffening it by specific interactions that ultimately modulate its intrinsic flexibility, which may modify its role in the storage and/or transfer of preformed iron-sulfur clusters. These unique structural and dynamics aspects of Trypanosoma brucei 1CGrx1 differentiate it from other orthologues and could have functional relevance. In this way, our results encourage the study of other similar protein folding families with intrinsically disordered regions whose functional roles are still unrevealed and the screening of potential 1CGrx1 inhibitors as antitrypanosomal drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo E Balatti
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - G Patricio Barletta
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Screening and Identification of Metacaspase Inhibitors: Evaluation of Inhibition Mechanism and Trypanocidal Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01330-20. [PMID: 33318019 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01330-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A common strategy to identify new antiparasitic agents is the targeting of proteases, due to their essential contributions to parasite growth and development. Metacaspases (MCAs) are cysteine proteases present in fungi, protozoa, and plants. These enzymes, which are associated with crucial cellular events in trypanosomes, are absent in the human host, thus arising as attractive drug targets. To find new MCA inhibitors with trypanocidal activity, we adapted a continuous fluorescence enzymatic assay to a medium-throughput format and carried out screening of different compound collections, followed by the construction of dose-response curves for the most promising hits. We used MCA5 from Trypanosoma brucei (TbMCA5) as a model for the identification of inhibitors from the GlaxoSmithKline HAT and CHAGAS chemical boxes. We also assessed a third collection of nine compounds from the Maybridge database that had been identified by virtual screening as potential inhibitors of the cysteine peptidase falcipain-2 (clan CA) from Plasmodium falciparum Compound HTS01959 (from the Maybridge collection) was the most potent inhibitor, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 14.39 µM; it also inhibited other MCAs from T. brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi (TbMCA2, 4.14 µM; TbMCA3, 5.04 µM; TcMCA5, 151 µM). HTS01959 behaved as a reversible, slow-binding, and noncompetitive inhibitor of TbMCA2, with a mechanism of action that included redox components. Importantly, HTS01959 displayed trypanocidal activity against bloodstream forms of T. brucei and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi, without cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Thus, HTS01959 is a promising starting point to develop more specific and potent chemical structures to target MCAs.
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Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox Regulation by Protein S-Glutathionylation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218113. [PMID: 33143095 PMCID: PMC7663550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathionylation and describe the changing levels of expression of S-glutathionylation in the context of aging, cancer, cardiovascular, and liver diseases.
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Medeiros A, Benítez D, Korn RS, Ferreira VC, Barrera E, Carrión F, Pritsch O, Pantano S, Kunick C, de Oliveira CI, Orban OCF, Comini MA. Mechanistic and biological characterisation of novel N5-substituted paullones targeting the biosynthesis of trypanothione in Leishmania. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1345-1358. [PMID: 32588679 PMCID: PMC7717452 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1780227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione synthetase (TryS) produces N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine (or trypanothione) at the expense of ATP. Trypanothione is a metabolite unique and essential for survival and drug-resistance of trypanosomatid parasites. In this study, we report the mechanistic and biological characterisation of optimised N5-substituted paullone analogues with anti-TryS activity. Several of the new derivatives retained submicromolar IC50 against leishmanial TryS. The binding mode to TryS of the most potent paullones has been revealed by means of kinetic, biophysical and molecular modelling approaches. A subset of analogues showed an improved potency (EC50 0.5–10 µM) and selectivity (20–35) against the clinically relevant stage of Leishmania braziliensis (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) and L. infantum (visceral leishmaniasis). For a selected derivative, the mode of action involved intracellular depletion of trypanothione. Our findings shed light on the molecular interaction of TryS with rationally designed inhibitors and disclose a new set of compounds with on-target activity against different Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Benítez
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricarda S Korn
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Exequiel Barrera
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Protein Biophysics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pritsch
- Protein Biophysics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Oliver C F Orban
