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Farzan F. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography for Biomarker Discovery in Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:564-580. [PMID: 38142721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illnesses are still based on behavioral observations and self-reports, commonly leading to prolonged untreated illness. Biological markers (biomarkers) may offer an opportunity to revolutionize clinical psychiatry practice by helping provide faster and potentially more effective therapies. Transcranial magnetic stimulation concurrent with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is a noninvasive brain mapping methodology that can assess the functions and dynamics of specific brain circuitries in awake humans and aid in biomarker discovery. This article provides an overview of TMS-EEG-based biomarkers that may hold potential in psychiatry. The methodological readiness of the TMS-EEG approach and steps in the validation of TMS-EEG biomarkers for clinical utility are discussed. Biomarker discovery with TMS-EEG is in the early stages, and several validation steps are still required before clinical implementations are realized. Thus far, TMS-EEG predictors of response to magnetic brain stimulation treatments in particular have shown promise for translation to clinical practice. Larger-scale studies can confirm validation followed by biomarker-informed trials to assess added value compared to existing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Farzan
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Rostami M, Zomorrodi R, Rostami R, Hosseinzadeh GA. Impact of methodological variability on EEG responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta-analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 142:154-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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A single- and paired-pulse TMS-EEG investigation of the N100 and long interval cortical inhibition in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Stimul 2021; 15:229-232. [PMID: 34973461 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mo K, Sadoway T, Bonato S, Ameis SH, Anagnostou E, Lerch JP, Taylor MJ, Lai MC. Sex/gender differences in the human autistic brains: A systematic review of 20 years of neuroimaging research. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102811. [PMID: 34509922 PMCID: PMC8436080 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of autism is largely based on clinical experiences and research involving male individuals given the male-predominance in prevalence and the under-inclusion of female individuals due to small samples, co-occurring conditions, or simply being missed for diagnosis. There is a significantly biased 'male lens' in this field with autistic females insufficiently understood. We therefore conducted a systematic review to examine how sex and gender modulate brain structure and function in autistic individuals. Findings from the past 20 years are yet to converge on specific brain regions/networks with consistent sex/gender-modulating effects. Despite at least three well-powered studies identifying specific patterns of significant sex/gender-modulation of autism-control differences, many other studies are likely underpowered, suggesting a critical need for future investigation into sex/gender-based heterogeneity with better-powered designs. Future research should also formally investigate the effects of gender, beyond biological sex, which is mostly absent in the current literature. Understanding the roles of sex and gender in the development of autism is an imperative step to extend beyond the 'male lens' in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Mo
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tara Sadoway
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Bonato
- Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Enticott PG, Barlow K, Guastella AJ, Licari MK, Rogasch NC, Middeldorp CM, Clark SR, Vallence AM, Boulton KA, Hickie IB, Whitehouse AJO, Galletly C, Alvares GA, Fujiyama H, Heussler H, Craig JM, Kirkovski M, Mills NT, Rinehart NJ, Donaldson PH, Ford TC, Caeyenberghs K, Albein-Urios N, Bekkali S, Fitzgerald PB. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in autism spectrum disorder: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046830. [PMID: 34233985 PMCID: PMC8264904 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no well-established biomedical treatments for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A small number of studies suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, may improve clinical and cognitive outcomes in ASD. We describe here the protocol for a funded multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial to investigate whether a course of rTMS to the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), which has demonstrated abnormal brain activation in ASD, can improve social communication in adolescents and young adults with ASD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 4-week course of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS, a variant of rTMS) in ASD. Participants meeting criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ASD (n=150, aged 14-40 years) will receive 20 sessions of either active iTBS (600 pulses) or sham iTBS (in which a sham coil mimics the sensation of iTBS, but no active stimulation is delivered) to the rTPJ. Participants will undergo a range of clinical, cognitive, epi/genetic, and neurophysiological assessments before and at multiple time points up to 6 months after iTBS. Safety will be assessed via a structured questionnaire and adverse event reporting. The study will be conducted from November 2020 to October 2024. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Monash Health (Melbourne, Australia) under Australia's National Mutual Acceptance scheme. The trial will be conducted according to Good Clinical Practice, and findings will be written up for scholarly publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000890932).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Enticott
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Barlow
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam J Guastella
- Autism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa K Licari
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott R Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Vallence
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsie A Boulton
- Autism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gail A Alvares
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Heussler
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Kirkovski
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie T Mills
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole J Rinehart
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Krongold Clinic, Monash Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter H Donaldson
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talitha C Ford
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Soukayna Bekkali
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth HealthCare, Camperwell, Victoria, Australia
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Cao KX, Ma ML, Wang CZ, Iqbal J, Si JJ, Xue YX, Yang JL. TMS-EEG: An emerging tool to study the neurophysiologic biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108574. [PMID: 33894219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of psychiatric disorders remains largely unknown. The exploration of the neurobiological mechanisms of mental illness helps improve diagnostic efficacy and develop new therapies. This review focuses on the application of concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) in various mental diseases, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorder, and insomnia. First, we summarize the commonly used protocols and output measures of TMS-EEG; then, we review the literature exploring the alterations in neural patterns, particularly cortical excitability, plasticity, and connectivity alterations, and studies that predict treatment responses and clinical states in mental disorders using TMS-EEG. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying TMS-EEG in establishing biomarkers for psychiatric disorders and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Cao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mao-Liang Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Zhan Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Ji-Jian Si
