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Glass B, Bergman D, Parro V, Kobayashi L, Stoker C, Quinn R, Davila A, Willis P, Brinckerhoff W, Warren-Rhodes K, Wilhelm M, Caceres L, DiRuggiero J, Zacny K, Moreno-Paz M, Dave A, Seitz S, Grubisic A, Castillo M, Bonaccorsi R. The Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies (ARADS) Project. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1245-1258. [PMID: 38054949 PMCID: PMC10750311 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
With advances in commercial space launch capabilities and reduced costs to orbit, humans may arrive on Mars within a decade. Both to preserve any signs of past (and extant) martian life and to protect the health of human crews (and Earth's biosphere), it will be necessary to assess the risk of cross-contamination on the surface, in blown dust, and into the near-subsurface (where exploration and resource-harvesting can be reasonably anticipated). Thus, evaluating for the presence of life and biosignatures may become a critical-path Mars exploration precursor in the not-so-far future, circa 2030. This Special Collection of papers from the Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies (ARADS) project describes many of the scientific, technological, and operational issues associated with searching for and identifying biosignatures in an extreme hyperarid region in Chile's Atacama Desert, a well-studied terrestrial Mars analog environment. This paper provides an overview of the ARADS project and discusses in context the five other papers in the ARADS Special Collection, as well as prior ARADS project results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Glass
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - D. Bergman
- Honeybee Robotics, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - V. Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - L. Kobayashi
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - C. Stoker
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - R. Quinn
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - A. Davila
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - P. Willis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - K. Warren-Rhodes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - M.B. Wilhelm
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - L. Caceres
- University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - K. Zacny
- Honeybee Robotics, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M. Moreno-Paz
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - A. Dave
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - S. Seitz
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - A. Grubisic
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Castillo
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - R. Bonaccorsi
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- SETI Institute, Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, California, USA
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Kloprogge JT(T, Hartman H. Clays and the Origin of Life: The Experiments. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:259. [PMID: 35207546 PMCID: PMC8880559 DOI: 10.3390/life12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three groups of scientists dominating the search for the origin of life: the organic chemists (the Soup), the molecular biologists (RNA world), and the inorganic chemists (metabolism and transient-state metal ions), all of which have experimental adjuncts. It is time for Clays and the Origin of Life to have its experimental adjunct. The clay data coming from Mars and carbonaceous chondrites have necessitated a review of the role that clays played in the origin of life on Earth. The data from Mars have suggested that Fe-clays such as nontronite, ferrous saponites, and several other clays were formed on early Mars when it had sufficient water. This raised the question of the possible role that these clays may have played in the origin of life on Mars. This has put clays front and center in the studies on the origin of life not only on Mars but also here on Earth. One of the major questions is: What was the catalytic role of Fe-clays in the origin and development of metabolism here on Earth? First, there is the recent finding of a chiral amino acid (isovaline) that formed on the surface of a clay mineral on several carbonaceous chondrites. This points to the formation of amino acids on the surface of clay minerals on carbonaceous chondrites from simpler molecules, e.g., CO2, NH3, and HCN. Additionally, there is the catalytic role of small organic molecules, such as dicarboxylic acids and amino acids found on carbonaceous chondrites, in the formation of Fe-clays themselves. Amino acids and nucleotides adsorb on clay surfaces on Earth and subsequently polymerize. All of these observations and more must be subjected to strict experimental analysis. This review provides an overview of what has happened and is now happening in the experimental clay world related to the origin of life. The emphasis is on smectite-group clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and nontronite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Teunis (Theo) Kloprogge
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao 5023, Philippines
| | - Hyman Hartman
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Baucon A, Neto de Carvalho C, Briguglio A, Piazza M, Felletti F. A predictive model for the ichnological suitability of the Jezero crater, Mars: searching for fossilized traces of life-substrate interactions in the 2020 Rover Mission Landing Site. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11784. [PMID: 34631304 PMCID: PMC8466086 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichnofossils, the fossilized products of life-substrate interactions, are among the most abundant biosignatures on Earth and therefore they may provide scientific evidence of potential life that may have existed on Mars. Ichnofossils offer unique advantages in the search for extraterrestrial life, including the fact that they are resilient to processes that obliterate other evidence for past life, such as body fossils, as well as chemical and isotopic biosignatures. The goal of this paper is evaluating the suitability of the Mars 2020 Landing Site for ichnofossils. To this goal, we apply palaeontological predictive modelling, a technique used to forecast the location of fossil sites in uninvestigated areas on Earth. Accordingly, a geographic information system (GIS) of the landing site is developed. Each layer of the GIS maps the suitability for one or more ichnofossil types (bioturbation, bioerosion, biostratification structures) based on an assessment of a single attribute (suitability factor) of the Martian environment. Suitability criteria have been selected among the environmental attributes that control ichnofossil abundance and preservation in 18 reference sites on Earth. The goal of this research is delivered through three predictive maps showing which areas of the Mars 2020 Landing Site are more likely to preserve potential ichnofossils. On the basis of these maps, an ichnological strategy for the Perseverance rover is identified, indicating (1) 10 sites on Mars with high suitability for bioturbation, bioerosion and biostratification ichnofossils, (2) the ichnofossil types, if any, that are more likely to be present at each site, (3) the most efficient observation strategy for detecting eventual ichnofossils. The predictive maps and the ichnological strategy can be easily integrated in the existing plans for the exploration of the Jezero crater, realizing benefits in life-search efficiency and cost-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baucon
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Geology Office of Idanha-a-Nova, Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark, Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
| | - Carlos Neto de Carvalho
- Geology Office of Idanha-a-Nova, Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark, Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal.,Instituto D. Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Felletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Yingst RA, Bartley JK, Chidsey TJ, Cohen BA, Hynek BM, Kah LC, Minitti ME, Vanden Berg MD, Williams RM, Adams M, Black S, El-Maarry MR, Gemperline J, Kronyak R, Lotto M. Is a Linear or a Walkabout Protocol More Efficient When Using a Rover to Choose Biologically Relevant Samples in a Small Region of Interest? ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:327-348. [PMID: 32023426 PMCID: PMC7071088 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a field test at a potential Mars analog site to provide insight into planning for future robotic missions such as Mars 2020, where science operations must facilitate efficient choice of biologically relevant sampling locations. We compared two data acquisition and decision-making protocols currently used by Mars Science Laboratory: (1) a linear approach, where sites are examined as they are encountered and (2) a walkabout approach, in which the field site is first examined with remote rover instruments to gain an understanding of regional context followed by deployment of time- and power-intensive contact and sampling instruments on a smaller subset of locations. The walkabout method was advantageous in terms of both the time required to execute and a greater confidence in results and interpretations, leading to enhanced ability to tailor follow-on observations to better address key science and sampling goals. This advantage is directly linked to the walkabout method's ability to provide broad geological context earlier in the science analysis process. For Mars 2020, and specifically for small regions to be explored (e.g., <1 km2), we recommend that the walkabout approach be considered where possible, to provide early context and time for the science team to develop a coherent suite of hypotheses and robust ways to test them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie K. Bartley
- Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Brian M. Hynek
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Linda C. Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Madison Adams
- Department of Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter, Minnesota
| | - Sarah Black
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Mohammed R. El-Maarry
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - John Gemperline
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rachel Kronyak
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Lotto
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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5
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Olsson-Francis K, Ramkissoon NK, Price AB, Slade DJ, Macey MC, Pearson VK. The Study of Microbial Survival in Extraterrestrial Environments Using Low Earth Orbit and Ground-Based Experiments. J Microbiol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Zhan MX, Fu J, Chen T, Li Y, Zhang J, Li XD, Yan JH, Buekens A. Effects of bypass system on PCDD/F emission and chlorine circulation in cement kilns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19657-19666. [PMID: 27394422 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A bypass at the kiln inlet allows the effective reduction of alkali chloride cycles and thus perhaps affects the emission of PCDD/Fs. Effects of bypass system on PCDD/F emission and chlorine circulation were studied in two typical dry cement kilns with 5000 ton/day clinker capacity in China and named CK1 and CK2, respectively. Firstly, the emission level of PCDD/Fs with the operation of bypass system was estimated in CK1, to certify that bypass system has a perfect adaption to the cement kiln regarding the PCDD/F emission even with the refuse derived fuel (RDF) as the replacement of fuel. On the other hand, the operating conditions in the CK2 were scrutinised by monitoring the concentrations of SO2, NH3 and HCl. In addition, the characteristics of raw meal, clinker, bag filter ash and bypass ash were also investigated by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), metal and chlorine analysis. The balance of chlorine showed that 18 % of the possible accumulated chlorine could be ejected from the cement kiln system when 2 % of kiln exhaust gas was extracted. Furthermore, the emission level of PCDD/Fs in the main flue gas also decreased from 0.037 ± 0.035 ng I-TEQ/Nm(3) to 0.019 ± 0.007 ng I-TEQ/Nm(3) with a reduction efficiency of 48.2 %. Most importantly, PCDD/F emission from the bypass system was proven to have rather minor effect on the total emission factor. The congener distributions of PCDD/Fs were also analysed in the flue gas and fly ash, before and after application of bypass system, to find cues to the formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianying Fu