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Bogacz M, Dirdjaja N, Wimmer B, Habich C, Krauth-Siegel RL. The mitochondrial peroxiredoxin displays distinct roles in different developmental stages of African trypanosomes. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101547. [PMID: 32388269 PMCID: PMC7218024 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroperoxide reduction in African trypanosomes relies on 2-Cys-peroxiredoxins (Prxs) and glutathione peroxidase-type enzymes (Pxs) which both obtain their reducing equivalents from the trypanothione/tryparedoxin couple and thus act as tryparedoxin peroxidases. While the cytosolic forms of the peroxidases are essential, the mitochondrial mPrx and Px III appear dispensable in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. This led to the suggestion that in this developmental stage which is characterized by a mitochondrion that lacks an active respiratory chain, only one of the two peroxidases might be required. Here we show that bloodstream cells in which the Px III gene is deleted and mPrx is down-regulated by RNA interference, proliferate as the parental cells indicating that both mitochondrial peroxidases are dispensable. However, when we raised the culture temperature to 39 °C, mPrx-depleted cells died indicating that under conditions mimicking a fever situation in the mammalian host, the protein becomes essential. In contrast, depletion of mPrx in insect stage procyclic T. brucei causes a proliferation defect under standard conditions at 27 °C, in the absence of any stress. In the absence of mPrx, a tryparedoxin-coupled roGFP2 biosensor expressed in the mitochondrial matrix is unable to respond to antimycin A treatment. Thus mPrx reduces mitochondrial H2O2 with the generation of trypanothione disulfide and acts as peroxidase. However, mPrx-depleted procyclic cells neither display any alteration in the cytosolic or mitochondrial trypanothione redox state nor increased sensitivity towards exogenous oxidative stressors suggesting that the peroxidase activity is not the crucial physiological function. After prolonged mPrx-depletion, the cells almost stop proliferation and display a highly elongated shape and diminished MitoTracker Red staining. In contrast to the situation in the mammalian bloodstream T. brucei and Leishmania, mPrx appears to play a constitutive role for the morphology, mitochondrial function and proliferation of the insect stage of African trypanosomes. In bloodstream T. brucei, both mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidases are dispensable. Heat-stressed bloodstream cells require the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin (mPrx). In procyclic (PC) T. brucei, mPrx plays a constitutive role for proliferation. Lack of mPrx affects the structure and mitochondrial membrane potential of PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wimmer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Habich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Butenko A, Opperdoes FR, Flegontova O, Horák A, Hampl V, Keeling P, Gawryluk RMR, Tikhonenkov D, Flegontov P, Lukeš J. Evolution of metabolic capabilities and molecular features of diplonemids, kinetoplastids, and euglenids. BMC Biol 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32122335 PMCID: PMC7052976 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Euglenozoa are a protist group with an especially rich history of evolutionary diversity. They include diplonemids, representing arguably the most species-rich clade of marine planktonic eukaryotes; trypanosomatids, which are notorious parasites of medical and veterinary importance; and free-living euglenids. These different lifestyles, and particularly the transition from free-living to parasitic, likely require different metabolic capabilities. We carried out a comparative genomic analysis across euglenozoan diversity to see how changing repertoires of enzymes and structural features correspond to major changes in lifestyles. Results We find a gradual loss of genes encoding enzymes in the evolution of kinetoplastids, rather than a sudden decrease in metabolic capabilities corresponding to the origin of parasitism, while diplonemids and euglenids maintain more metabolic versatility. Distinctive characteristics of molecular machines such as kinetochores and the pre-replication complex that were previously considered specific to parasitic kinetoplastids were also identified in their free-living relatives. Therefore, we argue that they represent an ancestral rather than a derived state, as thought until the present. We also found evidence of ancient redundancy in systems such as NADPH-dependent thiol-redox. Only the genus Euglena possesses the combination of trypanothione-, glutathione-, and thioredoxin-based systems supposedly present in the euglenozoan common ancestor, while other representatives of the phylum have lost one or two of these systems. Lastly, we identified convergent losses of specific metabolic capabilities between free-living kinetoplastids and ciliates. Although this observation requires further examination, it suggests that certain eukaryotic lineages are predisposed to such convergent losses of key enzymes or whole pathways. Conclusions The loss of metabolic capabilities might not be associated with the switch to parasitic lifestyle in kinetoplastids, and the presence of a highly divergent (or unconventional) kinetochore machinery might not be restricted to this protist group. The data derived from the transcriptomes of free-living early branching prokinetoplastids suggests that the pre-replication complex of Trypanosomatidae is a highly divergent version of the conventional machinery. Our findings shed light on trends in the evolution of metabolism in protists in general and open multiple avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Butenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Fred R Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olga Flegontova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Horák
