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Ii H, Nohara Y, Yoshiya T, Masuda S, Tsuda S, Oishi S, Friedman J, Kawabe T, Nakata S. Identification of U83836E as a γ-glutamylcyclotransferase inhibitor that suppresses MCF7 breast cancer xenograft growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:128-134. [PMID: 33676180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) is involved in glutathione homeostasis, in which it catalyzes the reaction that generates 5-oxoproline and free amino acids from γ-glutamyl peptides. Increasing evidence shows that GGCT has oncogenic functions and is overexpressed in various cancer tissues, and that inhibition of GGCT activity exerts anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that U83836E ((2R)-2-[[4-(2,6-dipyrrolidin-1-ylpyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8,-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, dihydrochloride), a lazaroid that inhibits lipid peroxidation, inhibits GGCT enzymatic activity. U83836E was identified from a high-throughput screen of low molecular weight compounds using a fluorochrome-conjugated GGCT probe. We directly quantified that U83836E specifically inhibited GGCT by measuring the product of a fluorochrome-conjugated GGCT substrate assay, and showed that U83836E inhibited GGCT activity in extracts of NIH3T3 cells overexpressing GGCT. Moreover, U83836E significantly inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model that used immunodeficient mice orthotopically inoculated with MCF7 human breast cancer cells. These results indicate that U83836E may be a useful GGCT inhibitor for the development of potential cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Ii
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukie Nohara
- Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shun Masuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shugo Tsuda
- Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Takumi Kawabe
- CanBas Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Otemachi Numazu, Shizuoka, 410-0801, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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Azarova IE, Klyosova EY, Churilin MI, Samgina TA, Konoplya AI, Polonikov AV. Genetic and biochemical investigation of the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase role in predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus. ECOLOGICAL GENETICS 2020; 18:215-228. [DOI: 10.17816/ecogen16293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background. Imbalance in the system of redox homeostasis is an important link in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase is an antioxidant defense enzyme directly involved in the metabolism of glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant.
The aim of the study was to examine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs38420 (G A), rs4270 (T C), rs6462210 (C T) and rs28679 (G A) in GGCT gene with the risk of developing T2D.
Materials and Methods. The study included 1022 T2D patients and 1064 healthy volunteers. Genotyping of GGCT gene loci was performed using iPLEX technology on a MassARRAY Analyzer 4 genome time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Agena Bioscience).
Results. As a result, we identified for the first time the association of SNP rs4270 in the GGCT gene with the risk of T2D in the Russian population. We have also established genetic and environmental interactions associated with predisposition to the disease: protective effect of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase gene was observed only in non-smokers under condition of daily consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, whereas in persons with insufficient consumption of plant foods, as well as in all smoking patients protective effect of GGCT was not observed. In patients with T2D, the level of hydrogen peroxide and glutathione monomer was sharply increased compared to the controls. SNP rs4270 was also found to be associated with elevated levels of reduced glutathione in the plasma of type 2 diabetics.
Conclusion. Thus, for the first time it was established that polymorphic locus rs4270 in the GGCT gene is associated with a predisposition to T2D, but its relationship with the disease is modulated by smoking and fresh plant foods consumption.
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Xu S, Yang Y, Wang X, Liu X, Jin C, Ma M, Wu S, Li Y. γ-Glutamyl cyclotransferase contributes to endometrial carcinoma malignant progression and upregulation of PD-L1 expression during activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 81:106039. [PMID: 31757677 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent increases in the incidence of endometrial carcinoma represent a significant risk to women's health. We found that γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) was significantly up-regulated in endometrial carcinoma tissues and cells, which suggested that it may be a potential target for treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Furthermore, the impact of GGCT on proliferation, migration, and invasion of endometrial carcinoma has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using GGCT silencing and overexpression techniques. In addition, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was significantly inhibited in response to GGCT knockdown, which indicated that GGCT may contribute endometrial carcinoma malignancy during activation of the EMT. We also found that GGCT regulated PD-L1 expression during EMT activation. Furthermore, co-culture of endometrial carcinoma cells with CD8+ T lymphocytes showed that downregulation of PD-L1 expression following GGCT knockdown contributed to the killing activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes on endometrial carcinoma cells. In conclusion, our study showed that GGCT contributed to malignant progression and upregulation of PD-L1 expression of endometrial carcinoma, and may be a potential target for treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjun Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sufang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Cui C, Li S, Wu D. Znhit1 inhibits breast cancer by up-regulating PTEN to deactivate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2019; 224:204-211. [PMID: 30928405 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, ranking sixth as the cause of death among females in China. Zinc finger HIT-type containing 1 (Znhit1) is a pivotal factor for inhibition of gene mutation and cell proliferation. Due to the unknown function of Znhit1 in cancers, we aimed to explore the role of Znhit1 in BC as well as the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Znhit1 expression in clinical specimens and cell lines of BC was measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analysis. Then, the effects of Znhit1 overexpression on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of BC cells as well as in vivo tumor growth were assessed. The interactions among Znhit1, PTEN and the downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Finally, the role of Znhit1 in prognosis was analyzed in clinical specimens. KEY FINDINGS Znhit1 was down-regulated in BC cell lines and clinical specimens. Znhit1 overexpression induced apoptosis and repressed proliferation and invasion of BC cells. Moreover, Znhit1 overexpression induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 stage. In vivo data showed that Znhit1 overexpression