1
|
Pang Y, Cheng X, Ban Y, Li Y, Lv B, Li C. Efficient production of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol via combination optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400286. [PMID: 39014927 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22(R)-HCHO) is a crucial precursor of steroids biosynthesis with various biological functions. However, the production of 22(R)-HCHO is expensive and unsustainable due to chemical synthesis and extraction from plants or animals. This study aimed to construct a microbial cell factory to efficiently produce 22(R)-HCHO through systems metabolic engineering. First, we tested 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr7s) and cholesterol C22-hydroxylases from different sources in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the titer of 22(R)-HCHO reached 128.30 mg L-1 in the engineered strain expressing Dhcr7 from Columba livia (ClDhcr7) and cholesterol 22-hydroxylase from Veratrum californicum (VcCyp90b27). Subsequently, the 22(R)-HCHO titer was significantly increased to 427.78 mg L-1 by optimizing the critical genes involved in 22(R)-HCHO biosynthesis. Furthermore, hybrid diploids were constructed to balance cell growth and 22(R)-HCHO production and to improve stress tolerance. Finally, the engineered strain produced 2.03 g L-1 of 22(R)-HCHO in a 5-L fermenter, representing the highest 22(R)-HCHO titer reported to date in engineered microbial cell factories. The results of this study provide a foundation for further applications of 22(R)-HCHO in various industrially valuable steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Ban
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang J, Zhou D, Dong N, Ding C, Liu Y, Li F. Clinical and Genetic Analysis of a Patient With Coexisting 17a-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency and Moyamoya Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:845016. [PMID: 36110215 PMCID: PMC9468450 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.845016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
17a-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in CYP17A1. Female patients present with hypertension, hypokalemia, and sexual infantilism while males present with sex development disorder. Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular disease that frequently results in intracranial ischemia or hemorrhage. The present study describes a case of 17OHD and MMD in a 27-year-old phenotypically female (46, XY) patient and discusses the clinical features and characteristics of her genetic defect. Clinical, hormonal, radiological, and genetic analyses were performed and blood samples were collected for whole-exome sequencing (WES). The results of the WES revealed a homozygous intronic mutation (c.297+2T>C) in CYP17A1, which led to combined 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, as well as novel variants in PCNT and CNOT3 that might lead to MMD. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe 17OHD accompanied by MMD. While several cases have previously described patients with 17OHD with histories of cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral ischemia, a correlation in genetic levels between 17OHD and MMD was not found. The risk of cerebrovascular accidents should be considered in patients with 17OHD and hypertension. Cerebrovascular examination in patients with 17OHD may be beneficial for the prevention of life-threatening intracranial vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Dong
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenzhao Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Fangping Li,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamagata S, Kageyama K, Usui T, Saito K, Takayasu S, Usutani M, Terui K, Daimon M. Identification of a homozygous c.1039C>T (p.R347C) variant in CYP17A1 in a 67-year-old female patient with partial 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. Endocr J 2022; 69:115-120. [PMID: 34483146 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in CYP17A1. Impaired 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities typically induce hypertension, hypokalemia, sexual infantilism, and amenorrhea. Most patients with 17OHD are diagnosed in adolescence. Here, we report a female (46, XX) patient with 17OHD who was diagnosed at the age of 67 years. Genetic analysis was performed using direct DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. Direct DNA sequencing revealed a homozygous c.1039C>T in CYP17A1, corresponding to a p.R347C amino acid change. MLPA probe signals showed that the CYP17A1 mutation was present in the homozygous carrier state. The patient's dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstenedione levels were extremely low, despite elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and normal cortisol levels. A corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test showed no response of cortisol, despite a normal response of ACTH. Rapid ACTH injection resulted in elevations in the deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, and 17-hydroxypregnenolone levels, but not in the cortisol level. These results suggested that 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activities were partially impaired. Computed tomography revealed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and a hypoplastic uterus. A high basal plasma ACTH level and a discrepancy between ACTH and cortisol responses in a CRH test may provide a definitive diagnostic clue for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kageyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Usui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka 420-0881, Japan