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biocev, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Denis Tikhonenkov
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Present address: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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11
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Ebersoll S, Bogacz M, Günter LM, Dick TP, Krauth-Siegel RL. A tryparedoxin-coupled biosensor reveals a mitochondrial trypanothione metabolism in trypanosomes. eLife 2020; 9:53227. [PMID: 32003744 PMCID: PMC7046469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes have a trypanothione redox metabolism that provides the reducing equivalents for numerous essential processes, most being mediated by tryparedoxin (Tpx). While the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione are cytosolic, the molecular basis of the thiol redox homeostasis in the single mitochondrion of these parasites has remained largely unknown. Here we expressed Tpx-roGFP2, roGFP2-hGrx1 or roGFP2 in either the cytosol or mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. We show that the novel Tpx-roGFP2 is a superior probe for the trypanothione redox couple and that the mitochondrial matrix harbors a trypanothione system. Inhibition of trypanothione biosynthesis by the anti-trypanosomal drug Eflornithine impairs the ability of the cytosol and mitochondrion to cope with exogenous oxidative stresses, indicating a direct link between both thiol systems. Tpx depletion abolishes the cytosolic, but only partially affects the mitochondrial sensor response to H2O2. This strongly suggests that the mitochondrion harbors some Tpx and, another, as yet unidentified, oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina M Günter
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Talevi A, Carrillo C, Comini M. The Thiol-polyamine Metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi: Molecular Targets and Drug Repurposing Strategies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6614-6635. [PMID: 30259812 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926151059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas´ disease continues to be a challenging and neglected public health problem in many American countries. The etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, develops intracellularly in the mammalian host, which hinders treatment efficacy. Progress in the knowledge of parasite biology and host-pathogen interaction has not been paralleled by the development of novel, safe and effective therapeutic options. It is then urgent to seek for novel therapeutic candidates and to implement drug discovery strategies that may accelerate the discovery process. The most appealing targets for pharmacological intervention are those essential for the pathogen and, whenever possible, absent or significantly different from the host homolog. The thiol-polyamine metabolism of T. cruzi offers interesting candidates for a rational design of selective drugs. In this respect, here we critically review the state of the art of the thiolpolyamine metabolism of T. cruzi and the pharmacological potential of its components. On the other hand, drug repurposing emerged as a valid strategy to identify new biological activities for drugs in clinical use, while significantly shortening the long time and high cost associated with de novo drug discovery approaches. Thus, we also discuss the different drug repurposing strategies available with a special emphasis in their applications to the identification of drug candidates targeting essential components of the thiol-polyamine metabolism of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Talevi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein) - CONICET. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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13
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Currier RB, Ulrich K, Leroux AE, Dirdjaja N, Deambrosi M, Bonilla M, Ahmed YL, Adrian L, Antelmann H, Jakob U, Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL. An essential thioredoxin-type protein of Trypanosoma brucei acts as redox-regulated mitochondrial chaperone. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008065. [PMID: 31557263 PMCID: PMC6783113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known thioredoxin-type proteins (Trx) participate in redox pathways, using two highly conserved cysteine residues to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Here we demonstrate that the so far unexplored Trx2 from African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei) lacks protein disulfide reductase activity but functions as an effective temperature-activated and redox-regulated chaperone. Immunofluorescence microscopy and fractionated cell lysis revealed that Trx2 is located in the mitochondrion of the parasite. RNA-interference and gene knock-out approaches showed that depletion of Trx2 impairs growth of both mammalian bloodstream and insect stage procyclic parasites. Procyclic cells lacking Trx2 stop proliferation under standard culture conditions at 27°C and are unable to survive prolonged exposure to 37°C, indicating that Trx2 plays a vital role that becomes augmented under heat stress. Moreover, we found that Trx2 contributes to the in vivo infectivity of T. brucei. Remarkably, a Trx2 version, in which all five cysteines were replaced by serine