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Vanmarcke G, Sai-Hong Chui J, Cooreman A, De Vos K, Cleuren L, Van Rossom R, García-Llorens G, Izuel Idoype T, Boon R, Kumar Gautam M, Castell JV, Annaert P, Lluis F, Verfaillie CM. Automated Generation of hiPSC-Derived Hepatic Progeny by Cost-Efficient Compounds. Stem Cells 2023; 41:1076-1088. [PMID: 37616601 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) hold great promise for liver disease modeling, drug discovery, and drug toxicity screens. Yet, several hurdles still need to be overcome, including among others decrease in the cost of goods to generate HLCs and automation of the differentiation process. We here describe that the use of an automated liquid handling system results in highly reproducible HLC differentiation from hPSCs. This enabled us to screen 92 chemicals to replace expensive growth factors at each step of the differentiation protocol to reduce the cost of goods of the differentiation protocol by approximately 79%. In addition, we also evaluated several recombinant extracellular matrices to replace Matrigel. We demonstrated that differentiation of hPSCs on Laminin-521 using an optimized small molecule combination resulted in HLCs that were transcriptionally identical to HLCs generated using the growth factor combinations. In addition, the HLCs created using the optimized small molecule combination secreted similar amounts of albumin and urea, and relatively low concentrations of alfa-fetoprotein, displayed similar CYP3A4 functionality, and a similar drug toxicity susceptibility as HLCs generated with growth factor cocktails. The broad applicability of the new differentiation protocol was demonstrated for 4 different hPSC lines. This allowed the creation of a scalable, xeno-free, and cost-efficient hPSC-derived HLC culture, suitable for high throughput disease modeling and drug screenings, or even for the creation of HLCs for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Vanmarcke
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Sai-Hong Chui
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Vos
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lana Cleuren
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Van Rossom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guillem García-Llorens
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Health Research Institute La Fe, and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Izuel Idoype
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Boon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar Gautam
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Health Research Institute La Fe, and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lluis
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Vallabhaneni H, Shah T, Shah P, Hursh DA. Suspension culture on microcarriers and as aggregates enables expansion and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Cytotherapy 2023:S1465-3249(23)00933-7. [PMID: 37256241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold a great promise for promoting regenerative medical therapies due to their ability to generate multiple mature cell types and for their high expansion potential. However, cell therapies require large numbers of cells to achieve desired therapeutic effects, and traditional two-dimensional static culture methods cannot meet the required production demand for cellular therapies. One solution to this problem is scaling up expansion of PSCs in bioreactors using culture strategies such as growing cells on microcarriers or as aggregates in suspension culture. METHODS In this study, we directly compared PSC expansion and quality parameters in microcarrier- and aggregate-cultures grown in single-use vertical-wheel bioreactors. RESULTS We showed comparable expansion of cells on microcarriers and as aggregates by day 6 with a cell density reaching 2.2 × 106 cells/mL and 1.8 × 106 cells/mL and a fold-expansion of 22- and 18-fold, respectively. PSCs cultured on microcarriers and as aggregates were comparable with parallel two-dimensional cultures and with each other in terms of pluripotency marker expression and retention of other pluripotency characteristics as well as differentiation potential into three germ layers, neural precursor cells and cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not demonstrate a clear advantage between the two three-dimensional methods for the quality parameters assessed. This analysis adds support to the use of bioreactor systems for large scale expansion of PSCs, demonstrating that the cells retain key characteristics of PSCs and differentiation potential in suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Vallabhaneni
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Tanvi Shah
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Parthiv Shah
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Hursh
