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Duengo S, Muhajir MI, Hidayat AT, Musa WJA, Maharani R. Epimerisation in Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:8017. [PMID: 38138507 PMCID: PMC10745333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimerisation is basically a chemical conversion that includes the transformation of an epimer into another epimer or its chiral partner. Epimerisation of amino acid is a side reaction that sometimes happens during peptide synthesis. It became the most avoided reaction because the process affects the overall conformation of the molecule, eventually even altering the bioactivity of the peptide. Epimerised products have a high similarity of physical characteristics, thus making it difficult for them to be purified. In regards to amino acids, epimerisation is very important in keeping the chirality of the assembled amino acids unchanged during the peptide synthesis and obtaining the desirable product without any problematic purification. In this review, we report several factors that induce epimerisation during peptide synthesis, including how to characterise and affect the bioactivities. To avoid undesirable epimerisation, we also describe several methods of suppressing the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Duengo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Muhamad Imam Muhajir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Ace Tatang Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Weny J. A. Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceutical, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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2
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Nogal N, Sanz-Sánchez M, Vela-Gallego S, Ruiz-Mirazo K, de la Escosura A. The protometabolic nature of prebiotic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7359-7388. [PMID: 37855729 PMCID: PMC10614573 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of prebiotic chemistry has been dedicated over decades to finding abiotic routes towards the molecular components of life. There is nowadays a handful of prebiotically plausible scenarios that enable the laboratory synthesis of most amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars, nucleotides and core metabolites of extant living organisms. The major bottleneck then seems to be the self-organization of those building blocks into systems that can self-sustain. The purpose of this tutorial review is having a close look, guided by experimental research, into the main synthetic pathways of prebiotic chemistry, suggesting how they could be wired through common intermediates and catalytic cycles, as well as how recursively changing conditions could help them engage in self-organized and dissipative networks/assemblies (i.e., systems that consume chemical or physical energy from their environment to maintain their internal organization in a dynamic steady state out of equilibrium). In the article we also pay attention to the implications of this view for the emergence of homochirality. The revealed connectivity between those prebiotic routes should constitute the basis for a robust research program towards the bottom-up implementation of protometabolic systems, taken as a central part of the origins-of-life problem. In addition, this approach should foster further exploration of control mechanisms to tame the combinatorial explosion that typically occurs in mixtures of various reactive precursors, thus regulating the functional integration of their respective chemistries into self-sustaining protocellular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Nogal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marcos Sanz-Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Vela-Gallego
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Diniz PC, Wattis JAD, da Costa FP. Mathematical Models of Chiral Symmetry-breaking – A Review of General Theories, and Adiabatic Approximations of the APED System. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2022; 52:183-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11084-022-09631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe review the literature surrounding chiral symmetry-breaking in chemical systems, with a focus on understanding the mathematical models underlying these chemical processes. We comment in particular on the toy model of Sandars, Viedma’s crystal grinding systems and the APED model. We include a few new results based on asymptotic analysis of the APED system.
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Nandhini KP, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2-Methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl Alcohol as a Safety-Catch Linker for the Fmoc/ tBu Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Strategy. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9433-9442. [PMID: 35801570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fmoc and Boc group are the two main groups used to protect the α-amino function in Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS). In this regard, the use of the Mmsb linker allows the combination of these two groups. Peptide-O-Mmsb-Resin is stable to the piperidine and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) treatment used to remove Fmoc and Boc, respectively. The peptide is detached in a two-step protocol, namely reduction of the sulfoxide to the sulfide with Me3SiCl and Ph3P, and then treatment with TFA. The advantage of this strategy has been demonstrated by the following: preparation of peptide with no diketopiperazine formation in sequences prone to this side reaction; on-resin cyclization without the concourse of common organic reagents such as Pd(0) but of difficult use in a biological laboratory; and on-resin disulfide formation in a total side-chain unprotected peptide. The use of Mmsb linker together with Msib (4-(methylsulfinyl)benzyl) and Msbh (4,4'-bis(methylsulfinyl)benzhydryl) described in the accompanying manuscript add a fourth dimension to the SPPS protecting group scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Nandhini
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.,KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa.,Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Chiral Oscillations and Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in a Simple Polymerization Model. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of biological homochirality—defined as the preference of biological systems for only one enantiomer—has widespread implications in the study of chemical evolution and the origin of life. The activation—polymerization—epimerization—depolymerization (APED) model is a theoretical model originally proposed to describe chiral symmetry breaking in a simple dimerization system. It is known that the model produces chiral and chemical oscillations for certain system parameters, in particular, the preferential formation of heterochiral polymers. In order to investigate the effect of higher oligomers, our model adds trimers, tetramers, and pentamers. We report sustained oscillations of all chemical species and the enantiomeric excess for a wide range of parameter sets as well as the periodic chiral amplification of a small initial enantiomeric excess to a nearly homochiral state.
