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Kelly GM, Gatie MI. Mechanisms Regulating Stemness and Differentiation in Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3684178. [PMID: 28373885 PMCID: PMC5360977 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over ten years have passed since the seminal Takahashi-Yamanaka paper, and while most attention nowadays is on induced, embryonic, and cancer stem cells, much of the pioneering work arose from studies with embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) derived from teratocarcinomas. This original work was broad in scope, but eventually led the way for us to focus on the components involved in the gene regulation of stemness and differentiation. As the name implies, ECCs are malignant in nature, yet maintain the ability to differentiate into the 3 germ layers and extraembryonic tissues, as well as behave normally when reintroduced into a healthy blastocyst. Retinoic acid signaling has been thoroughly interrogated in ECCs, especially in the F9 and P19 murine cell models, and while we have touched on this aspect, this review purposely highlights how some key transcription factors regulate pluripotency and cell stemness prior to this signaling. Another major focus is on the epigenetic regulation of ECCs and stem cells, and, towards that end, this review closes on what we see as a new frontier in combating aging and human disease, namely, how cellular metabolism shapes the epigenetic landscape and hence the pluripotency of all stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed I. Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Sinha P, Singh K, Sachan M. Heterogeneous pattern of DNA methylation in developmentally important genes correlates with its chromatin conformation. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28081716 PMCID: PMC5234095 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification, playing a crucial role in the development and differentiation of higher organisms. DNA methylation is also known to regulate transcription by gene repression. Various developmental genes such as c-mos, HoxB5, Sox11, and Sry show tissue-specific gene expression that was shown to be regulated by promoter DNA methylation. The aim of the present study is to investigate the establishment of chromatin marks (active or repressive) in relation to heterogeneous methylation in the promoter regions of these developmentally important genes. Results Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to immuno-precipitate chromatin by antibodies against both active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K9me3) chromatin regions. The analysis of ChIP results showed that both the percentage input and fold enrichment of activated chromatin was higher in tissues expressing the respective genes as compared to the tissues not expressing the same set of genes. This was true for all the genes selected for the study (c-mos, HoxB5, Sox11, and Sry). These findings illustrate that inconsistent DNA methylation patterns (sporadic, mosaic and heterogeneous) may also influence gene regulation, thereby resulting in the modulation of chromatin conformation. Conclusions These findings illustrate that various patterns of DNA methylation (asynchronous, mosaic and heterogeneous) correlates with chromatin modification, resulting in the gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India.
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High resolution methylation analysis of the HoxA5 regulatory region in different somatic tissues of laboratory mouse during development. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 23-24:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pamnani M, Sinha P, Singh A, Nara S, Sachan M. Methylation of the Sox9 and Oct4 promoters and its correlation with gene expression during testicular development in the laboratory mouse. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:452-8. [PMID: 27560488 PMCID: PMC5004825 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox9 and Oct4 are two important regulatory factors involved in mammalian development.
