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Valedkarimi Z, Nasiri H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins for improving efficacy and safety of cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:731-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Schellinger JG, Kudupudi A, Natarajan A, Du W, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. A general chemical synthesis platform for crosslinking multivalent single chain variable fragments. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1521-6. [PMID: 22132412 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent single chain variable fragments (scFv) show increased affinity to tumor-associated antigens compared to monovalent scFv and intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Multivalent constructs can be derived from self-associating or covalent scFv with covalent constructs offering improved in vivo and in vitro stability. Covalent attachment of scFv can be achieved using genetically engineered expression vectors that afford scFv with site specific cysteine functionality. Expression vectors for di-scFv-C wherein the cysteine is located in the center of two scFv have also been developed for attaching chemically reactive linkers. In the example illustrated here, the di-scFv-C is derived from a mAb directed against the MUC1 epitope, which is presented on cancer cells. To achieve multivalency, a chemical crosslinking strategy utilizing various azide and multi-alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers was implemented. Conjugation was achieved by attachment of these linkers to the scFv thiol functionality. Chemoselective ligation was employed to covalently link different protein conjugates via copper(I) catalyzed azide alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) chemistry. Ligations were achieved in >70% yield using a specific set of linkers as determined by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. ELISA showed increased tumor binding of a tetravalent scFv providing a versatile chemical crosslinking strategy for construction of multivalent and bi-specific immunoconjugates that retain biological activity and have potential application in pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G Schellinger
- Chemistry Department, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ayyar BV, Arora S, Murphy C, O'Kennedy R. Affinity chromatography as a tool for antibody purification. Methods 2011; 56:116-29. [PMID: 22033471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antibody market has grown exponentially due to increasing applications in research, diagnostics and therapy. Antibodies are present in complex matrices (e.g. serum, milk, egg yolk, fermentation broth or plant-derived extracts). This has led to the need for development of novel platforms for purification of large quantities of antibody with defined clinical and performance requirements. However, the choice of method is strictly limited by the manufacturing cost and the quality of the end product required. Affinity chromatography is one of the most extensively used methods for antibody purification, due to its high selectivity and rapidity. Its effectiveness is largely based on the binding characteristics of the required antibody and the ligand used for antibody capture. The approaches used for antibody purification are critically examined with the aim of providing the reader with the principles and practical insights required to understand the intricacies of the procedures. Affinity support matrices and ligands for affinity chromatography are discussed, including their relevant underlying principles of use, their potential value and their performance in purifying different types of antibodies, along with a list of commercially available alternatives. Furthermore, the principal factors influencing purification procedures at various stages are highlighted. Practical considerations for development and/or optimizations of efficient antibody-purification protocols are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Mallikaratchy PR, Ruggiero A, Gardner JR, Kuryavyi V, Maguire WF, Heaney ML, McDevitt MR, Patel DJ, Scheinberg DA. A multivalent DNA aptamer specific for the B-cell receptor on human lymphoma and leukemia. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:2458-69. [PMID: 21030439 PMCID: PMC3064813 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival still eludes most patients with leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. No approved therapies target the hallmark of the B cell, its mIgM, also known as the B-cell receptor (BCR). Aptamers are small oligonucleotides that can specifically bind to a wide range of target molecules and offer some advantages over antibodies as therapeutic agents. Here, we report the rational engineering of aptamer TD05 into multimeric forms reactive with the BCR that may be useful in biomedical applications. Systematic truncation of TD05 coupled with modification with locked nucleic acids (LNA) increased conformational stability and nuclease resistance. Trimeric and tetrameric versions with optimized polyethyleneglycol (PEG) linker lengths exhibited high avidity at physiological temperatures both in vitro and in vivo. Competition and protease studies showed that the multimeric, optimized aptamer bound to membrane-associated human mIgM, but not with soluble IgM in plasma, allowing the possibility of targeting leukemias and lymphomas in vivo. The B-cell specificity of the multivalent aptamer was confirmed on lymphoma cell lines and fresh clinical leukemia samples. The chemically engineered aptamers, with significantly improved kinetic and biochemical features, unique specificity and desirable pharmacological properties, may be useful in biomedical applications.
