Pascal's wager: combining continuous glucose monitoring and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

Digital Health Interventions for Diabetes: Everything to Gain and Nothing to Lose

IN BRIEF The traditional approach to integrating new therapies involves long, expensive roadmaps with evidence generation required for multiple stakeholders, most notably regulators and clinicians. More recently, new technologies such as insulin delivery systems and continuous glucose monitoring devices have become mainstream without complete clinical evidence being available when they were first introduced. There is tremendous enthusiasm from investors, industry, and people with diabetes regarding the potential of digital health to add value to diabetes care, and this enthusiasm exists despite a paucity of high-quality clinical evidence from traditional randomized clinical trials. Moreover, the potential of diabetes digital health technologies has been recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulators, who are changing their approaches to allow easier, earlier access to diabetes software and devices. This wager that digital health will add value makes sense.

ProAct study: new features of insulin pumps improve diabetes management and glycemic control in patients after transition of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems

BACKGROUND

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) patients experience switches of pump systems on a regular basis. We investigated the impact of transition from older pumps to the Accu-Chek(®) Combo system (Roche Diagnostics Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) on a patient's glycemic control and diabetes management.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In total, 299 patients (172 female, 127 male; mean±SD age, 39.4±15.2 years; CSII duration, 7.0±5.2 years) were enrolled by 61 European sites into this uncontrolled prospective trial. Glycemic control, safety, and diabetes management parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Changes from baseline were analyzed.

RESULTS

After transition to the new insulin pump, mean±SD hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values decreased from 7.8±1.1% (baseline) to 7.7±1.1% (end point). The proportion of patients with HbA1c <7.0% was slightly higher at the end of the study (29.6%) than at baseline (25.2%), whereas the proportion of patients with HbA1c >8.0% decreased (baseline, 36.2%; end point, 32.7%; P<0.05). The number of hypoglycemic episodes (blood glucose<70 mg/dL) improved slightly during the study (baseline, 40.4±34.0 events/quarter; end point, 39.2±33.9 events/quarter). Glycemic control improved significantly in the group with an initial HbA1c >8.0% (-0.46%; P<0.001) and remained solidly stable in the group with an initial HbA1c <7% (+0.04%; not significant). Short-term (<3 years) pump users (n=48) had a larger HbA1c decrease (-0.40%) than long-term (≥3 years) users (n=251) (-0.07%; P<0.05). The number of blood glucose measurements increased (3.7±1.9/day vs. 4.4±1.8/day; P<0.05), whereas the number of insulin boluses decreased (5.1±1.9/day vs. 4.6±1.5/day; P<0.05) during the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Transition from older pump systems to the Accu-Chek Combo system in a large patient population resulted in stable glycemic control with significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with unsatisfactory baseline HbA1c and shorter pump use. Increased frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and decrease of bolus frequency could suggest a more confident diabetes management and a reduced need for correction boluses.

Advances in pump technology: insulin patch pumps, combined pumps and glucose sensors, and implanted pumps

This review discusses the most recent developments in insulin pump technology. The benefits of the insulin pump to patients with type 1 diabetes are recognized both for its metabolic effectiveness and its positive effects on quality of life. The current pumps are reliable, small and light, and are becoming more and more sophisticated. Nevertheless, there remain practical and psychological constraints for the patient. However, recent patch-pump advances should simplify the technical aspects of pump treatment and enhance patient comfort. Another advance combines the insulin pump with a glucose sensor. Such a combination is logical for optimizing pump use and, to that end, developing an automated or 'closed-loop'system that permits the delivery of subcutaneous insulin adjusted according to measured levels of subcutaneous glucose. Finally, implanted insulin pumps have proven their worth not only because of their simple use, but also for their contribution in the artificial pancreas project. Indeed, the prompt response with intraperitoneal administration of insulin makes it of interest for use in a closed-loop system.

Multicenter user evaluation of ACCU-CHEK® Combo, an integrated system for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate a newly developed system for insulin delivery incorporating a multifunctional blood glucose meter and a remotely controlled insulin pump (ACCU-CHEK® Combo system) in established pump users with type 1 diabetes. The technology was assessed both from device performance and subject usability perspectives.

METHOD

A multicenter, prospective, single group study was carried out in five centers in the Netherlands and four centers in the United Kingdom for more than 6 months. The study was divided into two phases: Phase 1 (4 weeks) for device validation purposes and phase 2 (22 weeks) to observe the impact of the system on metabolic control, patient satisfaction [using the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ)] and device safety.

RESULTS

Eighty subjects completed the planned study period. There were no unexpected device errors. Treatment satisfaction was high at baseline and further increased to study end (DTSQ change version: sum score, 10.6±7.2; scale score range, -18 to +18, p<0.0001). Hemoglobin A1c improved continuously over time, from 7.9% (±0.9%) to 7.7% (±0.8%) at month 3 (p<0.001) and 7.6% (±0.8%) at month 6 (p<0.0001). The frequency of severe hypoglycemia was 0.08 per patient years. There was no case of ketoacidosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The new system was evaluated by experienced continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion users as safe in daily practice and associated with favorable treatment satisfaction and a modest improvement in glycemic control.