Sox9, a member of the group E Sox transcription factor family, has a crucial role in
the development of the genitourinary system, while Oct4, commonly known as octamer
binding transcription factor 4, belongs to class V of the transcription family. The
expression of these two proteins exhibits a dynamic pattern with regard to their
expression sites and levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of
de novo methylation in the regulation of the tissue- and
site-specific expression of these proteins. The dynamics of the de
novo methylation of 15 CpGs and six CpGs in Sox9 and Oct4 respectively,
was studied with sodium bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing in mouse testis at different
developmental stages. Consistent methylation of three CpGs was observed in adult
ovary in which the expression of Sox9 was feeble, while the level of methylation in
somatic tissue was greater in Oct4 compared to germinal tissue. The
promoter-chromatin status of Sox9 was also studied with a chromatin
immune-precipitation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Pamnani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Puja Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Seema Nara
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
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Wee EJH, Rauf S, Shiddiky MJA, Dobrovic A, Trau M. DNA ligase-based strategy for quantifying heterogeneous DNA methylation without sequencing. Clin Chem 2014; 61:163-71. [PMID: 25274555 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.227546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is a potential source of disease biomarkers. Typically, methylation levels are measured at individual cytosine/guanine (CpG) sites or over a short region of interest. However, regions of interest often show heterogeneous methylation comprising multiple patterns of methylation (epialleles) on individual DNA strands. Heterogeneous methylation is largely ignored because digital methods are required to deconvolute these usually complex patterns of epialleles. Currently, only single-molecule approaches, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), can provide detailed epiallele information. Because NGS is not yet feasible for routine practice, we developed a single-molecule-like approach, named for epiallele quantification (EpiQ). METHODS EpiQ uses DNA ligases and the enhanced thermal instability of short (≤19 bases) mismatched DNA probes for the relative quantification of epialleles. The assay was developed using fluorescent detection on a gel and then adapted for electrochemical detection on a microfabricated device. NGS was used to validate the analytical accuracy of EpiQ. RESULTS In this proof of principle study, EpiQ detected with 90%-95% specificity each of the 8 possible epialleles for a 3-CpG cluster at the promoter region of the CDKN2B (p15) tumor suppressor gene. EpiQ successfully profiled heterogeneous methylation patterns in clinically derived samples, and the results were cross-validated with NGS. CONCLUSIONS EpiQ is a potential alternative tool for characterizing heterogeneous methylation, thus facilitating its use as a biomarker. EpiQ was developed on a gel-based assay but can also easily be adapted for miniaturized chip-based platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene J H Wee
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), and
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), and
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), and
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics & Epigenomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia;
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Park Y, Lee JM, Hwang MY, Son GH, Geum D. NonO binds to the CpG island of oct4 promoter and functions as a transcriptional activator of oct4 gene expression. Mol Cells 2013; 35:61-9. [PMID: 23212346 PMCID: PMC3887857 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between oct4 gene expression patterns and CpG sites methylation profiles during ES cell differentiation into neurons, and identified relevant binding factor. The oct4 gene expression level gradually declined as ES cell differentiation progressed, and the CpG sites in the oct4 proximal enhancer (PE) and promoter regions were methylated in concert with ES cell differentiation. An electro-mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that putative proteins bind to CpG sites in the oct4 PE/promoter. We purified CpG binding proteins with DNAbinding purification method, and NonO was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. EMSA with specific competitors revealed that NonO specifically binds to the conserved CCGGTGAC sequence in the oct4 promoter. Methylation at a specific cytosine residue (CC* GGTGAC) reduced the binding affinity of NonO for the recognition sequence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that NonO binds to the unmethylated oct4 promoter. There were no changes in the NonO mRNA and protein levels between ES cells and differentiated cells. The transcriptional role of NonO in oct4 gene expression was evaluated by luciferase assays and knockdown experiments. The luciferase activity significantly increased threefold when the NonO expression vector was cotransfected with the NonO recognition sequence, indicating that NonO has a transcription activator effect on oct4 gene expression. In accordance with this effect, when NonO expression was inhibited by siRNA treatment, oct4 expression was also significantly reduced. In summary, we purified NonO, a novel protein that binds to the CpG island of oct4 promoter, and positively regulates oct4 gene expression in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gi-hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Medical School, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Medical School, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
