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Li L, Ma Y, Zhu C, Li Y, Cao H, Wu Z, Jin T, Wang Y, Chen S, Dong W. Paternal obesity induces subfertility in male offspring by modulating the oxidative stress-related transcriptional network. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01562-y. [PMID: 38902387 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The effects of fathers' high-fat diet (HFD) on the reproductive health of their male offspring (HFD- F1) remain to be elucidated. Parental obesity is known to have a negative effect on offspring fertility, but there are few relevant studies on the effects of HFD-F1 on reproductive function. METHODS We first succeeded in establishing the HFD model, which provides a scientific basis in the analysis of HFD-F1 reproductive health. Next, we assessed biometric indices, intratesticular cellular status, seminiferous tubules and testicular transcriptomic homeostasis in HFD-F1. Finally, we examined epididymal (sperm-containing) apoptosis, as well as antioxidant properties, motility, plasma membrane oxidation, DNA damage, and sperm-egg binding in the epididymal sperm. RESULTS Our initial results showed that HFD-F1 mice had characteristics similar to individuals with obesity, including higher body weight and altered organ size. Despite no major changes in the types of testicular cells, we found decreased activity of important genes and noticed the presence of abnormally shaped sperm at seminiferous tubule lumen. Further analysis of HFD-F1 testes suggests that these changes might be caused by increased vulnerability to oxidative stress. Finally, we measured several sperm parameters, these results presented HFD-F1 offspring exhibited a deficiency in antioxidant properties, resulting in damaged sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, insufficient ATP content, increased DNA fragmentation, heightened plasma membrane oxidation, apoptosis-prone and decreased capacity for sperm-oocyte binding during fertilization. CONCLUSION HFD- F1 subfertility arises from the susceptibility of the transcriptional network to oxidative stress, resulting in reduced antioxidant properties, motility, sperm-egg binding, and elevated DNA damage. Schematic representation of the HFD-F1 oxidative stress susceptibility to subfertility. Notably, excessive accumulation of ROS surpasses the physiological threshold, thereby damaging PUFAs within the sperm plasma membrane. This oxidative assault affects crucial components such as mitochondria and DNA. Consequently, the sperm's antioxidant defense mechanisms become compromised, leading to a decline in vitality, motility, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Biology Research Centre of Qin Mountains Wildlife, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Ankang R&D Center of Se-enriched Products, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Heran Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zifang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
- Biology Research Centre of Qin Mountains Wildlife, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Zheng X, Dozmorov MG, Espinoza L, Bowes MM, Bastacky S, Sawalha AH. Inducible deletion of Ezh2 in CD4+ T cells inhibits kidney T cell infiltration and prevents interstitial nephritis in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583401. [PMID: 38496595 PMCID: PMC10942296 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a remitting relapsing autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and multi-organ involvement. T cell epigenetic dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lupus. We have previously demonstrated upregulation of the key epigenetic regulator EZH2 in CD4+ T cells isolated from lupus patients. To further investigate the role of EZH2 in the pathogenesis of lupus, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible CD4+ T cell Ezh2 conditional knockout mouse on the MRL/lpr lupus-prone background. We demonstrate that Ezh2 deletion abrogates lupus-like disease and prevents T cell differentiation. Single-cell analysis suggests impaired T cell function and activation of programed cell death pathways in EZH2-deficient mice. Ezh2 deletion in CD4+ T cells restricts TCR clonal repertoire and prevents kidney-infiltrating effector CD4+ T cell expansion and tubulointerstitial nephritis, which has been linked to end-stage renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis.
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Boo HJ, Yoon SP, Hyun JW. Oxidative Stress-Mediated RUNX3 Mislocalization Occurs Via Jun Activation Domain-Binding Protein 1 and Histone Modification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04944-0. [PMID: 38683453 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) suppresses many different cancer types and is disabled by mutations, epigenetic repression, or cytoplasmic mislocalization. In this study, we investigated whether oxidative stress is associated with RUNX3 accumulation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in terms of histone modification. Oxidative stress elevated histone deacetylase (HDAC) level and lowered that of histone acetyltransferase. In addition, oxidative stress decreased the expression of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL), a histone methyltransferase, but increased the expression of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2/G9a), which is also a histone methyltransferase. Moreover, oxidative stress-induced RUNX3 phosphorylation, Src activation, and Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) expression were inhibited by knockdown of HDAC and G9a, restoring the nuclear localization of RUNX3 under oxidative stress. Cytoplasmic RUNX3 localization was followed by oxidative stress-induced histone modification, activated Src along with RUNX3 phosphorylation, and induction of JAB1, resulting in RUNX3 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hye-Jin Boo
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Pil Yoon
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Guo X, Bian X, Li Y, Zhu X, Zhou X. The intricate dance of tumor evolution: Exploring immune escape, tumor migration, drug resistance, and treatment strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167098. [PMID: 38412927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has unveiled fascinating insights into the intricate mechanisms governing tumor evolution. These studies have illuminated how tumors adapt and proliferate by exploiting various factors, including immune evasion, resistance to therapeutic drugs, genetic mutations, and their ability to adapt to different environments. Furthermore, investigations into tumor heterogeneity and chromosomal aberrations have revealed the profound complexity that underlies the evolution of cancer. Emerging findings have also underscored the role of viral influences in the development and progression of cancer, introducing an additional layer of complexity to the field of oncology. Tumor evolution is a dynamic and complex process influenced by various factors, including immune evasion, drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and viral influences. Understanding these elements is indispensable for developing more effective treatments and advancing cancer therapies. A holistic approach to studying and addressing tumor evolution is crucial in the ongoing battle against cancer. The main goal of this comprehensive review is to explore the intricate relationship between tumor evolution and critical aspects of cancer biology. By delving into this complex interplay, we aim to provide a profound understanding of how tumors evolve, adapt, and respond to treatment strategies. This review underscores the pivotal importance of comprehending tumor evolution in shaping effective approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Bian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Li