residues, complements for the wildtype protein in conditional knock-out cells and confers parasite infectivity in the mouse model. Characterization of the recombinant protein revealed that Trx2 can coordinate an iron sulfur cluster and is highly sensitive towards spontaneous oxidation. Moreover, we discovered that both wildtype and mutant Trx2 protect other proteins against thermal aggregation and preserve their ability to refold upon return to non-stress conditions. Activation of the chaperone function of Trx2 appears to be triggered by temperature-mediated structural changes and inhibited by oxidative disulfide bond formation. Our studies indicate that Trx2 acts as a novel chaperone in the unique single mitochondrion of T. brucei and reveal a new perspective regarding the physiological function of thioredoxin-type proteins in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B. Currier
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matías Deambrosi
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Fachgebiet Geobiotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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15
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Perdeh J, Berioso B, Love Q, LoGiudice N, Le TL, Harrelson JP, Roberts SC. Critical functions of the polyamine putrescine for proliferation and viability of Leishmania donovani parasites. Amino Acids 2019; 52:261-274. [PMID: 30993465 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are metabolites that play important roles in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania parasites. However, little is known about the function of polyamines in parasites. To address this question, we assessed the effect of polyamine depletion in Leishmania donovani mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (Δodc) or spermidine synthase (Δspdsyn). Intracellular putrescine levels depleted rapidly in Δodc mutants and accumulated in Δspdsyn mutants, while spermidine levels were maintained at low but stable levels in both cell lines. Putrescine depletion in the Δodc mutants led to cell rounding, immediate cessation of proliferation, and loss of viability, while putrescine-rich Δspdsyn mutants displayed an intermediate proliferation phenotype and were able to arrest in a quiescent-like state for 6 weeks. Supplementation of Δodc mutants with spermidine had little effect on cell proliferation and morphology but enabled parasites to persist for 14 weeks. Thus, putrescine is not only essential as precursor for spermidine formation but also critical for parasite proliferation, morphology, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Perdeh
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Brandon Berioso
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Quintin Love
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Nicole LoGiudice
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,McKenzie Willamette Medical Center, Springfield, OR, 97477, USA
| | - Thao Linh Le
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - John P Harrelson
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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16
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Wagner A, Le TA, Brennich M, Klein P, Bader N, Diehl E, Paszek D, Weickhmann AK, Dirdjaja N, Krauth-Siegel RL, Engels B, Opatz T, Schindelin H, Hellmich UA. Inhibitor-induzierte Dimerisierung einer essentiellen Oxidoreduktase aus afrikanischen Trypanosomen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wagner
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Deutschland
| | - Thien Anh Le
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Emil-Fischer-Straße 42 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Martha Brennich
- Synchrotron Crystallography Team; EMBL Grenoble Outstation; 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38042 Grenoble Frankreich
| | - Philipp Klein
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Nicole Bader
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Haus D15 97080 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Erika Diehl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Deutschland
| | - Daniel Paszek
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - A. Katharina Weickhmann
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Deutschland
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemistry Center (BZH); Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 328 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH); Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 328 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Emil-Fischer-Straße 42 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Hermann Schindelin
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Haus D15 97080 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Deutschland
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17
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Wagner A, Le TA, Brennich M, Klein P, Bader N, Diehl E, Paszek D, Weickhmann AK, Dirdjaja N, Krauth-Siegel RL, Engels B, Opatz T, Schindelin H, Hellmich UA. Inhibitor-Induced Dimerization of an Essential Oxidoreductase from African Trypanosomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3640-3644. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Germany
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Thien Anh Le
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg; Emil-Fischer-Straße 42 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martha Brennich