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Cheng X, Meng S, Deng J, Lai W, Wang H. Identification and characterization of the Oct4 extended transcriptional regulatory region in Guanzhong dairy goat. Genome 2011; 54:812-8. [PMID: 21929360 DOI: 10.1139/g11-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The octamer-binding transcription factor 4 gene (Oct4) plays a critical role in maintaining pluripotency during early mammalian embryonic development and self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, we cloned the Oct4 cDNA and 2.8-kb regulatory region upstream of the start codon in Guanzhong dairy goat ( Capra hircus ). The comparative sequence analysis of Oct4 cDNA showed that it was highly conserved among six mammalian species. The goat Oct4 5' regulatory regions were homologous to the corresponding regions of Oct4 in other species and were functional in directing the expression of luciferase in mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma cells and mouse J1 ES cells. Furthermore, the methylation levels in the goat Oct4 minimal promoter and proximal enhancer in the fetal genital ridge were lower than those in the heart. Additionally, two processed pseudogenes that shared high homology with goat Oct4 cDNA were identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Hai T, Hao J, Wang L, Jouneau A, Zhou Q. Pluripotency maintenance in mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos and its improvement by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:47-56. [PMID: 21241188 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency can be achieved by nuclear transfer into enucleated oocytes (SCNT). A key event of this process is the demethylation of the Oct4 gene and its temporally and spatially regulated expression. Different studies have shown that it occurs abnormally in some SCNT embryos. TSA is a histone deacetylase inhibitor known to increase the efficiency of development to term of SCNT embryos, but its impact on the developmental features of SCNT embryos is poorly understood. Here, we have followed the fate of the pluripotent cells within SCNT embryos, from the late blastocyst to the early epiblast prior to gastrulation. Our data show a delay in development correlated with a defect in forming and maintaining a correct number of Oct4 expressing ICM and epiblast cells in SCNT embryos. As a consequence, during the outgrowth phase of embryonic stem cell derivation as well as during diapause in vivo, part of the SCNT blastocysts completely lose their ICM cells. Meanwhile, the others display a correctly reprogrammed ICM compatible with the derivation of ES cells and development of the epiblast. Our data also indicate that TSA favors the establishment of pluripotency in SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Nowak-Imialek M, Kues WA, Rudolph C, Schlegelberger B, Taylor U, Carnwath JW, Niemann H. Preferential Loss of Porcine Chromosomes in Reprogrammed Interspecies Cell Hybrids. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:55-65. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Rudolph
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Taylor
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Joseph W. Carnwath
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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Allelic expression and DNA methylation profiles of promoters at the parental Oct4 and Nanog genes in Mus musculus ES cell/Mus caroli splenocyte hybrid cells. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:439-48. [PMID: 19609564 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the parental Oct4 and Nanog alleles and DNA methylation of their promoters were studied in a set of Mus musculus embryonic stem (ES) cell/M. caroli splenocyte hybrid cells containing a variable ratio of parental chromosomes 6 and 17. The transcripts of the reactivated splenocyte Oct4 and Nanog genes were revealed in all hybrid cell clones positive for M. caroli chromosomes 6 and 17. We found that 11 CpG sites in the Oct4 promoter were heavily methylated in M. caroli splenocytes (>80%), whereas M. musculus ES cells were essentially unmethylated (<1%). Analysis of the methylation status of the Oct4 promoter in seven hybrid cell clones showed that the splenocyte-derived promoter sequence lost DNA methylation so that its methylation level was comparable with that of the ES cells. Additionally, no preferential de novo methylation was seen in the Oct4 promoters of M. musculus and M. caroli in teratomas developed from two independent hybrid clones. The upstream region of Nanog was heavily methylated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (66%) and less methylated in M. caroli splenocytes (24%). The Nanog promoter region was completely unmethylated in M. musculus ES cells. We found that both parental alleles of the Nanog gene promoter were essentially unmethylated in five examined hybrid clones. Thus, we have demonstrated that (1) the Oct4 and Nanog genes of splenocytes are activated, and their promoters undergo demethylation in ES cell hybrids; (2) these events are independent of the number and ratio of parental chromosomes carrying these genes.