| | - Kohei Saito
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takayasu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Mari Usutani
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Terui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Yao F, Luo M, Wang Y, Tian T, Deng S, Tian Q. Clinical characteristics and molecular etiology of partial 17α-hydroxylase deficiency diagnosed in 46,XX patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:978026. [PMID: 36589849 PMCID: PMC9797673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.978026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complete 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is relatively common, with typical juvenile female genitalia, severe hypertension, hypokalemia, and the absence of sexual development, but partial (or non-classical) 17OHD (p17OHD) is extremely rare. The p17OHD patients can present with a broad spectrum of symptoms in 46,XX karyotype including various degree of spontaneous breast development after puberty, recurrent ovarian cysts, oligomenorrhea and infertility depending on specific gene mutations and other influencing factors. METHODS This paper is a retrospective analysis of p17OHD cases from 1997 to 2021 in a Chinese tertiary hospital. Eight patients were recruited from unrelated families according to clinical data. Genotypes of patients were determined by sequencing the CYP17A1 genes. Clinical characteristics were summarized based on manifestations, hormone profiles, and responses to treatments. RESULTS All seven post-pubertal patients had abnormal menses. All patients had enlarged multilocular ovaries, and six (6/8) had a history of ovarian cystectomy prior to a definite diagnosis of p17OHD. All eight patients' sex hormone levels were in accord to hypogonadism with mildly elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and oral contraceptives effectively suppressed the ovarian cysts. Of the four patients who underwent plasma renin activity tests, all showed results below the reference range. Fourteen alleles with a CYP17A1 mutation were found. Exon 6 was the most frequent mutation site (5/14), and four out of these five mutations were c.985_987delTACinsAA, being the most common one. In Case 2, c.1220dupA was a newly reported mutation of CYP17A1. CONCLUSIONS 46,XX p17OHD patients were born with highly fragile ovarian reserve due to diverse mutations of CYP17A1. However, their multi-ovarian cysts can be managed conservatively for fertility preservation. This study focuses on p17OHD in 46,XX by locating the complex genetic causes in novel mutations, summarizing the puzzling spectrum of clinical manifestations, and illustrating the significance of fertility preservation in these scarce cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Yao
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiffany Tian
- Department of Biology, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shan Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Rare Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjie Tian,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miller WL. Steroidogenic electron-transfer factors and their diseases. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:138-148. [PMID: 34610701 PMCID: PMC8505039 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2142154.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most steroidogenesis disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoding the steroidogenic enzymes, but work in the past 20 years has identified related disorders caused by mutations in the genes encoding the cofactors that transport electrons from NADPH to P450 enzymes. Most P450s are microsomal and require electron donation by P450 oxidoreductase (POR); by contrast, mitochondrial P450s require electron donation via ferredoxin reductase (FdxR) and ferredoxin (Fdx). POR deficiency is the most common and best-described of these new forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Severe POR deficiency is characterized by the Antley-Bixler skeletal malformation syndrome and genital ambiguity in both sexes, and hence is easily recognized, but mild forms may present only with infertility and subtle disorders of steroidogenesis. The common POR polymorphism A503V reduces catalysis by P450c17 (17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) and the principal drugmetabolizing P450 enzymes. The 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17 requires the allosteric action of cytochrome b5, which promotes interaction of P450c17 with POR, with consequent electron transfer. Rare b5 mutations are one of several causes of 17,20-lyase deficiency. In addition to their roles with steroidogenic mitochondrial P450s, Fdx and FdxR participate in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters used by many enzymes. Disruptions in the assembly of Fe-S clusters is associated with Friedreich ataxia and Parkinson disease. Recent work has identified mutations in FdxR in patients with neuropathic hearing loss and visual impairment, somewhat resembling the global neurologic disorders seen with mitochondrial diseases. Impaired steroidogenesis is to be expected in such individuals, but this has not yet been studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Address for correspondence: Walter L. Miller Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Y, Xue X, Shi P, Lu Q, Lv S. Multidisciplinary team management of 46,XY 17α-hydroxylase deficiency: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521993965. [PMID: 33761789 PMCID: PMC8165845 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521993965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report here a case study of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in a phenotypic girl with male karyotype (46,XY). We also review the relevant literature to deepen our understanding of the disease, reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, and emphasize that holistic management of this disease requires collaborative multidisciplinary teamwork. