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Hu X, Qin S, Huang X, Yuan Y, Tan Z, Gu Y, Cheng X, Wang D, Lian XF, He C, Su Z. Region-Restrict Astrocytes Exhibit Heterogeneous Susceptibility to Neuronal Reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:290-304. [PMID: 30713039 PMCID: PMC6373495 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult CNS has poor ability to replace degenerated neurons following injury or disease. Recently, direct reprogramming of astrocytes into induced neurons has been proposed as an innovative strategy toward CNS repair. As a cell population that shows high diversity on physiological properties and functions depending on their spatiotemporal distribution, however, whether the astrocyte heterogeneity affect neuronal reprogramming is not clear. Here, we show that astrocytes derived from cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord exhibit biological heterogeneity and possess distinct susceptibility to transcription factor-induced neuronal reprogramming. The heterogeneous expression level of NOTCH1 signaling in the different CNS regions-derived astrocytes is shown to be responsible for the neuronal reprogramming diversity. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that region-restricted astrocytes reveal different intrinsic limitation of the response to neuronal reprogramming. Region-restrict astrocytes (ACs) exhibit obvious heterogeneity Region-restrict ACs show distinct susceptibility to neuronal reprogramming AC heterogeneity does not affect the maturation of induced neurons Notch1 is involved in the neuronal reprogramming diversity of region-restrict ACs
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 200233 China
| | - Shangyao Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yimin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zijian Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yakun Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xueyan Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 310009, China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhida Su
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Podleśny-Drabiniok A, Sobska J, de Lera AR, Gołembiowska K, Kamińska K, Dollé P, Cebrat M, Krężel W. Distinct retinoic acid receptor (RAR) isotypes control differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells to dopaminergic or striatopallidal medium spiny neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13671. [PMID: 29057906 PMCID: PMC5651880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are pluripotent stem cells extensively used for studies of cell differentiation. Although retinoic acid (RA) is a powerful inducer of neurogenesis in EC cells, it is not clear what specific neuronal subtypes are generated and whether different RAR isotypes may contribute to such neuronal diversification. Here we show that RA treatment during EC embryoid body formation is a highly robust protocol for generation of striatal-like GABAergic neurons which display molecular characteristics of striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), including expression of functional dopamine D2 receptor. By using RARα, β and γ selective agonists we show that RARγ is the functionally dominant RAR in mediating RA control of early molecular determinants of MSNs leading to formation of striatopallidal-like neurons. In contrast, activation of RARα is less efficient in generation of this class of neurons, but is essential for differentiation of functional dopaminergic neurons, which may correspond to a subpopulation of inhibitory dopaminergic neurons expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podleśny-Drabiniok
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sobska
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Krystyna Gołembiowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Małgorzata Cebrat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Department of Tumor Immunology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France. .,Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France. .,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Roles of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Shaping the Neuronal Architecture of the Developing Amphioxus Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5210-5229. [PMID: 28875454 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphogen retinoic acid (RA) patterns vertebrate nervous systems and drives neurogenesis, but how these functions evolved remains elusive. Here, we show that RA signaling plays stage- and tissue-specific roles during the formation of neural cell populations with serotonin, dopamine, and GABA neurotransmitter phenotypes in amphioxus, a proxy for the ancestral chordate. Our data suggest that RA signaling restricts the specification of dopamine-containing cells in the ectoderm and of GABA neurons in the neural tube, probably by regulating Hox1 and Hox3 gene expression, respectively. The two Hox genes thus appear to serve distinct functions rather than to participate in a combinatorial Hox code. We were further able to correlate the RA signaling-dependent mispatterning of hindbrain GABA neurons with concomitant motor impairments. Taken together, these data provide new insights into how RA signaling and Hox genes contribute to nervous system as well as to motor control development in amphioxus and hence shed light on the evolution of these functions within vertebrates.
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New Insights Into the Roles of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Nervous System Development and the Establishment of Neurotransmitter Systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:1-84. [PMID: 28215529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secreted chiefly from the underlying mesoderm, the morphogen retinoic acid (RA) is well known to contribute to the specification, patterning, and differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing vertebrate nervous system. Furthermore, RA influences the subtype identity and neurotransmitter phenotype of subsets of maturing neurons, although relatively little is known about how these functions are mediated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles played by RA signaling during the formation of the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and highlights its effects on the differentiation of several neurotransmitter systems. In addition, the evolutionary history of the RA signaling system is discussed, revealing both conserved properties and alternate modes of RA action. It is proposed that comparative approaches should be employed systematically to expand our knowledge of the context-dependent cellular mechanisms controlled by the multifunctional signaling molecule RA.