- Synchrotron Crystallography Team; EMBL Grenoble Outstation; 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Philipp Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nicole Bader
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Haus D15 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Erika Diehl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Germany
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Daniel Paszek
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - A. Katharina Weickhmann
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemistry Center (BZH); Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 328 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH); Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 328 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg; Emil-Fischer-Straße 42 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Hermann Schindelin
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg; Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Haus D15 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 31 55128 Mainz Germany
- Biomolekulares Magnetresonanz Zentrum (BMRZ); Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue Str. 9 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
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18
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Manta B, Möller MN, Bonilla M, Deambrosi M, Grunberg K, Bellanda M, Comini MA, Ferrer-Sueta G. Kinetic studies reveal a key role of a redox-active glutaredoxin in the evolution of the thiol-redox metabolism of trypanosomatid parasites. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3235-3248. [PMID: 30593501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites (kinetoplastids) that have a unique redox metabolism based on the small dithiol trypanothione (T(SH)2). Although GSH may still play a biological role in trypanosomatid parasites beyond being a building block of T(SH)2, most of its functions are replaced by T(SH)2 in these organisms. Consequently, trypanosomes have several enzymes adapted to using T(SH)2 instead of GSH, including the glutaredoxins (Grxs). However, the mechanistic basis of Grx specificity for T(SH)2 is unknown. Here, we combined fast-kinetic and biophysical approaches, including NMR, MS, and fluorescent tagging, to study the redox function of Grx1, the only cytosolic redox-active Grx in trypanosomes. We observed that Grx1 reduces GSH-containing disulfides (including oxidized trypanothione) in very fast reactions (k > 5 × 105 m-1 s-1). We also noted that disulfides without a GSH are much slower oxidants, suggesting a strongly selective binding of the GSH molecule. Not surprisingly, oxidized Grx1 was also reduced very fast by T(SH)2 (4.8 × 106 m-1 s-1); however, GSH-mediated reduction was extremely slow (39 m-1 s-1). This kinetic selectivity in the reduction step of the catalytic cycle suggests that Grx1 uses preferentially a dithiol mechanism, forming a disulfide on the active site during the oxidative half of the catalytic cycle and then being rapidly reduced by T(SH)2 in the reductive half. Thus, the reduction of glutathionylated substrates avoids GSSG accumulation in an organism lacking GSH reductase. These findings suggest that Grx1 has played an important adaptive role during the rewiring of the thiol-redox metabolism of kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and
| | - Matías N Möller
- the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and.,the Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, and
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and.,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Matías Deambrosi
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Karin Grunberg
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- From the Grupo Biología Redox de Tripanosomas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- the Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica and .,the Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, and
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19
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Miller CG, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ, Schmidt EE. NADPH-dependent and -independent disulfide reductase systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:248-261. [PMID: 29609022 PMCID: PMC6165701 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past seven decades, research on autotrophic and heterotrophic model organisms has defined how the flow of electrons ("reducing power") from high-energy inorganic sources, through biological systems, to low-energy inorganic products like water, powers all of Life's processes. Universally, an initial major biological recipient of these electrons is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-phosphate, which thereby transits from an oxidized state (NADP+) to a reduced state (NADPH). A portion of this reducing power is then distributed via the cellular NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems as sequential reductions of disulfide bonds. Along the disulfide reduction pathways, some enzymes have active sites that use the selenium-containing amino acid, selenocysteine, in place of the common but less reactive sulfur-containing cysteine. In particular, the mammalian/metazoan thioredoxin systems are usually selenium-dependent as, across metazoan phyla, most thioredoxin reductases are selenoproteins. Among the roles of the NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems, the most universal is that they provide the reducing power for the production of DNA precursors by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Some studies, however, have uncovered