- China United Engineering Corporation, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yeqing Li
- Huaxin Environment Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Huaxin Environment Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sathe M, Derveni M, Broadbent G, Bodlenner A, Charlton K, Ravi B, Rohmer M, Sims MR, Cullen DC. Synthesis and characterisation of immunogens for the production of antibodies against small hydrophobic molecules with biosignature properties. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 708:97-106. [PMID: 22093350 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, five different classes of small hydrophobic molecular targets, atypical for antibody generation, were structurally modified in order to introduce suitable reactive functionalities and/or spacers which allow covalent coupling to a carrier protein resulting in a stable carrier-hapten complex. These targets were chosen to serve as markers of extant and/or extinct life in the context of the development of the Life Marker Chip (LMC), an antibody-based instrument, which is being developed by a UK-led international consortium for flight to Mars on board the joint ESA/NASA Mars exploration ExoMars mission. The hapten-protein conjugates were designed to be used as immunogens for antibody generation and immunoassay reagents in subsequent stages of the LMC development. The extent of protein modification due to covalent attachment of hapten was determined by two independent methods, i.e. trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBSA) titrations of remaining protein reactive groups and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of the resultant hapten-protein conjugates. In a further quality validation step, the conjugates were presented to an animal's immune system and polyclonal antibody titres with moderate specificity were obtained. These results suggest that conjugates synthesized as described herein can successfully be used in the generation of antibodies targeting small hydrophobic molecules.
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Preservation Potential and Habitability of Clay Minerals- and Iron-Rich Environments: Novel Analogs for the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory Mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0397-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS. Experimental methods for studying microbial survival in extraterrestrial environments. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 80:1-13. [PMID: 19854226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms can be used as model systems for studying biological responses to extraterrestrial conditions; however, the methods for studying their response are extremely challenging. Since the first high altitude microbiological experiment in 1935 a large number of facilities have been developed for short- and long-term microbial exposure experiments. Examples are the BIOPAN facility, used for short-term exposure, and the EXPOSE facility aboard the International Space Station, used for long-term exposure. Furthermore, simulation facilities have been developed to conduct microbiological experiments in the laboratory environment. A large number of microorganisms have been used for exposure experiments; these include pure cultures and microbial communities. Analyses of these experiments have involved both culture-dependent and independent methods. This review highlights and discusses the facilities available for microbiology experiments, both in space and in simulation environments. A description of the microorganisms and the techniques used to analyse survival is included. Finally we discuss the implications of microbiological studies for future missions and for space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Olsson-Francis
- Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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Liu DL, Beegle LW, Kanik I. Analysis of underivatized amino acids in geological samples using ion-pairing liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:229-241. [PMID: 18393689 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The capability of detecting biomarkers, such as amino acids, in chemically complex field samples is essential to establishing the knowledge required to search for chemical signatures of life in future planetary explorations. However, due to the complexities of in situ investigations, it is important to establish a new analytical scheme that utilizes a minimal amount of sample preparation. This paper reports the feasibility of a novel and sensitive technique, which has been established to quantitate amino acids in terrestrial crust samples directly without derivatization using volatile ion-pairing liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Adequate separation of 20 underivatized amino acids was achieved on a C(18) capillary column within 26 min with nonafluoropentanoic acid (NFPA) as ion-pairing reagent. Each amino acid was identified from its retention time as well as from its characteristic parent-to-daughter ion transition. Using tandem mass spectrometry as a detection technique allows co-elution of some amino acids, as it is more specific than traditional spectrophotometric methods. In the present study, terrestrial samples collected from 3 different locations were analyzed for their water-extractable free amino acid contents, following the removal of metal and organic interferences via ion exchange procedures. This is the first time that amino acids in geological samples were directly determined quantitatively without complicated derivatization steps. Depending on the amino acid, the detection limits varied from 0.02 to 5.7 pmol with the use of a 1 microl sample injection loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ling Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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