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Silva-Dias L, López-Castillo A. Stochastic chiral symmetry breaking process besides the deterministic one. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29424-29428. [PMID: 29077105 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In chiral symmetry breaking, populations with initial enantiomeric excess (EE) are probabilistically favored if statistical fluctuation is present, as in nature. Stochastic methods correctly describe chiral symmetry breaking by taking into account the quantitative enantiomeric difference (excess or deficiency) and the statistical fluctuation amplitude, which is inversely proportional to the absolute size of the populations involved. From this, we obtain a law, which indicates that such a favoring probability decreases exponentially [P(EE) = 1/(eαEE + 1)] with an initial enantiomeric deficiency mediated by statistical fluctuation. Obviously, chiral symmetry breaking equally favors populations without enantiomeric excess [P(0) = 1/2]. However, if deterministic methods are considered, chiral symmetry breaking will strictly favor the population with an initial enantiomeric excess (EE). To study these stochastic chiral symmetry breaking processes the autocatalytic Frank model was considered. Summarizing, our results show that the initial enantiomeric excesses are not entirely responsible for the final state configuration of autocatalytic finite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Silva-Dias
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
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Beaufils D, Jepaul S, Liu Z, Boiteau L, Pascal R. The Activation of Free Dipeptides Promoted by Strong Activating Agents in Water Does not Yield Diketopiperazines. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2016; 46:19-30. [PMID: 26205652 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-015-9455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of dipeptides was studied in the perspective of the abiotic formation of oligopeptides of significant length as a requirement for secondary structure formation. The formation of piperazin-2,5-diones (DKP), previously considered as a dead end when activating free dipeptides, was shown in this work to be efficiently suppressed when using strong activating agents (e.g., carbodiimides). This behaviour was explained by the fast formation of a 5(4H)-oxazolone intermediate at a rate that exceeds the time scale of the rotation of the peptide bond from the predominant trans-conformation into the cis-isomer required for DKP formation. No DKP was observed when using strong activating agents whereas phosphate mixed anhydrides or moderately activated esters were observed to predominantly yield DKP. The DKP side-reaction no longer constitutes a drawback for the C-terminus elongation of peptides. These results are considered as additional evidence that pathways involving strong activation are required to drive the emergence of living entities rather than close to equilibrium processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beaufils
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS - University of Montpellier, DSBC, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sandra Jepaul
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS - University of Montpellier, DSBC, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS - University of Montpellier, DSBC, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Boiteau
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS - University of Montpellier, DSBC, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Robert Pascal
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS - University of Montpellier, DSBC, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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8
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Boscheto E, López-Castillo A. Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking for Finite Systems. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3728-35. [PMID: 26395183 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical clues are desirable to help uncover the origin of bio-homochirality in life, as well as the mechanisms for the asymmetric production of functional chiral substances. Here, an open-to-matter reaction network based on a model proposed by Plasson et al. is studied. In the extended model, the statistical fluctuations lead the system to break chiral symmetry autonomously, that is, without any initial enantiomeric excess or external influence. In the stability diagrams, we observe regions of parameter space that correspond to racemic, homochiral, chiral oscillatory, and, to our knowledge, for the first time in a chiral model, chaotic regimes. The dependencies of the final concentrations of chiral substances on the parameters are determined analytically and discussed for both the racemic and homochiral regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Boscheto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Beaufils D, Danger G, Boiteau L, Rossi JC, Pascal R. Diastereoselectivity in prebiotically relevant 5(4H)-oxazolone-mediated peptide couplings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3100-2. [PMID: 24513651 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A stereochemical study of a potentially prebiotic peptide-forming reaction was carried out as the first part of a systems chemistry investigation of potential paths for symmetry breaking. Substantial diastereomeric excesses result from a fast epimerization of the 5(4H)-oxazolone intermediate in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beaufils
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS-Université Montpellier 1 & Montpellier 2, CC17006, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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10
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Danger G, Boiteau L, Rossi JC, Pascal R. Systems chemistry of α-amino acids and peptides. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20140204001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Micheau JC, Coudret C, Cruz JM, Buhse T. Amplification of enantiomeric excess, mirror-image symmetry breaking and kinetic proofreading in Soai reaction models with different oligomeric orders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 14:13239-48. [PMID: 22914796 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive kinetic analysis of three prototypical autocatalytic cycle models based on the absolute asymmetric Soai reaction is presented. The three models, which can give rise to amplification of enantiomeric excess and mirror-image symmetry breaking, vary by their monomeric, dimeric or trimeric order of the assumed catalytic species. Our numerical approach considered the entire chiral combinatorics of the diastereomeric interactions in the models as well as the multiplicity of coupled reversible reactions without applying fast equilibration or quasi-steady state approximations. For the simplest monomeric model, an extensive range of parameters was explored employing a random grid parameter scanning method that revealed the influence of the parameter values on the product distribution, the reaction-time, the attenuation or amplification of enantiomeric excess as well as on the presence or absence of mirror-image symmetry breaking. A symmetry breaking test was imposed on the three models showing that an increase in the catalytic oligomer size from one to three leads to a higher tolerance to poorer chiral recognition between the diastereoisomers and identifies the greater impact of the diastereoisomeric energy difference over an imperfect stereoselectivity in the catalytic step. This robustness is understood as a particular case of so-called kinetic proofreading in asymmetric autocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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12