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissue and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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Lam ATL, Ho V, Vassilev S, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. An allied reprogramming, selection, expansion and differentiation platform for creating hiPSC on microcarriers. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13256. [PMID: 36574589 PMCID: PMC9357361 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by monolayer cultures is plagued by low efficiencies, high levels of manipulation and operator unpredictability. We have developed a platform, reprogramming, expansion, and differentiation on Microcarriers, to solve these challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five sources of human somatic cells were reprogrammed, selected, expanded and differentiated in microcarriers suspension cultures. RESULTS Improvement of transduction efficiencies up to 2 times was observed. Accelerated reprogramming in microcarrier cultures was 7 days faster than monolayer, providing between 30 and 50-fold more clones to choose from fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cells and CD34+ stem cells. This was observed to be due to an earlier induction of genes (β-catenin, E-cadherin and EpCAM) on day 4 versus monolayer cultures which occurred on days 14 or later. Following that, faster induction and earlier stabilization of pluripotency genes occurred during the maturation phase of reprogramming. Integrated expansion without trypsinization and efficient differentiation, without embryoid bodies formation, to the three germ-layers, cardiomyocytes and haematopoietic stem cells were further demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Our method can solve the inherent problems of conventional monolayer cultures. It is highly efficient, cell dissociation free, can be operated with lower labor, and allows testing of differentiation efficiency without trypsinization and generation of embryoid bodies. It is also amenable to automation for processing more samples in a small footprint, alleviating many challenges of manual monolayer selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tin Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Valerie Ho
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Svetlan Vassilev
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
| | - Steve Kah Weng Oh
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology InstituteAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeRepublic of Singapore
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Tan LS, Chen JT, Lim LY, Teo AKK. Manufacturing clinical-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived beta cells for diabetes treatment. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13232. [PMID: 35474596 PMCID: PMC9357357 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unlimited proliferative capacity of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) fortifies it as one of the most attractive sources for cell therapy application in diabetes. In the past two decades, vast research efforts have been invested in developing strategies to differentiate hPSCs into clinically suitable insulin‐producing endocrine cells or functional beta cells (β cells). With the end goal being clinical translation, it is critical for hPSCs and insulin‐producing β cells to be derived, handled, stored, maintained and expanded with clinical compliance. This review focuses on the key processes and guidelines for clinical translation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived β cells for diabetes cell therapy. Here, we discuss the (1) key considerations of manufacturing clinical‐grade hiPSCs, (2) scale‐up and differentiation of clinical‐grade hiPSCs into β cells in clinically compliant conditions and (3) mandatory quality control and product release criteria necessitated by various regulatory bodies to approve the use of the cell‐based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Shuen Tan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juin Ting Chen
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lillian Yuxian Lim
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme (TRP), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nogueira DES, Rodrigues CAV, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Lee B, Cabral JMS. Suspension Culture of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Single-Use Vertical-Wheel™ Bioreactors Using Aggregate and Microcarrier Culture Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2286:167-178. [PMID: 33381855 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to be used in a variety of biomedical applications, including drug discovery and Regenerative Medicine. The success of these approaches is, however, limited by the difficulty of generating the large quantities of cells required in a reproducible and controlled system. Bioreactors, widely used for industrial manufacture of biological products, constitute a viable strategy for large-scale production of stem cell derivatives. In this chapter, we describe the expansion of hiPSCs using the Vertical-Wheel™ bioreactor, a novel bioreactor configuration specifically designed for the culture of shear-sensitive cells. We provide protocols for the expansion of hiPSCs in suspension, both as floating aggregates and using microcarriers for cell adhesion. These methods may be important for the establishment of a scalable culture of hiPSCs, allowing the manufacturing of industrial- or clinical-scale cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo E S Nogueira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Polanco A, Kuang B, Yoon S. Bioprocess Technologies that Preserve the Quality of iPSCs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1128-1140. [PMID: 32941792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for the treatment of a variety of clinical indications. However, culturing enough iPSCs for clinical applications is problematic due to their sensitive pluripotent state and dependence on a supporting matrix. Developing stem cell bioprocessing strategies that are scalable and meet clinical needs