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Klaey-Tassone M, Soussignan R, Durand K, Roy SL, Damon F, Villière A, Fillonneau C, Prost C, Patris B, Sagot P, Schaal B. Testing detectability, attractivity, hedonic specificity, extractability, and robustness of colostrum odor-Toward an olfactory bioassay for human neonates. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22474. [PMID: 38419350 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human milk odor is attractive and appetitive for human newborns. Here, we studied behavioral and heart-rate (HR) responses of 2-day-old neonates to the odor of human colostrum. To evaluate detection in two conditions of stimulus delivery, we first presented the odor of total colostrum against water. Second, the hedonic specificity of total colostrum odor was tested against vanilla odor. Third, we delivered only the fresh effluvium of colostrum separated from the colostrum matrix; the stability of this colostrum effluvium was then tested after deep congelation; finally, after sorptive extraction of fresh colostrum headspace, we assessed the activity of colostrum volatiles eluting from the gas chromatograph (GC). Regardless of the stimulus-delivery method, neonates displayed attraction reactions (HR decrease) as well as appetitive oral responses to the odor of total colostrum but not to vanilla odor. The effluvium separated from the fresh colostrum matrix remained appetitive but appeared labile under deep freezing. Finally, volatiles from fresh colostrum effluvium remained behaviorally active after GC elution, although at lower magnitude. In sum, fresh colostrum effluvium and its eluate elicited a consistent increase in newborns' oral activity (relative to water or vanilla), and they induced shallow HR decrease. Newborns' appetitive oral behavior was the most reproducible response criterion to the effluvium of colostrum. In conclusion, a set of unidentified volatile compounds from human colostrum is robust enough after extraction from the original matrix and chromatographic processing to continue eliciting appetitive responses in neonates, thus opening new directions to isolate and assay specific volatile molecules of colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Klaey-Tassone
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Soussignan
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Sarah Le Roy
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Damon
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Angélique Villière
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Fillonneau
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Prost
- Flavour Research Group, MAPS2, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés-Environnement-Agroalimentaire (GEPEA), CNRS (UMR 6144), ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Patris
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Sagot
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, University Hospital Dijon and Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Development of Olfactory Communication and Cognition Laboratory; Centre for Smell, Taste and Feeding Behavior Science, CNRS (UMR 6265), Université de Bourgogne-Inrae-Institut Agro, Dijon, France
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Merter ÖS, Altay N. Effect of Feeding Fresh or Frozen Breast Milk on the Gut Microbiota of Premature Infants: A Prospective Observational Study. Biol Res Nurs 2024; 26:78-90. [PMID: 37626020 DOI: 10.1177/10998004231191728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is essential for premature infants. It contains a variety of functional and protective nutrients that help to create a suitable microenvironment for intestinal development and maturation. This prospective and observational study was planned to examine the effects of feeding premature infants with fresh or frozen breastmilk on their gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out with a total of 40 infants, with a gestational age of 28-326 weeks, fed fresh (n = 20) or frozen (n = 20) breastmilk. Stool samples were stored at -80°C until analysis. Infants were included in groups based on the feed type, which accounted for more than 70% of their 10-day feeding. The Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, and t-tests were used to evaluate the demographic data. Stool samples were analyzed by sequencing the V3--V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene from the extracted DNA for microbiota analysis. RESULTS Streptococcus and Enterobacteriales, the majority of which are considered human pathogens, in infants receiving frozen breastmilk (Streptococcus 69%, Enterobacteriales 79%) was higher than that in infants receiving fresh breastmilk (Streptococcus 16%, Enterobacteriales 49%). Further, the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species were more abundant in infants who received fresh breastmilk (Lactobacillus 17%, Bifidobacterium 12%) than in infants who received frozen breastmilk (Lactobacillus 3%, Bifidobacterium 1%). CONCLUSION Thus, compared to frozen breast milk, fresh breastmilk has an effect on the diversity of preterm infants' gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Selime Merter
- Health Sciences Faculty, Nursing Department, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Naime Altay