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Scheinberg DA, Villa CH, Escorcia FE, McDevitt MR. Conscripts of the infinite armada: systemic cancer therapy using nanomaterials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010; 7:266-76. [PMID: 20351700 PMCID: PMC4411965 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The field of clinical nanomaterials is enlarging steadily, with more than a billion US dollars of funding allocated to research by US government agencies in the past decade. The first generation of anti-cancer agents using novel nanomaterials has successfully entered widespread use. Newer nanomaterials are garnering increasing interest as potential multifunctional therapeutic agents; these drugs are conferred novel properties, by virtue of their size and shape. The new features of these agents could potentially allow increased cancer selectivity, changes in pharmacokinetics, amplification of cytotoxic effects, and simultaneous imaging capabilities. After attachment to cancer target reactive-ligands, which interact with cell-surface antigens or receptors, these new constructs can deliver cytolytic and imaging payloads. The molecules also introduce new challenges for drug development. While nanoscale molecules are of a similar size to proteins, the paradigms for how cells, tissues and organs of the body react to the non-biological materials are not well understood, because most cellular and metabolic processes have evolved to deal with globular, enzyme degradable molecules. We discuss examples of different materials to illustrate interesting principles for development and future applications of these nanomaterial medicines with emphasis on the possible pharmacologic and safety hurdles for accomplishing therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Targeting the efficacy of a dendrimer-based nanotherapeutic in heterogeneous xenograft tumors in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:186-92. [PMID: 20010426 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328334560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies have shown the in vitro and in vivo targeting of a generation 5 (G5) dendrimer-based multifunctional conjugate that contained folic acid (FA) as the targeting agent and methotrexate (MTX) as the chemotherapeutic drug. To clinically apply the synthesized G5-FA-MTX nanotherapeutic, it is important that the anticancer conjugate elicits cytotoxicity specifically and consistently. Toward this objective, we evaluated the large-scale synthesis of a G5-FA-MTX conjugate (Lot # 123-34) for its cytotoxic potential and specificity in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity and specificity were tested by using a coculture assay in which FA receptor-expressing and nonexpressing cells (KB and SK-BR-3 cells, respectively) were cultured together and preferential killing was examined. The in-vitro data were compared with the in-vivo data obtained from a heterogeneous xenograft tumor model. The animal model of the artificial heterogeneous xenograft tumor showed that the nanotherapeutic was preferentially cytotoxic to KB cells.
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Kaminskas LM, Kelly BD, McLeod VM, Boyd BJ, Krippner GY, Williams ED, Porter CJH. Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Disposition of PEGylated, Methotrexate Conjugated Poly-l-lysine Dendrimers. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1190-204. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Kaminskas
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Brian D. Kelly
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Victoria M. McLeod
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Guy Y. Krippner
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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Abstract
Human pancreatic cancer is a malignant disease with almost equal incidence and mortality. Effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed to improve its survival rate. With advances in structural and functional genomics, recent work has focused on targeted molecular therapy using monoclonal antibodies. This review summarizes the target molecules on the tumor cell surface and normal tissue stroma, which are related to pancreatic cancer oncogenesis, tumor growth or resistance to chemotherapy, as well as molecules involved in regulating inflammation and host immunoresponses. Targeted molecules include cell-surface receptors, such as the EGF receptor, HER2, death receptor 5 and IGF-1 receptor. Effects of monoclonal antibodies against these target molecules alone or in combination with chemotherapy, small-molecule signal transduction inhibitors, or radiation therapy are also discussed. Also discussed are the use of toxin or radioisotope conjugates, and information relating to the use of these targeting agents in pancreatic cancer clinical trials. Although targeted molecular therapy with monoclonal antibodies has made some progress in pancreatic cancer treatment, especially in preclinical studies, its clinical application to improve the survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Author for correspondence: Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Biology, 1530 3rd Avenue South, WTI 674 Birmingham, AL 35294-6832, USA, Tel.: +1 205 934 7077, Fax: +1 205 975 7060