requires incorporating methods that measure and monitor intrinsic markers of cell differentiation state, developmental status, and viability in real time. In addition, proper cell culture modalities that nurture the growth of high-quality stem cells in suspension are critical for industrial scale-up. In this review, we present an overview of cell culture media, suspension modalities, and monitoring techniques that preserve the quality and pluripotency of iPSCs during initiation, expansion, and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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Laco F, Lam ATL, Woo TL, Tong G, Ho V, Soong PL, Grishina E, Lin KH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Selection of human induced pluripotent stem cells lines optimization of cardiomyocytes differentiation in an integrated suspension microcarrier bioreactor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:118. [PMID: 32183888 PMCID: PMC7076930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of large quantities of cardiomyocyte is essential for the needs of cellular therapies. This study describes the selection of a human-induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC) line suitable for production of cardiomyocytes in a fully integrated bioprocess of stem cell expansion and differentiation in microcarrier stirred tank reactor. Methods Five hiPSC lines were evaluated first for their cardiac differentiation efficiency in monolayer cultures followed by their expansion and differentiation compatibility in microcarrier (MC) cultures under continuous stirring conditions. Results Three cell lines were highly cardiogenic but only one (FR202) of them was successfully expanded on continuous stirring MC cultures. FR202 was thus selected for cardiac differentiation in a 22-day integrated bioprocess under continuous stirring in a stirred tank bioreactor. In summary, we integrated a MC-based hiPSC expansion (phase 1), CHIR99021-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation step (phase 2), purification using the lactate-based treatment (phase 3) and cell recovery step (phase 4) into one process in one bioreactor, under restricted oxygen control (< 30% DO) and continuous stirring with periodic batch-type media exchanges. High density of undifferentiated hiPSC (2 ± 0.4 × 106 cells/mL) was achieved in the expansion phase. By controlling the stirring speed and DO levels in the bioreactor cultures, 7.36 ± 1.2 × 106 cells/mL cardiomyocytes with > 80% Troponin T were generated in the CHIR99021-induced differentiation phase. By adding lactate in glucose-free purification media, the purity of cardiomyocytes was enhanced (> 90% Troponin T), with minor cell loss as indicated by the increase in sub-G1 phase and the decrease of aggregate sizes. Lastly, we found that the recovery period is important for generating purer and functional cardiomyocytes (> 96% Troponin T). Three independent runs in a 300-ml working volume confirmed the robustness of this process. Conclusion A streamlined and controllable platform for large quantity manufacturing of pure functional atrial, ventricular and nodal cardiomyocytes on MCs in conventional-type stirred tank bioreactors was established, which can be further scaled up and translated to a good manufacturing practice-compliant production process, to fulfill the quantity requirements of the cellular therapeutic industry. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
| | - Tsung-Liang Woo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Gerine Tong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Valerie Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Poh-Loong Soong
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elina Grishina
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
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End-to-End Platform for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Manufacturing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010089. [PMID: 31877727 PMCID: PMC6981419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrialization of stem-cell based therapies requires innovative solutions to close the gap between research and commercialization. Scalable cell production platforms are needed to reliably deliver the cell quantities needed during the various stages of development and commercial supply. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a key source material for generating therapeutic cell types. We have developed a closed, automated and scalable stirred tank bioreactor platform, capable of sustaining high fold expansion of hPSCs. Such a platform could facilitate the in-process monitoring and integration of online monitoring systems, leading to significantly reduced labor requirements and contamination risk. hPSCs are expanded in a controlled bioreactor using perfused xeno-free media. Cell harvest and concentration are performed in closed steps. The hPSCs can be cryopreserved to generate a bank of cells, or further processed as needed. Cryopreserved cells can be thawed into a two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture platform or a three-dimensional (3D) bioreactor to initiate a new expansion phase, or be differentiated to the clinically relevant cell type. The expanded hPSCs express hPSC-specific markers, have a normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate to the cells of the three germ layers. This end-to-end platform allows a large scale expansion of high quality hPSCs that can support the required cell demand for various clinical indications.