- Faculty of Nursing, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Guo K, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Song H, Li Z. Odor changes in breast milk during different storage temperatures and times using GC × GC-O-MS. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112792. [PMID: 37120238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is generally the preferred way that most mothers will choose. It is common to store expressed breast milk in the refrigerator in many families. However, there is a phenomenon that infants may refuse to consume stored breast milk, presumably due to changes in odor. Thus, the odor changes in breast milk stored at 4 °C for 72 h and at -20 °C for 60 d were studied. Compared with fresh breast milk, 7 and 16 odor compounds were newly detected by SPME and GC × GC-O-MS when breast milk was stored at 4 and -20 °C, respectively. The concentration of (E)-2-decenal, octanal, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, lauric acid, decanoic acid and hexanoic acid significantly increased after storage at 4 °C for 36 h and -20 °C for 30 d. In addition, the proportion of acids increased, whereas that of aldehydes decreased during storage. Chemometric analysis with OPLS-DA suggested that breast milk should be stored at 4 °C for less than 36 h and at -20 °C for less than 30 d for maximum preservation of the original odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanlu Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Lee EJ. [The Effects of Breast Milk Olfactory Stimulation on Physiological Responses, Oral Feeding Progression and Body Weight in Preterm Infants]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2019; 49:126-136. [PMID: 31064966 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of breast milk olfactory stimulation on physiological responses, oral feeding progression, and body weight in preterm infants. METHODS A repeated measures design with nonequivalent control group was used. The participants were healthy, preterm infants born at a gestational age of 28~32 weeks; 12 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. Data were collected prospectively in the experimental group, and retrospectively in the control group, by the same methods. Breast milk olfactory stimulation was provided 12 times over 15 days. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear mixed models using SPSS 19. RESULTS The gastric residual volume (GRV) of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group. The heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, transition time to oral feeding, and body weight were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that breast milk olfactory stimulation reduces GRV and improves digestive function in preterm infants without inducing distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jee Lee
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
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Loos HM, Reger D, Schaal B. The odour of human milk: Its chemical variability and detection by newborns. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hung HY, Hsu YY, Su PF, Chang YJ. Variations in the rancid-flavor compounds of human breastmilk under general frozen-storage conditions. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:94. [PMID: 29499686 PMCID: PMC5833047 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human breastmilk provides the best nutrition for infants. When women or infants have difficulties in breastfeeding directly, breastmilk is usually pumped and frozen for later use. However, while frozen, breastmilk may develop a rancid flavor, which induces infant feeding stress and raises the mothers' concerns about the quality of frozen breastmilk. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the variations in the compounds that cause the rancid flavor of breastmilk during frozen storage. METHODS A repeated-measures design was adopted to quantify the variations in rancid-flavor compounds, namely acid value (AV), total free fatty acids (FFAs), and short-and intermediate-chain FFAs of breastmilk during frozen storage. Breastmilk was obtained from ten healthy mothers of full-term infants and each milk sample was divided into three aliquots: fresh, 7-day frozen and 30-day frozen samples. The fresh samples were immediately analyzed, while the others were frozen in a domestic fridge within a temperature range of -15 to -18 °C and analyzed 7 and 30 days later. RESULTS The rancid-flavor compounds of the breastmilk, namely AV, total FFAs and intermediate-chain FFAs, significantly increased with storage time, all of which reached the sensory threshold for detecting the rancid flavor of milk. In addition, the FFAs of the breastmilk samples frozen for 7 days far exceeded the detection threshold for unpleased rancid flavor, while the 30-day samples were higher than the intolerable level for most people. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the human breastmilk develops a rancid flavor during frozen storage. Therefore, we recommend that when infants refuse thawed milk, mothers can try to provide freshly expressed milk whenever possible or provide breastmilk frozen for less than 7 days. Future studies could explore the methods for slowing breastmilk lipolysis to maintain its fresh flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ying Hung
- Department of Nursing & Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsu
- Department of Nursing & Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Su
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chang
- Department of Nursing & Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Tainan, Taiwan. .,Nursing Department, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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