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He H, McHaney M, Hong J, Weiss ML. Cloning and Characterization of 3.1kb Promoter Region of the Oct4 Gene from the Fischer 344 Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:30-39. [PMID: 22347989 DOI: 10.2174/1876893800901010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, the role of methylation in regulation of rat Oct4 gene was evaluated during embryonic development, in adult tissues and in embryo-derived cells. First, the region 3.1 kb upstream to the rat Oct4 ATG site was cloned and sequenced. The rat Oct4 upstream sequence was similar to that in bovine, mouse and human with two upstream elements: proximal (PE) and distal enhancers (DE) and four homology conserved regions (CR1-4). The conserved regions in the rat have 69% - 96% homology with bovine, human, mouse sequences. Next, the methylation pattern in the promoter was determined during embryonic development, in adult tissues, in rat embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells and umbilical cord-derived cells (the feeder for ESC-like cells) using the bisulfite method and DNA sequencing. The promoter was methylated in adult and fetal tissues, and in days post coitus (DPC) 10.5 and 12.5 embryos and hypomethylated in DPC4.5 embryos and in rat ESC-like cells. The expression of Oct4 was evaluated by qRT-PCR. DPC4.5 embryos and rat ESC-like cells had higher expression of the Oct4 gene compared to DPC10.5 and 12.5 embryos, adult tissues and embryoid bodies derived from rat ESC-like cells. Thus, the methylation status correlated with the qRT-PCR results. These results indicate that the rat Oct4 3.1kb promoter region is organized and contains transcription binding and regulatory sites similar to those described for bovine, mouse and human. The rat Oct4 promoter is methylated during embryonic development after 4.5 DPC and during differentiation of rat ESC-like cells to embryoid bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and the Midwest Institute for Comparative Stem Cell Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Kawasumi M, Unno Y, Matsuoka T, Nishiwaki M, Anzai M, Amano T, Mitani T, Kato H, Saeki K, Hosoi Y, Iritani A, Kishigami S, Matsumoto K. Abnormal DNA methylation of the Oct-4 enhancer region in cloned mouse embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 76:342-50. [PMID: 18932201 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oct-4 is essential for normal embryonic development, and abnormal Oct-4 expression in cloned embryos contributes to cloning inefficiency. However, the causes of abnormal Oct-4 expression in cloned embryos are not well understood. As DNA methylation in regulatory regions is known to control transcriptional activity, we investigated the methylation status of three transcriptional regulatory regions of the Oct-4 gene in cloned mouse embryos--the distal enhancer (DE), the proximal enhancer (PE), and the promoter regions. We also investigated the level of Oct-4 gene expression in cloned embryos. Immunochemistry revealed that 85% of cloned blastocysts expressed Oct-4 in both trophectoderm and inner cell mass cells. DNA methylation analysis revealed that the PE region methylation was greater in cloned morulae than in normal morulae. However, the same region was less methylated in cloned blastocysts than in normal blastocysts. We found abnormal expression of de novo methyltransferase 3b in cloned blastocysts. These results indicate that cloned embryos have aberrant DNA methylation in the CpG sites of the PE region of Oct-4, and this may contribute directly to abnormal expression of this gene in cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuri Kawasumi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
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Zhou W, Xiang T, Walker S, Farrar V, Hwang E, Findeisen B, Sadeghieh S, Arenivas F, Abruzzese RV, Polejaeva I. Global gene expression analysis of bovine blastocysts produced by multiple methods. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:744-58. [PMID: 17886272 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive efficiency using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology remains suboptimal. Of the various efforts to improve the efficiency, chromatin transfer (CT) and clone-clone aggregation (NTagg) have been reported to produce live cloned animals. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of somatic cell reprogramming during SCNT and assess the various SCNT methods on the molecular level, we performed gene expression analysis on bovine blastocysts produced via standard nuclear transfer (NT), CT, NTagg, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and artificial insemination (AI), as well as on somatic donor cells, using bovine genome arrays. The expression profiles of SCNT (NT, CT, NTagg) embryos were compared with IVF and AI embryos as well as donor cells. NT and CT embryos have indistinguishable gene expression patterns. In comparison to IVF or AI embryos, the number of differentially expressed genes in NTagg embryos is significantly higher than in NT and CT embryos. Genes that were differentially expressed between all the SCNT embryos and IVF or AI embryos are identified. Compared to AI embryos, more than half of the genes found deregulated between SCNT and AI embryos appear to be the result of in vitro culture alone. The results indicate that although SCNT methods have altered differentiated somatic nuclei gene expression to more closely resemble that of embryonic nuclei, combination of insufficient reprogramming and in vitro culture condition compromise the developmental potential of SCNT embryos. This is the first set of comprehensive data for analyzing the molecular impact of various nuclear transfer methods on bovine pre-implantation embryos.