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old patient with a female phenotype visited the endocrinology department because of hypertension. The patient had primary amenorrhea and lacked secondary sexual characteristics. Initial laboratory evaluation revealed normal levels of electrolytes, a hypergonadotropic hypogonadal state with high progesterone and low testosterone levels, and a 46,XY karyotype. She was referred to the urology department for gonadectomy and transferred to the gynecological endocrine clinic. On the basis of the patient's medical history and genetic testing results, a diagnosis of 46,XY 17α-hydroxylase deficiency was made. The patient was provided with glucocorticoids, estrogens, metformin, and psychological support. CONCLUSIONS Patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, a rare cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, should be treated by a multidisciplinary team. Relevant experts from different disciplines should set up a systematic and comprehensive individualized management plan to optimize the physical and mental health and quality of life of affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Panpan Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinrui Lu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shulan Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sangkhathat S, Laochareonsuk W, Jaruratanasirikul S, Maneechay W. Early diagnosis of CYP17A1 compound heterozygous mutations in a 46, XY child with disorders of sexual development. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/uros.uros_43_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
8
|
Lu S, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Huang K, Wu M, Zhou Y, Li Q, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhou H. CYP17A1 Polymorphisms Are Linked to the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in a Case-Control Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:98-104. [PMID: 31356544 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyzes the formation and metabolism of steroid hormones and is required for cortisol and androgens. There is increasing evidence that CYP17A1 plays an important role in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the association of CYP17A1 polymorphisms and CHD susceptibility is still not clear. METHODS We conducted a case-control study with 396 CHD cases and 461 healthy controls from Hainan province, China. Using the Agena MassARRAY platform, we genotyped 4 genetic variants (rs3740397, rs1004467, rs4919687, and rs3781286) in CYP17A1. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of CYP17A1 polymorphisms with CHD risk by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS It showed that A allele of CYP17A1 rs4919687 carried with a 1.59-fold increased risk of CHD (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.26-1.99; P < 0.001). Also, rs4919687 was significantly associated with CHD risk under various models (homozygote: OR = 3.60; 95% CI = 1.64-7.83; P = 0.001; dominant: OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.06-2.13; P = 0.021; recessive: OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.51-7.14; P = 0.003; additive: OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.17-2.07; P = 0.002). Moreover, analysis showed that Ars1004467 Ars4919687 haplotype was a protective factor of CHD (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.48-0.86; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CYP17A1 polymorphisms are associated with CHD susceptibility in the Hainan Han Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianghua Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Yilei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Zibin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He X, Modi Z, Else T. Hereditary causes of primary aldosteronism and other disorders of apparent excess mineralocorticoid activity. Gland Surg 2020; 9:150-158. [PMID: 32206607 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2019.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary hypertension is a common condition with a broad differential diagnosis. Identification of the true cause of hypertension can be critical for guiding appropriate management. Here, we review hereditary conditions underlying the most common cause of secondary hypertension, primary aldosteronism, as well as other disorders impacting various levels of mineralocorticoid action. Recently, several pathogenic variants of ion channels have been described as etiologies of familial aldosteronism. Defects in steroid hormone synthesis cause hypertension in 11β-hydroxylase deficiency and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, two types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Inappropriate activation of mineralocorticoid receptors underlies the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and constitutive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Finally, Liddle syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 are disorders impacting the function of renal sodium channels, the endpoint of mineralocorticoid action. We discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these low renin hypertension states that ultimately result in apparent excess mineralocorticoid activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zubin Modi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Wang H, Zhao H, Li L, Liu M, Liu F, Meng F, Fan C. Prevalence of CYP17A1 gene mutations in 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in the Chinese Han population. Clin Hypertens 2019; 25:23. [PMID: 31636948 PMCID: PMC6792268 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-019-0128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 gene. The major clinical presentation includes hypertension, hypokalemia, male pseudohermaphroditism and female gonadal dysplasia. Hundreds of pathogenic variants have been reported in this disorder, and some common mutations were found to be race-specific. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we reported 5 Chinese girls with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency from Henan Province. The patients all came to the hospital for hypertension, and they also presented with sexual infantilism. The average age of the patients was 14 years old, ranging from 12 to 17 years old. They all had reduced blood cortisol, estradiol (E2), and testosterone (TESTO) and increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). They all had the appearance of females; however, three of the chromosome karyotypes were 46XX, and two were 46XY. CONCLUSIONS All of the patients carried a mutation on the 329 amino acid of CYP17A1 exon 6. By summarizing the currently known pathogenic mutations of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, we demonstrated the prevalence of these gene mutations in Chinese Han and non-Chinese populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Fujia Liu
- Bestnovo Beijing Medical Laboratory, No.14 Building, Room 502, PKUCare Industry Park, Zhong Guan Cun Life Science Park, Chang Ping District, Beijing, China
| | - Fansen Meng
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Caini Fan
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miller WL. Disorders in the initial steps of steroid hormone synthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:18-37. [PMID: 26960203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis begins with cellular internalization of low-density lipoprotein particles and subsequent intracellular processing of cholesterol. Disorders in these steps include Adrenoleukodystrophy, Wolman Disease and its milder variant Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease, and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease, all of which may present with adrenal insufficiency. The means by which cholesterol is directed to steroidogenic mitochondria remains incompletely understood. Once cholesterol reaches the outer mitochondrial membrane, its delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Severe StAR mutations cause classic congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, characterized by lipid accumulation in the adrenal, adrenal insufficiency, and disordered sexual development in 46,XY individuals. The lipoid CAH phenotype, including spontaneous puberty in 46,XX females, is explained by a two-hit model. StAR mutations that retain partial function cause a milder, non-classic disease characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency, with lesser disorders of mineralocorticoid and sex steroid synthesis. Once inside the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, encoded by the CYP11A1 gene. Rare patients with mutations of P450scc are clinically and hormonally indistinguishable from those with lipoid CAH, and may also present as milder non-classic disease. Patients with P450scc defects do not have the massive adrenal hyperplasia that characterizes lipoid CAH, but adrenal imaging may occasionally fail to distinguish these, necessitating DNA sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism near the CYP17A1 Gene Is Associated with Left Ventricular Mass in Hypertensive Patients under Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17456-68. [PMID: 26263970 PMCID: PMC4581202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyses the formation and metabolism of steroid hormones. They are involved in blood pressure (BP) regulation and in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Therefore, altered function of CYP17A1 due to genetic variants may influence BP and left ventricular mass. Notably, genome wide association studies supported the role of this enzyme in BP control. Against this background, we investigated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or nearby the CYP17A1 gene with BP and left ventricular mass in patients with arterial hypertension and associated cardiovascular organ damage treated according to guidelines. Patients (n = 1007, mean age 58.0 ± 9.8 years, 83% men) with arterial hypertension and cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40% were enrolled in the study. Cardiac parameters of left ventricular mass, geometry and function were determined by echocardiography. The cohort comprised patients with coronary heart disease (n = 823; 81.7%) and myocardial infarction (n = 545; 54.1%) with a mean LVEF of 59.9% ± 9.3%. The mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was 52.1 ± 21.2 g/m2.7 and 485 (48.2%) patients had left ventricular hypertrophy. There was no significant association of any investigated SNP (rs619824, rs743572, rs1004467, rs11191548, rs17115100) with mean 24 h systolic or diastolic BP. However, carriers of the rs11191548 C allele demonstrated a 7% increase in LVMI (95% CI: 1%-12%, p = 0.017) compared to non-carriers. The CYP17A1 polymorphism rs11191548 demonstrated a significant association with LVMI in patients with arterial hypertension and preserved LVEF. Thus, CYP17A1 may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy in this clinical condition.
