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Baum L, Lee CC, Ye R, Zhong Y, Hung SF, Tang CP, Ho TP, Swanson JM, Moyzis RK, Sham PC, Leung PWL. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon 3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) 2-repeat allele. Ann Hum Genet 2024. [PMID: 38624263 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the 48-base pair (bp) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3 of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene, we genotyped 240 ADHD patients and their parents from Hong Kong. The 4R allele was most common, followed by 2R. We examined association between the 2R allele (relative to 4R) and ADHD by Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT). The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) was 0.90 (0.64-1.3). The p-value was 0.6. Examining subgroups revealed nominally significant association of 2R with inattentive ADHD: OR = 0.33 (0.12-0.92) and p = 0.03. Because our study used TDT analysis, we meta-analyzed the association of 2R with ADHD in Asians (1329 patient alleles), revealing results similar to ours: OR = 0.97 (0.80-1.2) and p = 0.8. To examine the association of 2R with inattentive ADHD, we meta-analyzed all studies (regardless of analysis type or ethnicity, in order to increase statistical power): 702 patient alleles, 1420 control alleles, OR = 0.81 (0.57-1.1) and p = 0.2. Overall, there is no evidence of association between ADHD and the 2R allele, but the suggestive association with the inattentive type warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Se Fong Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Pan Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Pong Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James M Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Robert K Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wigal S, Chappell P, Palumbo D, Lubaczewski S, Ramaker S, Abbas R. Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:104-118. [PMID: 31967914 PMCID: PMC7047251 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), classifies attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder, with symptoms becoming apparent as early as the preschool years. Early recognition can lead to interventions such as parent/teacher-administered behavior therapy, the recommended first-line treatment for preschool patients. There are few data, however, to inform the use of second-line, pharmacotherapy options in this population. In this review, we identified recent literature on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in preschool children. Methods: A PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov search was conducted for trials assessing efficacy or safety of ADHD medications in children aged <6 years. Diagnostic methods and criteria focusing on recognition of ADHD in preschool children were also surveyed. Results: The DSM-5 describes different manifestations of ADHD in preschool versus school-aged children, but does not list separate criteria by age group. Importantly, behaviors indicative of ADHD in older children may be developmentally appropriate in preschool children. Several behavioral rating scales have been validated in children younger than 6 years of age for assessing ADHD. The Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS) has provided the most extensive efficacy and safety data on methylphenidate (MPH) for ADHD in preschoolers to date, with significant improvement in ADHD symptoms observed with MPH compared with placebo, although adverse event-related discontinuation was higher in PATS compared with studies of MPH for ADHD in school-aged children. Since PATS was conducted, few studies designed to assess ADHD medication effectiveness in preschool children have been published. One article reported significant improvement in ADHD symptoms with MPH (immediate release) versus placebo, two studies showed no difference between MPH and risperidone or MPH plus risperidone in relief of ADHD symptoms, and one study demonstrated the efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo for ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Conclusions: Further research is needed on pharmacotherapy for preschool children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Wigal
- AVIDA Inc., Newport Beach, California.,Address correspondence to: Sharon Wigal, PhD, AVIDA Inc., 1133 Camelback Street #9802, Newport Beach, CA 92658
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Méplan C. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Selenoprotein Genes with Cancer Risk. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1661:313-324. [PMID: 28917054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7258-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have linked genetic variants in the Selenium (Se) metabolism with the development of complex diseases such as cancer and helped unravel novel mechanisms underlying cancer development. The chapter describes the specificity of genetic variants in the Se metabolism, the approaches used in association studies, and the limitations of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Méplan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Cognitive and personality analysis of startle reactivity in a large cohort of healthy males. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:582-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Roussos P, Giakoumaki SG, Bitsios P. Cognitive and emotional processing associated with the Season of Birth and dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3926-33. [PMID: 20875435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The 7-repeats variant of the dopamine D4 receptor (7R) VNTR polymorphism has been associated with higher novelty seeking (NS) and disadvantageous decision making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Season of Birth (SOB) is a significant determinant of NS. SOB and L-DRD4 genetic polymorphism may independently and interactively influence similar behaviors through their common effects on the dopaminergic system. Two hundred and twenty-seven healthy males grouped in summer-born/4-repeats (4R) (n=75), winter-born/4R (n=90), summer-born/7R (n=31) and winter-born/7R (n=31) groups, completed multimodal assessment for personality, planning for problem solving and decision making. Winter-born/7R subjects had significantly worse IGT performance throughout the task compared to 4R individuals, while summer-born 7R subjects had intermediate, although not significantly different performance. Moreover, winter-born/7R subjects had increased behavioral approach to reward without parallel reduction in sensitivity to fear or to social approval cues. The DRD4-by-SOB groups did not differ in planning for problem solving. These results suggest that a DRD4-by-SOB interaction is associated with increased behavioral approach to reward and risk taking but efficient problem solving. In addition, these results further support the hypothesis that SOB modifies the behavioral expression of dopaminergic genetic polymorphism. SOB should be included in future studies of risky behaviors and behavioral genetic studies of the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Turic D, Swanson J, Sonuga-Barke E. DRD4 and DAT1 in ADHD: Functional neurobiology to pharmacogenetics. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2010; 3:61-78. [PMID: 23226043 PMCID: PMC3513209 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s6800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and potentially very impairing neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood. Statistical genetic studies of twins have shown ADHD to be highly heritable, with the combination of genes and gene by environment interactions accounting for around 80% of phenotypic variance. The initial molecular genetic studies where candidates were selected because of the efficacy of dopaminergic compounds in the treatment of ADHD were remarkably successful and provided strong evidence for the role of DRD4 and DAT1 variants in the pathogenesis of ADHD. However, the recent application of non-candidate gene strategies (eg, genome-wide association scans) has failed to identify additional genes with substantial genetic main effects, and the effects for DRD4 and DAT1 have not been replicated. This is the usual pattern observed for most other physical and mental disorders evaluated with current state-of-the-art methods. In this paper we discuss future strategies for genetic studies in ADHD, highlighting both the pitfalls and possible solutions relating to candidate gene studies, genome-wide studies, defining the phenotype, and statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Turic
- Institute for Disorders of Impulse and Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK
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Loomis SJ, Olson LM, Pasquale LR, Wiggs J, Mirel D, Crenshaw A, Parkin M, Rahhal B, Tetreault S, Kraft P, Tworoger SS, Haines JL, Kang JH. Feasibility of High-Throughput Genome-Wide Genotyping using DNA from Stored Buccal Cell Samples. Biomark Insights 2010; 5:49-55. [PMID: 20520743 PMCID: PMC2879226 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if buccal cell samples contain sufficient human DNA with adequately sized fragments for high throughput genetic bioassays. Yet buccal cell sample collection is an attractive alternative to gathering blood samples for genetic epidemiologists engaged in large-scale genetic biomarker studies. We assessed the genotyping efficiency (GE) and genotyping concordance (GC) of buccal cell DNA samples compared to corresponding blood DNA samples, from 32 Nurses' Health Study (NHS) participants using the Illumina Infinium 660W-Quad platform. We also assessed how GE and GC accuracy varied as a function of DNA concentration using serial dilutions of buccal DNA samples. Finally we determined the nature and genomic distribution of discordant genotypes in buccal DNA samples. The mean GE of undiluted buccal cell DNA samples was high (99.32%), as was the GC between the paired buccal and blood samples (99.29%). GC between the dilutions versus the undiluted buccal DNA was also very high (>97%), though both GE and GC notably declined at DNA concentrations less than 5 ng/mul. Most (>95%) genotype determinations in buccal cell samples were of the "missing call" variety (as opposed to the "alternative genotype call" variety) across the spectrum of buccal DNA concentrations studied. Finally, for buccal DNA concentration above 1.7 ng/ul, discordant genotyping calls did not cluster in any particular chromosome. Buccal cell-derived DNA represents a viable alternative to blood DNA for genotyping on a high-density platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Loomis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Cognitive and emotional processing in high novelty seeking associated with the L-DRD4 genotype. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1654-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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