inhibited BC tumor growth in mice. Further experiments showed Znhit1 affected BC through up-regulating PTEN, along with inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. We finally proved that high expression of Znhit1 indicated improved prognosis. SIGNIFICANCE Znhit1 overexpression inhibited BC tumorigenesis possibly through PTEN-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Additionally, high expression of Znhit1 indicated improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguo Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Kageyama S, Ii H, Taniguchi K, Kubota S, Yoshida T, Isono T, Chano T, Yoshiya T, Ito K, Yoshiki T, Kawauchi A, Nakata S. Mechanisms of Tumor Growth Inhibition by Depletion of γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT): A Novel Molecular Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072054. [PMID: 30011933 PMCID: PMC6073726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), which is one of the major enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, is upregulated in a wide range of cancers—glioma, breast, lung, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, urinary bladder, prostate, cervical, ovarian cancers and osteosarcoma—and promotes cancer progression; its depletion leads to the suppression of proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. It has been demonstrated that the suppression or inhibition of GGCT has an antitumor effect in cancer-bearing xenograft mice. Based on these observations, GGCT is now recognized as a promising therapeutic target in various cancers. This review summarizes recent advances on the mechanisms of the antitumor activity of GGCT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Ii
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Keiko Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Kubota
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Isono
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | | | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Yoshiki
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Ii H, Yoshiya T, Nakata S, Taniguchi K, Hidaka K, Tsuda S, Mochizuki M, Nishiuchi Y, Tsuda Y, Ito K, Kageyama S, Yoshiki T. A Novel Prodrug of a γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase Inhibitor Suppresses Cancer Cell Proliferation in vitro and Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:155-163. [PMID: 29316360 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) depletion inhibits cancer cell proliferation. However, whether the enzymatic activity of GGCT is critical for the regulation of cancer cell growth remains unclear. In this study, a novel diester-type cell-permeable prodrug, pro-GA, was developed based on the structure of N-glutaryl-l-alanine (GA), by structure optimization using temporary fluorophore-tagged prodrug candidates. The antiproliferative activity of pro-GA was demonstrated using GGCT-overexpressing NIH-3T3 cells and human cancer cells including MCF7, HL-60, and PC3 cells. By contrast, normal cells were not significantly affected by pro-GA treatment. Moreover, pro-GA administration exhibited anticancer effects in a xenograft model using immunocompromised mice inoculated with PC3 cells. These results indicate that the enzymatic activity of GGCT accelerates tumor growth and that GGCT inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GGCT-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Ii
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Keiko Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Koushi Hidaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cooperative Research Center of Life Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shugo Tsuda
- Peptide Institute Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mochizuki
- Peptide Institute Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiuchi
- Peptide Institute Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Present address: GlyTech Inc., 134 Chudoji Minamimachi, KRP #1-109, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8813, Japan
| | - Yuko Tsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cooperative Research Center of Life Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Yoshiki
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Nakauchicho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
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Zhang W, Chen L, Xiang H, Hu C, Shi W, Dong P, Lv W. Knockdown of GGCT inhibits cell proliferation and induces late apoptosis in human gastric cancer. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 17:19. [PMID: 27905872 PMCID: PMC5134233 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) has been proved to be involved in various cancers, but the biological function of GGCT in gastric cancer is still largely unknown. METHODS The expression level of GGCT was evaluated by informatics analyses based on the Oncomine database. GGCT gene was then effectively knocked down via lentivirus mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system. Then a series of functional assays, including MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry analysis were conducted on gastric cancer cells following GGCT knockdown. RESULTS We found GGCT is commonly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues. Furthermore, MTT analysis showed that GGCT depletion significantly inhibited cell proliferation in MGC80-3 and AGS cells. Colony formation assay revealed that depletion of GGCT reduced the colony formation ability in gastric cancer cells. What's more, cell cycle analysis showed that depletion of GGCT induced gastric cancer cell cycle arrested G2/M phase. More importantly, cell apoptosis analysis further revealed that GGCT inhibition induced early and late cell apoptosis in gastric cancer. CONCLUSION This study suggests GGCT is essential for gastric cancer proliferation and its downregulation may provide a potential anticancer therapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honggang Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhao X, Yang Y, Yao F, Xiao B, Cheng Y, Feng C, Duan C, Zhang C, Liu Y, Li H, Xiao B, Dai R. Unfolded Protein Response Promotes Doxorubicin-Induced Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells Apoptosis via the mTOR Pathway Inhibition. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:347-351. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fuli Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Role of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase as a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer based on the lentivirus-mediated system. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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QIAO WENLIANG, HU HAIYANG, SHI BOWEN, ZANG LIJUAN, JIN WEI, LIN QIANG. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of TSP50 suppresses the growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells via G0/G1 phase arrest. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3409-18. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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11
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Shen SH, Yu N, Liu XY, Tan GW, Wang ZX. Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase promotes the growth of human glioma cells by activating Notch-Akt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:616-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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