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Abdiche YN, Malashock DS, Pinkerton A, Pons J. Exploring blocking assays using Octet, ProteOn, and Biacore biosensors. Anal Biochem 2009; 386:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Schneider DW, Heitner T, Alicke B, Light DR, McLean K, Satozawa N, Parry G, Yoo J, Lewis JS, Parry R. In vivo biodistribution, PET imaging, and tumor accumulation of 86Y- and 111In-antimindin/RG-1, engineered antibody fragments in LNCaP tumor-bearing nude mice. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:435-43. [PMID: 19223400 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.055608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To optimize in vivo tissue uptake kinetics and clearance of engineered monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments for radiotherapeutic and radiodiagnostic applications, we compared the biodistribution and tumor localization of four (111)In- and (86)Y-labeled antibody formats, derived from a single antimindin/RG-1 mAb, in a prostate tumor model. The IgG, diabody, single-chain variable domain (scFv), and novel miniantibody formats, composed of the human IgE-C(H)4 and a modified IgG1 hinge linked to scFv domains, were compared. METHODS Antibodies were first derivatized with the bifunctional chelator CHX-A''-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and then bound to the radiometal to create radiolabeled immunoconjugates. Human LNCaP xenografts were grown in nude mice, and (111)In- or (86)Y-labeled antibodies were administered intravenously. Tissues were harvested at different times, and the level of antibody deposition was determined by measuring radioactivity. Whole-body small-animal PET of mice receiving (86)Y-labeled antibodies was performed at 6 time points and colocalized with simultaneous micro-CT imaging. RESULTS The biodistributions of (111)In and (86)Y antibodies were quite similar. The blood, tumor, kidney, and liver tissues contained varying levels of radioactivity. The antibody accumulation in the tumor correlated with molecular size. The IgG steadily increased with time to 24.1 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 48 h. The miniantibody accumulated at a similar rate to reach a lower level (14.2 %ID/g) at 48 h but with a higher tumor-to-blood ratio than the IgG. Tumor accumulation of the diabody peaked at 3 h, reaching a much lower level (3.7 %ID/g). A combination of rapid clearance and lower relative affinity of the scFv precluded deposition in the tumor. Small-animal PET results correlated well with the biodistribution results, with similar tumor localization patterns. CONCLUSION The larger antibody formats (IgG and miniantibody) gave higher tumor uptake levels than did the smaller formats (diabody and scFv). These larger formats may be more suitable for radioimmunotherapy applications, evidenced by the preclinical efficacy previously shown by a report on the IgG format. The smaller formats were rapidly cleared from circulation, and the diabody, which accumulated in the tumor, may be more suitable for radiodiagnostic applications.
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Natarajan A, Xiong CY, Gruettner C, DeNardo GL, DeNardo SJ. Development of multivalent radioimmunonanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:82-91. [PMID: 18298332 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive, focused hyperthermia can be achieved by using an externally applied alternating magnetic field (AMF) if effective concentrations of nanoparticles can be delivered to the target cancer cells. Targeting agents, for example, monoclonal antibodies or peptides, linked to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NP), represent a promising strategy to target cancer cells and hyperthermia. METHODS We have developed a new radioconjugate NP ((111)In-DOTA-di-scFv-NP), using recombinantly generated antibody fragments, di-scFv-c, for the imaging and therapy of anti-MUC-1-expressing cancers, because aberrant MUC-1 is abundantly expressed on the majority of human epithelial cancers. Anti-MUC-1 di-scFv-c (50 kDa) were engineered, generated, and selected to link maleimide functionalized nanoparticles (NP-M). DOTA chelate was conjugated with di-scFv-c for radionuclide chelation to trace the radioimmunonanoparticles (RINPs) in vivo. RESULTS Heat-inducing NP-M were prepared with maleimide density >15 per particle for site-specific thiolation. The specific activity of the RINP was 4-5 microCi (111)In/mg with >10 molecules of di-scFv per NP. We characterized the RINP by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography, and tumor-cell binding. RINP had a >90% di-scFv conjugated to NP and an immunoreactivity >80% relative to unmodified di-scFv-c on HBT 3477 and DU145 tumor cells. Pharmacokinetics and whole-body autoradiography studies demonstrated that a 5% injected dose was targeted in tumor after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Further development of this new preparation of RINP may provide uniquely high tumor-targeting NP for AMF-driven tumor hyperthermia with less spleen and kidney accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