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Mechanism of anchorage-independency and tumor formation of cancer cells: possible involvement of cell membrane-bound laminin-332. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:255-259. [PMID: 31705213 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by anchorage-independency and tumor formation. Involvement of laminin-332 in the pathogenesis of cancer has also been reported. I present a theory that can explain these characteristics together. Proliferating keratinocytes in wound healing produce and deposit laminin-332, which is shown in the provisional basement membrane of a wound. In association with wound closure, expression of LG4/5 domain on the α3 chain of laminin-332 disappears, implicating cleavage of LG4/5 domain. LG4/5 domain expression indicates that laminin-332 prior to the cleavage is bound to the cell membrane, because LG4/5 domain is a cell binding site. In this binding, heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the cell surface seems to be the acceptor for LG4/5 domain. I named this laminin "cell membrane-bound laminin-332" (ML332). ML332 would then bind to integrin α3β1 via LG1-3 domain, the integrin binding site, and activate FAK and the following Ras/MAPK pathway. Therefore, ML332 eliminates the need for proliferating keratinocytes to bind to processed laminin-332 secreted and deposited into the basement membrane for their proliferation (anchorage-independency). This may hold true of every proliferating epithelial cell, either benign or malignant. Whereas wound closure deprives keratinocytes of anchorage-independency, such events do not occur in cancer cells, and cancer cells maintain anchorage-independency. In the basement membrane formation by epithelial cells, short arms of laminin-332 anchored to the cell membrane bind each other and generate a meshwork polymer. This is the three-arm interaction model. In a similar manner, short-arm interactions between adjacent cancer cells may occur and induce tumor formation.
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Hagbard L, Cameron K, August P, Penton C, Parmar M, Hay DC, Kallur T. Developing defined substrates for stem cell culture and differentiation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0230. [PMID: 29786564 PMCID: PMC5974452 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a variety of different reagents for stem cell maintenance and differentiation have been commercialized. These reagents share a common goal in facilitating the manufacture of products suitable for cell therapy while reducing the amount of non-defined components. Lessons from developmental biology have identified signalling molecules that can guide the differentiation process in vitro, but less attention has been paid to the extracellular matrix used. With the introduction of more biologically relevant and defined matrices, that better mimic specific cell niches, researchers now have powerful resources to fine-tune their in vitro differentiation systems, which may allow the manufacture of therapeutically relevant cell types. In this review article, we revisit the basics of the extracellular matrix, and explore the important role of the cell-matrix interaction. We focus on laminin proteins because they help to maintain pluripotency and drive cell fate specification.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Cameron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Paul August
- Icagen, Discovery Biology, Tucson Innovation Center, Oro Valley, AZ 85755, USA
| | - Christopher Penton
- Icagen, Discovery Biology, Tucson Innovation Center, Oro Valley, AZ 85755, USA
| | - Malin Parmar
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Rodrigues AL, Rodrigues CAV, Gomes AR, Vieira SF, Badenes SM, Diogo MM, Cabral JM. Dissolvable Microcarriers Allow Scalable Expansion And Harvesting Of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Under Xeno‐Free Conditions. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800461. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André L. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineLisbon CampusInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineLisbon CampusInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Ana R. Gomes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineLisbon CampusInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Sara F. Vieira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Sara M. Badenes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Maria M. Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineLisbon CampusInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision MedicineLisbon CampusInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa1049‐001 LisboaPortugal
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13
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Laminin-521 Promotes Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet Formation on Light-Induced Cell Sheet Technology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9474573. [PMID: 28164129 PMCID: PMC5253502 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9474573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets (rBMSC sheets) are attractive for cell-based tissue engineering. However, methods of culturing rBMSC sheets are critically limited. In order to obtain intact rBMSC sheets, a light-induced cell sheet method was used in this study. TiO2 nanodot films were coated with (TL) or without (TN) laminin-521. We investigated the effects of laminin-521 on rBMSCs during cell sheet culturing. The fabricated rBMSC sheets were subsequently assessed to study cell sheet viability, reattachment ability, cell sheet thickness, collagen type I deposition, and multilineage potential. The results showed that laminin-521 could promote the formation of rBMSC sheets with good viability under hyperconfluent conditions. Cell sheet thickness increased from an initial 26.7 ± 1.5 μm (day 5) up to 47.7 ± 3.0 μm (day 10). Moreover, rBMSC sheets maintained their potential of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. This study provides a new strategy to obtain rBMSC sheets using light-induced cell sheet technology.