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Hwang I, Hahm SC, Choi KA, Park SH, Jeong H, Yea JH, Kim J, Hong S. Intrathecal Transplantation of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Spinal GABAergic Neural Precursor Cells Attenuates Neuropathic Pain in a Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:593-607. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease characterized by spontaneous pain such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of ESC-derived spinal GABAergic neurons to treat neuropathic pain in a SCI rat model. Mouse embryonic stem cell–derived neural precursor cells (mESC-NPCs) were cultured in media supplemented with sonic hedgehog (SHH) and retinoic acid (RA) and efficiently differentiated into GABAergic neurons. Interestingly, low doses of SHH and RA induced MGE-like progenitors, which expressed low levels of DARPP32 and Nkx2.1 and high levels of Irx3 and Pax6. These cells subsequently generated the majority of the DARPP32- GABAergic neurons after in vitro differentiation. The spinal mESC-NPCs were intrathecally transplanted into the lesion area of the spinal cord around T10–T11 at 21 days after SCI. The engrafted spinal GABAergic neurons remarkably increased both the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) below the level of the lesion and the vocalization threshold (VT) to the level of the lesion (T12, T11, and T10 vertebrae), which indicates attenuation of chronic neuropathic pain by the spinal GABAergic neurons. The transplanted cells were positive for GABA antibody staining in the injured region, and cells migrated to the injured spinal site and survived for more than 7 weeks in L4–L5. The mESC-NPC-derived spinal GABAergic neurons dramatically attenuated the chronic neuropathic pain following SCI, suggesting that the spinal GABAergic mESC-NPCs cultured with low doses of SHH and RA could be alternative cell sources for treatment of SCI neuropathic pain by stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insik Hwang
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Hahm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Choi
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Jeong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Yea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junesun Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Huang Y, Tan S. Direct lineage conversion of astrocytes to induced neural stem cells or neurons. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:357-67. [PMID: 25854678 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006, cellular reprogramming has attracted increasing attention as a revolutionary strategy for cell replacement therapy. Recent advances have revealed that somatic cells can be directly converted into other mature cell types, which eliminates the risk of neoplasia and the generation of undesired cell types. Astrocytes become reactive and undergo proliferation, which hampers axon regeneration following injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. An emerging technique to directly reprogram astrocytes into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) and induced neurons (iNs) by neural fate determinants brings potential hope to cell replacement therapy for the above neurological problems. Here, we discuss the development of direct reprogramming of various cell types into iNs and iNSCs, then detail astrocyte-derived iNSCs and iNs in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we highlight the unsolved challenges and opportunities for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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Li X, Shan ZY, Wu YS, Shen XH, Liu CJ, Shen JL, Liu ZH, Lei L. Generation of neural progenitors from induced Bama miniature pig pluripotent cells. Reproduction 2014; 147:65-72. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pig pluripotent cells may represent an advantageous experimental tool for developing therapeutic application in the human biomedical field. However, it has previously been proven to be difficult to establish from the early embryo and its pluripotency has not been distinctly documented. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology provides a new method of reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotent state. The generation of iPS cells together with or without certain small molecules has become a routine technique. However, the generation of iPS cells from pig embryonic tissues using viral infections together with small molecules has not been reported. Here, we reported the generation of induced pig pluripotent cells (iPPCs) using the iPS technology in combination with valproic acid (VPA). VPA treatment significantly increased the expression of pluripotent genes and played an important role in early reprogramming. We showed that iPPCs resembled pig epiblast cells in their morphology and pluripotent markers, such as OCT4, NANOG, and SSEA1. It had a normal karyotype and could form embryoid bodies, which express three germ layer markersin vitro. In addition, the iPPCs might directly differentiate into neural progenitors after being induced with the retinoic acid and extracellular matrix. Our study established a reasonable method to generate pig pluripotent cells, which might be a new donor cell source for human neural disease therapy.
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Li L, Liu C, Biechele S, Zhu Q, Song L, Lanner F, Jing N, Rossant J. Location of transient ectodermal progenitor potential in mouse development. Development 2013; 140:4533-43. [PMID: 24131634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.092866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ectoderm is one of the three classic germ layers in the early mouse embryo, with the capacity to develop into both the central nervous system and epidermis. Because it is a transient phase of development with few molecular markers, the early ectoderm is the least understood germ layer in mouse embryonic development. In this work, we studied the differentiation potential of isolated ectoderm tissue in response to BMP signaling at various developmental stages (E6.5, E7.0 and E7.5), and identified a transient region in the anterior-proximal side of the embryo at E7.0 that possesses the ability to become neural or epidermal ectoderm in response to the absence or presence of BMP4, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of Nodal signaling could direct the pluripotent E6.5 epiblast cells towards ectoderm lineages during differentiation in explants in vitro. Our work not only improves our understanding of ectodermal layer development in early embryos, but also provides a framework for regenerative differentiation towards ectodermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Addae C, Yi X, Gernapudi R, Cheng H, Musto A, Martinez-Ceballos E. All-trans-retinoid acid induces the differentiation of encapsulated mouse embryonic stem cells into GABAergic neurons. Differentiation 2012; 83:233-41. [PMID: 22466603 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into all three main germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Although a number of methods have been developed to differentiate ES cells into neuronal phenotypes such as sensory and motor neurons, the efficient generation of GABAergic interneurons from ES cells still presents an ongoing challenge. Because the main output of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons is the gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter whose controlled homeostasis is required for normal brain function, the efficient generation in culture of functional interneurons may have future implications on the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia. The goal of this work was to examine the generation of GABAergic neurons from mouse ES cells by comparing an embryoid body-based methodology versus a hydrogel-based encapsulation protocol that involves the use of all-trans-retinoid acid (RA). We observed that (1) there was a 2-fold increase in neuronal differentiation in encapsulated versus non-encapsulated cells and (2) there was an increase in the specificity for interneuronal differentiation in encapsulated cells, as assessed by mRNA expression and electrophysiology approaches. Furthermore, our results indicate that most of the neurons obtained from encapsulated mouse ES cells are GABA-positive (∼87%). Thus, these results suggest that combining encapsulation of ES cells and RA treatment provide a more efficient and scalable differentiation strategy for the generation in culture of functional GABAergic interneurons. This technology may have implications for future cell replacement therapies and the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Addae
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Toxicology Program, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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Kam RKT, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhao H. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:11. [PMID: 22439772 PMCID: PMC3325842 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The production of RA from retinol requires two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by different sets of dehydrogenases. The retinol is first oxidized into retinal, which is then oxidized into RA. The RA interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression. In this review, we have discussed the metabolism of RA and the important components of RA signaling pathway, and highlighted current understanding of the functions of RA during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kin Ting Kam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P, R, China.
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