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Li K, Deng Z, Lei C, Ding X, Li J, Wang C. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Tumorigenesis and Progression. Cells 2024; 13:441. [PMID: 38474405 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Its involvement in cell senescence, apoptosis, and series diseases has been demonstrated. Advances in carcinogenic research have revealed oxidative stress as a pivotal pathophysiological pathway in tumorigenesis and to be involved in lung cancer, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, leukemia, and so on. This review combs the effects of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis on each phase and cell fate determination, and three features are discussed. Oxidative stress takes part in the processes ranging from tumorigenesis to tumor death via series pathways and processes like mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ferroptosis. It can affect cell fate by engaging in the complex relationships between senescence, death, and cancer. The influence of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis and progression is a multi-stage interlaced process that includes two aspects of promotion and inhibition, with mitochondria as the core of regulation. A deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the effects of oxidative stress on tumorigenesis is conducive to exploring more tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Zhangyuzi Deng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Chunran Lei
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Changshan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
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Caporossi D, Dimauro I. Exercise-induced redox modulation as a mediator of DNA methylation in health maintenance and disease prevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:113-122. [PMID: 38242245 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The evidence for physical activity (PA) as a major public health preventive approach and a potent medical therapy has increased exponentially in the last decades. The biomolecular mechanisms supporting the associations between PA and/or structured exercise training with health maintenance and disease prevention are not completely characterized. However, increasing evidence pointed out the role of epigenetic modifications in exercise adaptation and health-enhancing PA throughout life, DNA methylation being the most intensely studied epigenetic modification induced by acute and chronic exercise. The current data on the modulation of DNA methylation determined by physically active behavior or exercise interventions points out genes related to energy regulation, mitochondrial function, and biosynthesis, as well as muscle regeneration, calcium signaling pathways, and brain plasticity, all consistent with the known exercise-induced redox signaling and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) unbalance. Thus, the main focus of this review is to discuss the role of ROS and redox-signaling on DNA methylation profile and its impact on exercise-induced health benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, Rome, 00135, Italy.
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, Rome, 00135, Italy
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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lichti CF, Wan X. Using mass spectrometry to identify neoantigens in autoimmune diseases: The type 1 diabetes example. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101730. [PMID: 36827760 PMCID: PMC10324092 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune diseases, recognition of self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules elicits unexpected attack of tissue by autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells. Post-translational modification (PTM) may alter the MHC-binding motif or TCR contact residues in a peptide antigen, transforming the tolerance to self to autoreactivity. Mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics provides a valuable mechanism for identifying MHC ligands that contain PTMs and can thus provide valuable insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics of autoimmune diseases. A plethora of PTMs have been implicated in this process, and this review highlights their formation and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Choi SH, Yousefian-Jazi A, Hyeon SJ, Nguyen PTT, Chu J, Kim S, Kim S, Ryu HL, Kowall NW, Ryu H, Lee J. Modulation of histone H3K4 dimethylation by spermidine ameliorates motor neuron survival and neuropathology in a mouse model of ALS. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:106. [PMID: 36536341 PMCID: PMC9764677 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive paralysis due to motor neuron degeneration. It has been proposed that epigenetic modification and transcriptional dysregulation may contribute to motor neuron death. In this study, we investigate the basis for therapeutic approaches to target lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) and elucidate the mechanistic role of LSD1-histone H3K4 signaling pathway in ALS pathogenesis. METHODS In order to examine the role of spermidine (SD), we administered SD to an animal model of ALS (G93A) and performed neuropathological analysis, body weight, and survival evaluation. RESULTS Herein, we found that LSD1 activity is increased while levels of H3K4me2, a substrate of LSD1, is decreased in cellular and animal models of ALS. SD administration modulated the LSD1 activity and restored H3K4me2 levels in ChAT-positive motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of ALS mice. SD prevented cellular damage by improving the number and size of motor neurons in ALS mice. SD administration also reduced GFAP-positive astrogliogenesis in the white and gray matter of the lumbar spinal cord, improving the neuropathology of ALS mice. Moreover, SD administration improved the rotarod performance and gait analysis of ALS mice. Finally, SD administration delayed disease onset and prolonged the lifespan of ALS (G93A) transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Together, modulating epigenetic targets such as LSD1 by small compounds may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hye Choi
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Ali Yousefian-Jazi
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Phuong Thi Thanh Nguyen
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264KIST School, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Chu
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Integrated Biomedical and Life Science Department, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Sojung Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Hannah L. Ryu
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Neil W. Kowall
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA ,grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- grid.35541.360000000121053345K-Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264KIST School, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Junghee Lee
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA ,grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130 USA
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