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Stich M, Blanco C, Hochberg D. Chiral and chemical oscillations in a simple dimerization model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:255-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Danger G, Michaut A, Bucchi M, Boiteau L, Canal J, Plasson R, Pascal R. 5(4H)-Oxazolones as Intermediates in the Carbodiimide- and Cyanamide-Promoted Peptide Activations in Aqueous Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Danger G, Michaut A, Bucchi M, Boiteau L, Canal J, Plasson R, Pascal R. 5(4H)-oxazolones as intermediates in the carbodiimide- and cyanamide-promoted peptide activations in aqueous solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:611-4. [PMID: 23169705 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The early days: although considered a species to be avoided in peptide chemistry, the intermediacy of 5(4H)-oxazolones is demonstrated to be essential for the formation of peptides through cyanamide and carbodiimide activation in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Danger
- Spectrométries et Dynamique Moléculaire, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, UMR, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, France.
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15
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Danger G, Plasson R, Pascal R. Pathways for the formation and evolution of peptides in prebiotic environments. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5416-29. [PMID: 22688720 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
α-Amino acids are easily accessible through abiotic processes and were likely present before the emergence of life. However, the role they could have played in the process remains uncertain. Chemical pathways that could have brought about features of self-organization in a peptide world are considered in this review and discussed in relation with their possible contribution to the origin of life. An overall scheme is proposed with an emphasis on possibilities that may have led to dynamically stable far from equilibrium states. This analysis defines new lines of investigation towards a better understanding of the contribution of the systems chemistry of amino acids and peptides to the emergence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Danger
- Spectrométries et Dynamique Moléculaire, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (UMR CNRS 7345, Université de Provence) - Centre de St Jérôme - case 252, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niémen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Plasson R, Tsuji M, Kamata M, Asakura K. Reactivity of alanylalanine diastereoisomers in neutral and acid aqueous solutions: a versatile stereoselectivity. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2011; 41:413-35. [PMID: 21562847 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-011-9240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A good comprehension of the reactivity of peptides in aqueous solution is fundamental in prebiotic chemistry, namely for understanding their stability and behavior in primitive oceans. Relying on the stereoselectivity of the involved reactions, there is a huge interest in amino acid derivatives for explaining the spontaneous emergence of homochirality on primitive Earth. The corresponding kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are however still poorly known in the literature. We studied the reactivity of alanylalanine in acidic to neutral conditions as a model system. The hydrolysis into amino acids, the epimerization of the N-terminal residue, and the cyclization into diketopiperazine could be successfully identified and studied. This kinetic investigation highlighted interesting behaviors. Complex mechanisms were observed in very acidic conditions. The relative kinetic stability of the diastereoisomers of the dipeptide is highly dependent of the pH, with the possibility to dynamically destabilize the thermodynamically more stable diastereoisomers. The existence of the cyclization of dipeptides adds complexity to the system. On one hand it brings additional stereoselectivities; on the other hand fast racemization of heterochiral dipeptides is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Plasson
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohamashi, Japan.
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Activation of carboxyl group with cyanate: peptide bond formation from dicarboxylic acids. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2331-41. [PMID: 21769498 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of cyanate with C-terminal carboxyl groups of peptides in aqueous solution was considered as a potential pathway for the abiotic formation of peptide bonds under the condition of the primitive Earth. The catalytic effect of dicarboxylic acids on cyanate hydrolysis was definitely attributed to intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis by the observation of the 1H-NMR signal of succinic anhydride when reacting succinic acid with KOCN in aqueous solution (pH 2.2-5.5). The formation of amide bonds was noticed when adding amino acids or amino acid derivatives into the solution. The reaction of N-acyl aspartic acid derivatives was observed to proceed similarly and the scope of the cyanate-promoted reaction was analyzed from the standpoint of prebiotic peptide formation. The role of cyanate in activating peptide C-terminus constitutes a proof of principle that intramolecular reactions of adducts of peptides C-terminal carboxyl groups with activating agents represent a pathway for peptide activation in aqueous solution, the relevance of which is discussed in connexion with the issue of the emergence of homochirality.
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18
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Weissbuch I, Lahav M. Crystalline Architectures as Templates of Relevance to the Origins of Homochirality. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3236-67. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
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