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Shekaran A, Lam A, Sim E, Jialing L, Jian L, Wen JTP, Chan JKY, Choolani M, Reuveny S, Birch W, Oh S. Biodegradable ECM-coated PCL microcarriers support scalable human early MSC expansion and in vivo bone formation. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1332-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Biological Effects of Culture Substrates on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5380560. [PMID: 27656216 PMCID: PMC5021488 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5380560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been commonly cultured in feeder-free conditions, a number of cell culture substrates have been applied or developed. However, the functional roles of these substrates in maintaining hPSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here in this review, we summarize the types of these substrates and their effect on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression has been shown to be crucial in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. These ECM molecules interact with integrin cell-surface receptors and transmit their cellular signaling. We discuss the possible effect of integrin-mediated signaling pathways on maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Activation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which transmits ECM-integrin signaling to AKT (also known as protein kinase B), has been shown to be critical in maintaining hPSC self-renewal. Also, since naïve pluripotency has been widely recognized as an alternative pluripotent state of hPSCs, we discuss the possible effects of culture substrates and integrin signaling on naïve hPSCs based on the studies of mouse embryonic stem cells. Understanding the role of culture substrates in hPSC self-renewal and differentiation enables us to control hPSC behavior precisely and to establish scalable or microfabricated culture technologies for regenerative medicine and drug development.
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16
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Sivalingam J, Lam ATL, Chen HY, Yang BX, Chen AKL, Reuveny S, Loh YH, Oh SKW. Superior Red Blood Cell Generation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Through a Novel Microcarrier-Based Embryoid Body Platform. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:765-80. [PMID: 27392822 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro generation of red blood cells (RBCs) from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells appears to be a promising alternate approach to circumvent shortages in donor-derived blood supplies for clinical applications. Conventional methods for hematopoietic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) rely on embryoid body (EB) formation and/or coculture with xenogeneic cell lines. However, most current methods for hPSC expansion and EB formation are not amenable for scale-up to levels required for large-scale RBC generation. Moreover, differentiation methods that rely on xenogenic cell lines would face obstacles for future clinical translation. In this study, we report the development of a serum-free and chemically defined microcarrier-based suspension culture platform for scalable hPSC expansion and EB formation. Improved survival and better quality EBs generated with the microcarrier-based method resulted in significantly improved mesoderm induction and, when combined with hematopoietic differentiation, resulted in at least a 6-fold improvement in hematopoietic precursor expansion, potentially culminating in a 80-fold improvement in the yield of RBC generation compared to a conventional EB-based differentiation method. In addition, we report efficient terminal maturation and generation of mature enucleated RBCs using a coculture system that comprised primary human mesenchymal stromal cells. The microcarrier-based platform could prove to be an appealing strategy for future scale-up of hPSC culture, EB generation, and large-scale generation of RBCs under defined and xeno-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaichandran Sivalingam
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hong Yu Chen
- 2 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bin Xia Yang
- 2 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Allen Kuan-Liang Chen
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- 2 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore .,3 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- 1 Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Integrated processes for expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in suspended microcarriers cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:764-8. [PMID: 26385176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) expansion and differentiation can be limited in scalability and costly (due to their labor intensive nature). This can limit their use in cell therapy, drug screening and toxicity assays. One of the approaches that can overcome these limitations is microcarrier (MC) based cultures in which cells are expanded as cell/MC aggregates and then directly differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) in the same agitated reactor. This integrated process can be scaled up and eliminate the need for some culture manipulation used in common monolayer and EBs cultures. This review describes the principles of such microcarriers based integrated hPSC expansion and differentiation process, and parameters that can affect its efficiency (such as MC type and extracellular matrix proteins coatings, cell/MC aggregates size, and agitation). Finally examples of integrated process for generation cardiomyocytes (CM) and neural progenitor cells (NPC) as well as challenges to be solved are described.
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