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Han DW, Do JT, Gentile L, Stehling M, Lee HT, Schöler HR. Pluripotential reprogramming of the somatic genome in hybrid cells occurs with the first cell cycle. Stem Cells 2007; 26:445-54. [PMID: 18065396 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of pluripotent embryonic cells with somatic cells results in reprogramming of the somatic cell genome. Oct4-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes that do not contain the proximal enhancer (PE) region are widely used to visualize reprogramming of the somatic to the pluripotent cell state. The temporal onset of Oct4-GFP activation has been found to occur 40-48 hours postfusion. We asked whether activation of the transgene actually reflects activation of the endogenous Oct4 gene. In the current study, we show that activation of an Oct4-GFP transgene that contains the PE region occurs within 22 hours of fusion. In addition, demethylation of the Oct4-GFP transgene and that of the endogenous Oct4 and Nanog genes was found to occur within 24 hours of fusion. As this timing corresponds with the timing of cell cycle completion in embryonic stem cells and fusion hybrids (approximately 22 hours), we postulate that pluripotential reprogramming of the somatic cell genome begins during the first cell cycle after the fusion of a somatic cell with a pluripotent cell and has been completed by day 2 postfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Cavaleri FM, Balbach ST, Gentile L, Jauch A, Böhm-Steuer B, Han YM, Schöler HR, Boiani M. Subsets of cloned mouse embryos and their non-random relationship to development and nuclear reprogramming. Mech Dev 2007; 125:153-66. [PMID: 18054470 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An important question in oocyte-mediated nuclear reprogramming is whether gene expression of the donor nucleus changes randomly or follows a pattern. Since cloned embryos are very heterogeneous and arrest frequently during preimplantation development, a random scenario is generally accepted. In the present study, we resolve the heterogeneity of cumulus cell-derived mouse clones by recognizing structured subsets, and we analyze their relationship to reprogramming of donor nuclei. We utilize live cell imaging of the Oct4 promoter-driven GFP transgene to resolve the populations of cloned and ICSI-fertilized morulae, and we sort them both into three subsets based on different GFP expression. Functionally, subsets of cloned but not ICSI morulae form blastocysts and ES cells proportional to Oct4-GFP expression. Regulatively, the subsets of cloned morulae are characterized by small differences of transcript level for the pluripotency-associated genes Oct4, Nanog and Sox2. Small differences of the level of select mRNAs across subsets suggest a uniform rather than random course of reprogramming from the morula stage on. Since these small differences correspond with substantial differences in developmental competence, we propose that developmental potential of clones relates to levels of gene expression in a different way than fertilized embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima M Cavaleri
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster, Germany
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Yamazaki Y, Fujita TC, Low EW, Alarcón VB, Yanagimachi R, Marikawa Y. Gradual DNA demethylation of the Oct4 promoter in cloned mouse embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:180-8. [PMID: 16245355 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During differentiation, somatic cell nuclei acquire unique patterns of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, which affect the transcriptional activity of specific genes. Upon transfer into oocytes, however, the somatic nucleus undergoes reprogramming of these epigenetic modifications to achieve pluripotency. Oct4 is one of the critical pluripotency regulators, and is expressed in the germ line, including the pluripotent early embryonic cells. Previous studies showed that the upstream regulatory sequences of the Oct4 gene are distinctly methylated in somatic cells, and the DNA methylation of the regulatory sequences suppresses the transcriptional activity. Thus, successful reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus to gain pluripotency must be accompanied by the demethylation of the Oct4 regulatory sequences. Here, we investigated the methylation pattern of the Oct4 promoter during early development of cloned mouse embryos. We found that the Oct4 promoter was only gradually demethylated during the early cleavage stages and that the ineffective demethylation of the promoter was associated with developmental retardation. We also found that the upstream sequences of the other pluripotency regulators, namely Nanog, Sox2, and Foxd3, were considerably under-methylated in cumulus cells. These results suggest that the Oct4 gene, as compared to the other pluripotency regulators, needs to undergo extensive demethylation during nuclear reprogramming, and that the failure of such demethylation is associated with inefficient development of cloned somatic cell embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yamazaki
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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