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Ortiz-Sánchez E, Helguera G, Daniels TR, Penichet ML. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: applications in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:609-32. [PMID: 18407765 PMCID: PMC4535341 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.5.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consist of cytokines fused to an antibody to improve antibody-targeted cancer immunotherapy. These molecules have the capacity to enhance the tumoricidal activity of the antibodies and/or activate a secondary antitumor immune response. OBJECTIVE To review the strategies used to develop antibody-cytokine fusion proteins and their in vitro and in vivo properties, including preclinical and clinical studies focusing on IL-2, IL-12 and GM-CSF. METHODS Articles were found by searching databases such as PubMed and Clinical Trials of the US National Institutes of Health. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Multiple antibody-cytokine fusion proteins have demonstrated significant antitumor activity as direct therapeutics or as adjuvants of cancer vaccines in preclinical studies, paving the way for their clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Assistant Researcher, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tracy R Daniels
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Assistant Professor, UCLA, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 54-140, Box 951782, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Avignolo C, Bagnasco L, Biasotti B, Melchiori A, Tomati V, Bauer I, Salis A, Chiossone L, Mingari MC, Orecchia P, Carnemolla B, Neri D, Zardi L, Parodi S. Internalization via Antennapedia protein transduction domain of an scFv antibody toward c-Myc protein. FASEB J 2007; 22:1237-45. [PMID: 18048579 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8865com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a single-chain variable fragment miniantibody (G11-scFv) directed toward the transactivation domain of c-Myc, which is fused with the internalization domain Int of Antennapedia at its carboxyl terminus (a cargo-carrier construct). In ELISA experiments, an EC(50) for binding saturation was achieved at concentrations of G11-scFv-Int(-) of approximately 10(-8) M. Internalization of a fluoresceinated Fl-G11-scFv-Int(+) construct was observed in intact human cultured cells with confocal microscopy. After 5 h of incubation in medium containing 1 microM Fl-G11-scFv-Int(+) or Fl-G11-scFv-Int(-), fluorescence intensity was determined in individual cells, both for cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments: concentration levels of Fl-G11-scFv-Int(+), relative to the extracellular culture medium concentration, were 4-5 times higher in the cytoplasm, 7-8 times higher in the nucleus, and 10 times higher in the nucleoli. In the same experimental conditions, the Fl-G11-scFv-Int(-) construct was 3-4 times more concentrated outside of the cells than inside. Cell membranes kept their integrity after 5 h of incubation. The antiproliferative activity of our miniantibody was studied on HCT116 cells. Incubation with 4 microM G11-scFv-Int(+) for 4 days induced very significant statistical and biological growth inhibition, whereas Int alone was completely inactive. Miniantibodies capable of penetrating cell membranes dramatically broaden the potential for innovative therapeutic agents and attack of new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Avignolo
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, L. go R. Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
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Boswell CA, Brechbiel MW. Development of radioimmunotherapeutic and diagnostic antibodies: an inside-out view. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:757-78. [PMID: 17921028 PMCID: PMC2212602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Only a handful of radiolabeled antibodies (Abs) have gained US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in clinical oncology, including four immunodiagnostic agents and two targeted radioimmunotherapeutic agents. Despite the advent of nonimmunogenic Abs and the availability of a diverse library of radionuclides, progress beyond early Phase II radioimmunotherapy (RIT) studies in solid tumors has been marginal. Furthermore, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose continues to dominate the molecular imaging domain, underscored by a decade-long absence of any newly approved Ab-based imaging agent (none since 1996). Why has the development of clinically successful Abs for RIT been limited to lymphoma? What obstacles must be overcome to allow the FDA approval of immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging agents? How can we address the unique challenges that have thus far prevented the introduction of Ab-based imaging agents and therapeutics for solid tumors? Many poor decisions have been made regarding radiolabeled Abs, but useful insight can be gained from these mistakes. The following review addresses the physical, chemical, biological, clinical, regulatory and financial limitations that impede the progress of this increasingly important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Boswell