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education and Neuroscience, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Hui J, Tremblay S, Daskalakis ZJ. The Current and Future Potential of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation With Electroencephalography in Psychiatry. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:734-746. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Hui
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sara Tremblay
- Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research Ottawa Ontario Canada
- School of Psychology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Tremblay S, Rogasch NC, Premoli I, Blumberger DM, Casarotto S, Chen R, Di Lazzaro V, Farzan F, Ferrarelli F, Fitzgerald PB, Hui J, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kimiskidis VK, Kugiumtzis D, Lioumis P, Pascual-Leone A, Pellicciari MC, Rajji T, Thut G, Zomorrodi R, Ziemann U, Daskalakis ZJ. Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:802-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Functional and structural asymmetry in primary motor cortex in Asperger syndrome: a navigated TMS and imaging study. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:504-518. [PMID: 30949863 PMCID: PMC6477009 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor functions are frequently impaired in Asperger syndrome (AS). In this study, we examined the motor cortex structure and function using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and correlated the results with the box and block test (BBT) of manual dexterity and physical activity in eight boys with AS, aged 8–11 years, and their matched controls. With nTMS, we found less focused cortical representation areas of distinct hand muscles in AS. There was hemispheric asymmetry in the motor maps, silent period duration and active MEP latency in the AS group, but not in controls. Exploratory VBM analysis revealed less gray matter in the left postcentral gyrus, especially in the face area, and less white matter in the precentral area in AS as compared to controls. On the contrary, in the right leg area, subjects with AS displayed an increased density of gray matter. The structural findings of the left hemisphere correlated negatively with BBT score in controls, whereas the structure of the right hemisphere in the AS group correlated positively with motor function as assessed by BBT. These preliminary functional (neurophysiological and behavioral) findings are indicative of asymmetry, and co-existing structural alterations may reflect the motor impairments causing the deteriorations in manual dexterity and other motor functions commonly encountered in children with AS.
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Cole EJ, Barraclough NE, Enticott PG. Investigating Mirror System (MS) Activity in Adults with ASD When Inferring Others' Intentions Using Both TMS and EEG. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2350-2367. [PMID: 29453710 PMCID: PMC5996018 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ASD is associated with mentalizing deficits that may correspond with atypical mirror system (MS) activation. We investigated MS activity in adults with and without ASD when inferring others' intentions using TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and mu suppression measured by EEG. Autistic traits were measured for all participants. Our EEG data show, high levels of autistic traits predicted reduced right mu (8-10 Hz) suppression when mentalizing. Higher left mu (8-10 Hz) suppression was associated with superior mentalizing performances. Eye-tracking and TMS data showed no differences associated with autistic traits. Our data suggest ASD is associated with reduced right MS activity when mentalizing, TMS-induced MEPs and mu suppression measure different aspects of MS functioning and the MS is directly involved in inferring intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cole
- The Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Nick E Barraclough
- The Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Kirkovski M, Suo C, Enticott PG, Yücel M, Fitzgerald PB. Short communication: Sex-linked differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are related to social functioning in autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 274:19-22. [PMID: 29500101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to investigate sex differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) between adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) controls. GABA at the right superior temporal sulcus (STS) is reported for 12 ASD and 14 NT participants. The results show no group differences in GABA. There was, however, a significant positive association between GABA at the STS and autism-related social impairments in females with ASD. These findings provide preliminary support for sex differences in GABAergic distribution and processes that contribute to social functioning in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kirkovski
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gregory Enticott
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Bernard Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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12
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Wilson RB, Enticott PG, Rinehart NJ. Motor development and delay: advances in assessment of motor skills in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 31:134-139. [PMID: 29493557 PMCID: PMC8653917 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Motor impairments in neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are prevalent and pervasive. Moreover, motor impairments may be the first sign of atypical development in ASD and likely contribute to abnormalities in social communication. However, measurement of motor function in ASD has lagged behind other behavioral phenotyping. Quantitative and neurodiagnostic measures of motor function can help identify specific motor impairments in ASD and the underlying neural mechanisms that might be implicated. These findings can serve as markers of early diagnosis, clinical stratification, and treatment targets. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we briefly review recent studies on the importance of motor function to other developmental domains in ASD. We then highlight studies that have applied quantitative and neurodiagnostic measures to better measure motor impairments in ASD and the neural mechanisms that may contribute to these abnormalities. SUMMARY Information from advanced quantitative and neurodiagnostic methods of motor function contribute to a better understanding of the specific and subtle motor impairments in ASD, and the relationship of motor function to language and social development. Greater utilization of these methods can assist with early diagnosis and development of targeted interventions. However, there remains a need to utilize these approaches in children with neurodevelopmental disorders across a developmental trajectory and with varying levels of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuta B. Wilson
- UCLA Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Division of Pediatric Neurology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter G. Enticott
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Rinehart
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
This special issue surveys recent work and underscores the challenges of psychiatric brain stimulation research with child and adolescent populations. The field of child and adolescent psychopharmacology is replete with examples of potential pitfalls in the assumption that "children are little adults." Arguably, younger age portends more neurobiological and descriptive heterogeneity in research pursuits and clinical practice. For existing brain stimulation modalities, there are a paucity of translational models to design studies for youth and no well-studied dosing schemes. The long-term positive and negative effects of neuromodulation interventions in youth are unknown. Inherent pragmatic and ethical limitations often present barriers for participant recruitment and will necessitate innovative approaches to study design and team efforts. These challenges are not insurmountable, and sustained efforts will advance the growing field of pediatric neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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