examples of NADPH-independent disulfide reductase systems that can also support RNR. These systems are summarized here and their implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Miller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Sturlese M, Manta B, Bertarello A, Bonilla M, Lelli M, Zambelli B, Grunberg K, Mammi S, Comini MA, Bellanda M. The lineage-specific, intrinsically disordered N-terminal extension of monothiol glutaredoxin 1 from trypanosomes contains a regulatory region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13716. [PMID: 30209332 PMCID: PMC6135854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grx) are small proteins conserved throughout all the kingdoms of life that are engaged in a wide variety of biological processes and share a common thioredoxin-fold. Among them, class II Grx are redox-inactive proteins involved in iron-sulfur (FeS) metabolism. They contain a single thiol group in their active site and use low molecular mass thiols such as glutathione as ligand for binding FeS-clusters. In this study, we investigated molecular aspects of 1CGrx1 from the pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a mitochondrial class II Grx that fulfills an indispensable role in vivo. Mitochondrial 1CGrx1 from trypanosomes differs from orthologues in several features including the presence of a parasite-specific N-terminal extension (NTE) whose role has yet to be elucidated. Previously we have solved the structure of a truncated form of 1CGrx1 containing only the conserved glutaredoxin domain but lacking the NTE. Our aim here is to investigate the effect of the NTE on the conformation of the protein. We therefore solved the NMR structure of the full-length protein, which reveals subtle but significant differences with the structure of the NTE-less form. By means of different experimental approaches, the NTE proved to be intrinsically disordered and not involved in the non-redox dependent protein dimerization, as previously suggested. Interestingly, the portion comprising residues 65–76 of the NTE modulates the conformational dynamics of the glutathione-binding pocket, which may play a role in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and delivery. Furthermore, we disclosed that the class II-strictly conserved loop that precedes the active site is critical for stabilizing the protein structure. So far, this represents the first communication of a Grx containing an intrinsically disordered region that defines a new protein subgroup within class II Grx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Sturlese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Manta
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4425, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Andrea Bertarello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Zambelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Karin Grunberg
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stefano Mammi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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21
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Bogacz M, Krauth-Siegel RL. Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death. eLife 2018; 7:37503. [PMID: 30047863 PMCID: PMC6117152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryparedoxin peroxidases, distant relatives of glutathione peroxidase 4 in higher eukaryotes, are responsible for the detoxification of lipid-derived hydroperoxides in African trypanosomes. The lethal phenotype of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei that lack the enzymes fulfils all criteria defining a form of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Viability of the parasites is preserved by α-tocopherol, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1 and deferoxamine. Without protecting agent, the cells display, primarily mitochondrial, lipid peroxidation, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion. Sensors for mitochondrial oxidants and chelatable iron as well as overexpression of a mitochondrial iron-superoxide dismutase attenuate the cell death. Electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial matrix condensation and enlarged cristae. The peroxidase-deficient parasites are subject to lethal iron-induced lipid peroxidation that probably originates at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Taken together, ferroptosis is an ancient cell death program that can occur at individual subcellular membranes and is counterbalanced by evolutionary distant thiol peroxidases. Plants, animals and fungi all belong to a group of organisms known as eukaryotes. Their cells host a variety of compartments, with each having a specific role. For example, mitochondria are tasked with providing the energy that powers most of the processes that keep the cell alive. Membranes delimit these compartments, as well as the cells themselves. Iron is an element needed for chemical reactions that are essential for the cell to survive. Yet, the byproducts of these reactions can damage – ‘oxidize’ – the lipid molecules that form the cell’s membranes, including the one around mitochondria. Unless enzymes known as peroxidases come to repair the oxidized lipids, the cell dies in a process called ferroptosis. Scientists know that this death mechanism is programmed into the cells of humans and other complex eukaryotes. However, Bogacz and Krauth-Siegel wanted to know if ferroptosis also exists in creatures that appeared early in the evolution of eukaryotes, such as the trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. This single-cell parasite causes