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
| | - Martin W. Brechbiel
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-1088
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Al-Ejeh F, Darby JM, Pensa K, Diener KR, Hayball JD, Brown MP. In vivo targeting of dead tumor cells in a murine tumor model using a monoclonal antibody specific for the La autoantigen. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5519s-5527s. [PMID: 17875784 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential of the La-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3B9 as an in vivo tumor-targeting agent. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The murine EL4 lymphoma cell line was used for in vitro studies and the EL4 model in which apoptosis was induced with cyclophosphamide and etoposide was used for in vivo studies. In vitro studies compared 3B9 binding in the EL4 cell with that in its counterpart primary cell type of the thymocyte. For in vivo studies, 3B9 was intrinsically or extrinsically labeled with carbon-14 or 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane-N,N',N'',N''''-tetraacetic acid-indium-111, respectively, and biodistribution of the radiotracers was investigated in EL4 tumor-bearing mice, which were treated or not with chemotherapy. RESULTS La-specific 3B9 mAb bound EL4 cells rather than thymocytes, and binding was detergent resistant. 3B9 binding to dead EL4 cells in vitro was specific, rapid, and saturable. Significantly, more 3B9 bound dead EL4 tumor explant cells after host mice were treated with chemotherapy, which suggested that DNA damage induced 3B9 binding. Tumor binding of 3B9 in vivo was antigen specific and increased significantly after chemotherapy. Tumor accumulation of 3B9 peaked at approximately 50% of the injected dose per gram of tumor 72 h after chemotherapy and correlated with increased tumor cell death. Tumor/organ ratios of 3B9 biodistribution, which included the tumor/blood ratio, exceeded unity 48 or more hours after chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS La-specific mAb selectively targeted dead tumor cells in vivo, and targeting was augmented by cytotoxic chemotherapy. This novel cell death radioligand may be useful both for radioimmunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Ejeh
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, and Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
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Sheikholvaezin A, Eriksson D, Ahlström KR, Johansson L, Stigbrand T. Tumor radioimmunolocalization in nude mice by mono- and divalent- single-chain Fv antiplacental alkaline phosphatase antibodies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 22:64-72. [PMID: 17627415 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) and a new recombinant covalently linked dimeric scFv antibody (sc(Fv)(2)) against placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) were investigated for selective tumor targeting. The biological behavior of these new antibodies was compared to that of the original native antibody, H7 MAb. The sc(Fv)(2)) antibody displayed convincing tumor localization properties with a rapid excretion pattern comparable to the scFv, but with a longer retention time in the tumor, and higher tumor-to-nontumor ratio (27:1), compared to the scFv (15:1), at 48 hours. For the sc(Fv)(2) antibody, more than 50% of the remaining activity in the mouse was present in the tumor between 24 and 48 hours after the injection. With this antibody, scintigraphic visualization of the tumor was also possible 1 week after the injection. It is concluded that this sc(Fv)(2) antibody fragment, with two binding sites, displays properties suitable for in vivo targeting of PLAP expressing tumors.
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Abstract
Antibody libraries came into existence 15 years ago when the accumulating sequence data of immunoglobulin genes and the advent of polymerase chain reaction technology made it possible to clone antibody gene repertoires. Since then, virtually hundreds of antibody libraries have been constructed, employing limitless maneuvers from the antibody engineering molecular bag of tricks towards the crucial parameters that determine library quality, library size, diversity and robustness. Phage and additional display and screening technologies were applied to pan out desired binding specificities from antibody libraries. Several biotech companies established themselves as key operators in the multibillion-dollar field of recombinant antibody technology. Out of nineteen FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies, one was isolated from an antibody library and many more are in various stages of clinical evaluation. This review highlights key milestones in the short history of antibody libraries and attempts to predict the future impact of antibody libraries on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Benhar
- Tel-Aviv University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Green Building, Room 202, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
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