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Zhang C, Wang Y, Jing X, Yan JH. Brain mechanisms of mental processing: from evoked and spontaneous brain activities to enactive brain activity. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad010. [PMID: 38666106 PMCID: PMC10917368 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Within the context of the computer metaphor, evoked brain activity acts as a primary carrier for the brain mechanisms of mental processing. However, many studies have found that evoked brain activity is not the major part of brain activity. Instead, spontaneous brain activity exhibits greater intensity and coevolves with evoked brain activity through continuous interaction. Spontaneous and evoked brain activities are similar but not identical. They are not separate parts, but always dynamically interact with each other. Therefore, the enactive cognition theory further states that the brain is characterized by unified and active patterns of activity. The brain adjusts its activity pattern by minimizing the error between expectation and stimulation, adapting to the ever-changing environment. Therefore, the dynamic regulation of brain activity in response to task situations is the core brain mechanism of mental processing. Beyond the evoked brain activity and spontaneous brain activity, the enactive brain activity provides a novel framework to completely describe brain activities during mental processing. It is necessary for upcoming researchers to introduce innovative indicators and paradigms for investigating enactive brain activity during mental processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiujuan Jing
- Tianfu College of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jin H Yan
- Sports Psychology Department, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
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Riedel P, Lee J, Watson CG, Jimenez AM, Reavis EA, Green MF. Reorganization of the functional connectome from rest to a visual perception task in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111556. [PMID: 36327867 PMCID: PMC10611423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional connectome organization is altered in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, it remains unclear whether network reorganization during a task relative to rest is also altered in these disorders. This study examined connectome organization in patients with SZ (N = 43) and BD (N = 42) versus healthy controls (HC; N = 39) using fMRI data during a visual object-perception task and at rest. Graph analyses were conducted for the whole-brain network using indices selected a priori: three reflecting network segregation (clustering coefficient, local efficiency, modularity), two reflecting integration (characteristic path length, global efficiency). Group differences were limited to network segregation and were more evident in SZ (clustering coefficient, modularity) than in BD (clustering coefficient) compared to HC. State differences were found across groups for segregation (local efficiency) and integration (characteristic path length). There was no group-by-state interaction for any graph index. In summary, aberrant network organization compared to HC was confirmed, and was more evident in SZ than in BD. Yet, reorganization was largely intact in both disorders. These findings help to constrain models of dysconnection in SZ and BD, suggesting that the extent of functional dysconnectivity in these disorders tends to persist across changes in mental state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Riedel
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, Dresden 01187, Germany.
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SC 560, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
| | - Christopher G Watson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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