sleeping sickness in humans and a disease called nagana in horses and cattle. Before it infects a mammal, T. brucei goes through an ‘insect stage’ where it lives in the tsetse fly; there, it relies on its mitochondrion to produce energy. Bogacz and Krauth-Siegel now show that if the parasites in the insect stage do not have a specific type of peroxidases, they die within a few hours. In particular, problems in the membranes of the mitochondrion stop the compartment from working properly. These peroxidases-free trypanosomes fare better if they are exposed to molecules that prevent iron from taking part in the reactions that can harm lipids. They also survive more if they are forced to create large amounts of an enzyme that relies on iron to protect the mitochondrion against oxidation. Finally, using drugs that prevent ferroptosis in human cells completely rescues these trypanosomes. Taken together, the results suggest that ferroptosis is an ancient cell death program which exists in T. brucei; and that, in the insect stage of the parasite's life cycle, this process first damages the mitochondrion. This last finding could be particularly relevant because the role of mitochondria in ferroptosis in mammals is highly debated. Yet, most of the research is done in cells that do not rely on this cellular compartment to get their energy. During their life cycle, trypanosomes are either dependent on their mitochondria, or they can find their energy through other sources: this could make them a good organism in which to dissect the precise mechanisms of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The maintenance of thiol-redox homeostasis is vital to the survival of living organisms. Sulfur-based low-molecular weight compounds and proteins synthesized by cells provide efficient and specific ways to counteract oxidative stress and regulate cellular processes. For these tasks, most organisms share the glutathione and thioredoxin NADPH-dependent redox systems. However, in certain lineages, evolution has taken different paths that led to the emergence of novel cysteine-based low-molecular weight redox cofactors, around which new redox systems evolved. These include the sugar-based cysteinyl derivatives mycothiol and bacillithiol, and ergothioneine (EGT), which are present in different phyla from bacteria. Within Eukarya, some fungi contain EGT, whereas trypanothione is unique to species from the Euglenozoa family. This Forum compiles the state-of-the-art knowledge about these noncanonical redox systems of pathogenic organisms. The functions in physiology and pathogenicity, as well as structural and biochemical specializations that these system components evolved, are thoroughly discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 407-409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Salinas
- 1 Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Worm Biology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- 3 Redox Biology of Trypanosomes Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
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23
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Ebersoll S, Musunda B, Schmenger T, Dirdjaja N, Bonilla M, Manta B, Ulrich K, Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL. A glutaredoxin in the mitochondrial intermembrane space has stage-specific functions in the thermo-tolerance and proliferation of African trypanosomes. Redox Biol 2018; 15:532-547. [PMID: 29413965 PMCID: PMC5975080 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) is a dithiol glutaredoxin that is specifically located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Bloodstream form parasites lacking Grx2 or both, Grx2 and the cytosolic Grx1, are viable in vitro and infectious to mice suggesting that neither oxidoreductase is needed for survival or infectivity to mammals. A 37 °C to 39 °C shift changes the cellular redox milieu of bloodstream cells to more oxidizing conditions and induces a significantly stronger growth arrest in wildtype parasites compared to the mutant cells. Grx2-deficient cells ectopically expressing the wildtype form of Grx2 with its C31QFC34 active site, but not the C34S mutant, regain the sensitivity of the parental strain, indicating that the physiological role of Grx2 requires both active site cysteines. In the procyclic insect stage of the parasite, Grx2 is essential. Both alleles can be replaced if procyclic cells ectopically express authentic or C34S, but not C31S/C34S Grx2, pointing to a redox role that relies on a monothiol mechanism. RNA-interference against Grx2 causes a virtually irreversible proliferation defect. The cells adopt an elongated morphology but do not show any significant alteration in the cell cycle. The growth retardation is attenuated by high glucose concentrations. Under these conditions, procyclic cells obtain ATP by substrate level phosphorylation suggesting that Grx2 might regulate a respiratory chain component. Bloodstream T. brucei lacking glutaredoxin 2 are fully viable in vitro and in vivo. A temperature rise shifts the cellular redox state to more oxidizing conditions. Glutaredoxin 2-deficiency confers bloodstream cells with thermo-tolerance. The insect stage requires redox-active glutaredoxin 2 for viability and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ebersoll
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Blessing Musunda
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schmenger
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Manta
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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