Collapse
|
13
|
Turkkahraman D, Guran T, Ivison H, Griffin A, Vijzelaar R, Krone N. Identification of a novel large CYP17A1 deletion by MLPA analysis in a family with classic 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. Sex Dev 2015; 9:91-7. [PMID: 25765894 DOI: 10.1159/000375183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutations in the 17α-hydroxylase ( CYP17A1) gene. CYP17A1 is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones facilitating both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. We characterized a partial CYP17A1 deletion in a Kurdish family with 17OHD by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The index patient presented with amenorrhea and lack of pubertal development. Investigations established the diagnosis of 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). She is the daughter of consanguineous parents and has 2 sisters with similar clinical presentation. All patients showed biochemical signs of primary adrenal and gonadal insufficiency. The molecular genetic analysis by PCR suggested a deletion spanning exons 1–6 of the CYP17A1 gene. MLPA analysis confirmed the large partial CYP17A1 deletion in patients and parents in homozygous and heterozygous state, respectively. This is the first report employing MLPA for mutation analysis to detect a deletion of CYP17A1 spanning multiple exons in 3 patients with classic 17OHD. Therefore, it is important to consider large partial CYP17A1 deletions in 17OHD in addition to point mutations in cases where no segregation analysis is possible to determine the correct genotype.
Collapse
|
14
|
Perales Martínez J, Pina Marqués B, de Arriba Muñoz A, Mayayo Dehesa E, Labarta Aizpún J, Loidi Fernández L. Hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita debida a deficiencia de 17α-hidroxilasa: a propósito de una nueva mutación en el gen CYP17A1. An Pediatr (Barc) 2015; 82:e64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
15
|
Turcu A, Smith JM, Auchus R, Rainey WE. Adrenal androgens and androgen precursors-definition, synthesis, regulation and physiologic actions. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:1369-81. [PMID: 25428847 PMCID: PMC4437668 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human adrenal produces more 19 carbon (C19) steroids, by mass, than either glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids. However, the mechanisms regulating adrenal C19 steroid biosynthesis continue to represent one of the most intriguing mysteries of endocrine physiology. This review will discuss the C19 steroids synthesized by the human adrenal and the features within the adrenal that allow production of these steroids. Finally, we consider the effects of these steroids in normal physiology and disorders of adrenal C19 steroid excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Turcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang B, Shen XL, Liang R, Li Y, Huang K, Zhao C, Luo Y, Xu W. Protective role of the mitochondrial Lon protease 1 in ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells. J Proteomics 2014; 101:154-68. [PMID: 24565693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common kind of mycotoxin and food contaminant, which has various toxicological effects, especially nephrotoxicity. Our previous work about OTA-induced renal cytotoxicity indicated that mitochondrial Lon Protease 1 (Lonp1) might play a protective role. Lonp1 is a multifunctional ATP-dependent protease which mainly participates in mitochondrial proteolysis and protein quality control. The study aimed at probing how Lonp1 functioned in OTA-induced renal cytotoxicity. By means of RNA interference, we down-regulated the expression of Lonp1 in HEK293 cells. Cell viability results revealed that cells with Lonp1 deficiency were more vulnerable to OTA. Then we identified differentially expressed proteins between Lonp1 knock-down cells and scrambled control both in the absence and presence of OTA, using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach. Thirty-four proteins were differentially expressed as a result of Lonp1 deficiency, while forty-four proteins were differentially expressed in response to both Lonp1 deficiency and OTA treatment. By function summary and pathway analysis, we presumed that Lonp1 realized its protective function in the resistance to OTA-induced renal cytotoxicity via 4 processes: defensing against OTA-induced oxidative stress in the mitochondria; regulating protein synthesis, modification and repair; maintaining the balance of carbohydrate metabolism; and assisting in mtDNA maintenance. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OTA is a kind of mycotoxin that seriously threatens human health and has various toxicological effects. However, the mechanisms of its toxicity have not been exactly elucidated yet. The method of combination of RNAi and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics paves the way to gain a better understanding of the toxicity mechanisms of OTA. The present study, for the first time, verified the protective role of Lonp1 in OTA-induced renal cytotoxicity and clarified the defensive mechanism. Proteomic changes in Lonp1 deficient cells induced by OTA added new knowledge to OTA cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhang
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiao Li Shen
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, PR China
| | - Rui Liang
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Changhui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of food safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim YM, Kang M, Choi JH, Lee BH, Kim GH, Ohn JH, Kim SY, Park MS, Yoo HW. A review of the literature on common CYP17A1 mutations in adults with 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, a case series of such mutations among Koreans and functional characteristics of a novel mutation. Metabolism 2014; 63:42-9. [PMID: 24140098 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, characterized by hypertension and sexual infantilism and caused by loss-of-function mutations in CYP17A1. This study investigated the clinical and molecular characteristics of six adults with 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency and the functional consequences of a novel CYP17A1 mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six phenotypic females, three with 46,XY and three with 46,XX karyotypes, presented with primary amenorrhea and hypertension. All had elevated levels of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, serum gonadotropin, progesterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone, and reduced testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). All coding exons and flanking intronic sequences of CYP17A1 were directly sequenced using genomic DNA. Wild-type and mutant CYP17A1 cDNAs were inserted into the pcDNA3.1/V5-His-P450c17 vector, and transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. This was followed by an assessment of 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities by measuring the conversions of progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA. RESULTS The mutation analysis identified one patient with compound heterozygosity for p.H373L and p.W406L, one with compound heterozygosity for p.H373L and p.A174E, three with compound heterozygosity for p.Y329fs and p.H373L, and one with homozygosity for p.H373L. An in vitro functional analysis of the novel p.W406L mutation revealed a complete loss of 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase activities. CONCLUSIONS p.H373L was the most common mutation among these Korean patients, consistent with the high allele frequency of p.H373L in Chinese and Japanese populations, suggesting possible founder effects in Asian countries. The novel p.W406L mutation caused a complete loss of both catalytic activities, indicating that this amino acid is critical for P450c17 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salvador JAR, Pinto RMA, Silvestre SM. Steroidal 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitors useful in the treatment of prostatic diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:199-222. [PMID: 23688836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of steroidal inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis as potential weapons in the treatment of prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer will be reviewed. Two enzymes have been targeted in the development of inhibitors that potentially could be useful in the management of such conditions. 5α-Reductase is primarily of interest in benign prostatic disease, though some role in the chemoprevention of prostatic carcinoma have been considered, whereas the 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) enzyme is of interest in the treatment of malignant disease. An overview of the main achievements obtained during the past years will be presented, however special focus will be made on steroidal molecules that reached clinical trials or have been commercially launched. Relevant examples of such drugs are finasteride, dutasteride, abiraterone acetate and galeterone (TOK-001, formerly known as VN/124-1). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li X, Ling Y, Lu D, Lu Z, Liu Y, Chen H, Gao X. Common polymorphism rs11191548 near the CYP17A1 gene is associated with hypertension and systolic blood pressure in the Han Chinese population. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:465-72. [PMID: 23467202 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hps066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11191548, near the CYP17A1 gene, has been identified as being associated with hypertension and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a European population. The CYP17A1 gene encodes cytochrome P450c17alpha and plays an important role in the steroidogenic pathway, which includes mineralocorticoids. Methods We investigated the SNP rs11191548 in a case-control study of 1,102 subjects with essential hypertension (EH) and 1,109 normotensive controls. Results The SNP rs11191548 was significantly associated with hypertension in an additive genetic model (genotypes CC vs. TC vs. TT; odds ratio (OR) = 1.27 (95% CI, 1.10-1.47; P = 0.001)). The ORs of the TC vs. TT and CC vs. TT genotypes were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.10-1.63; P = 0.003) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.10-2.12; P = 0.014), respectively. The risk C-allele was associated with increased SBP (βadj ± SEM = 1.307±0.515; P = 0.011) levels in the controls and decreased plasma renin activity (PRA) (βadj ± SEM = -0.053±0.016; P = 0.001) in the subjects with EH. In a stratified analysis of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)-related antagonists, the C-allele was significantly associated with decreased serum potassium (K(+)) (βadj ± SEM = -0.093±0.028; P = 0.001) and PRA (βadj ± SEM = -0.067±0.023; P = 0.003) levels in patients with EH who were not taking RAAS-related antagonists. These results remained statistically significant after correction for multiple corrections. Conclusions The SNP rs11191548, near the CYP17A1 gene, was associated with hypertension and SBP in a Chinese Han population. The rs11191548 polymorphism was also related to lower PRA and K(+) levels, suggesting that it has an effect on the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xue LQ, Han B, Chen LB, Pan CM, Zhu H, Liu BL, Liu W, Wu WL, Chen MD, Lu YL, Qiao J, Song HD. Identification of a novel mutation in CYP17A1 gene. Transl Res 2013; 161:44-9. [PMID: 23036723 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease that is characterized by low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and abnormal development of the genitalia. Mutations in the CYP17A1 gene account for this disease. We aim to investigate the CYP17A1 mutation and analyze its possible influence on phenotype in a Chinese patient with 17OHD. Steroid hormones were assayed. The 8 exons of the CYP17A1 gene were amplified and directly sequenced. Wild-type and mutant CYP17A1 cDNA were cloned into pcDNA3.1 expression vectors and transfected into 293T cells. Finally, 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activity were detected by using progesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone as the substrates. A novel missense mutation c.716 G>A located in exon 4 that changed the amino acid from arginine to glutamine (R239Q) was discovered in the patient. Steric model analysis of CYP17A1 showed that R239Q changed the local structure and the electrostatic potential. Functional study indicated that the R239Q mutant caused the complete loss of both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. Our study expanded the CYP17A1 mutation spectrum. With a functional study, we confirmed that the novel mutation caused the complete loss of both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Molecular Medical Centre, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhou Q, Wu C, Wang L, Zheng J, Zheng C, Jin J, Qian Y, Ni L. Clinical and genetic analysis for two Chinese siblings with 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:455-9. [PMID: 22103881 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.633648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is characterized by impaired productions of gonadal steroids and cortisol, a subsequent elevation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and accumulation of steroid precusors, which are shunted into the mineralocorticoid synthesis pathway. This disease is caused by mutations in the CYP17 gene. In this paper, we will describe the clinical features and genetic alterations on two female siblings of 46,XY and 46,XX from a family with complete 17OHD. METHODS This study employed a spectrum of methods, including clinical, hormonal, radiological and genetic analyses. Blood samples from the siblings and their family members were taken for genetic tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and coding sequence abnormalities of the CYP17 gene were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis. RESULTS Genetic analysis of the CYP17 gene revealed a homozygous mutation in the two siblings. The mutation is a microdeletion, located in exon 8, Asp487-Ser488-Phe489 deletion. This deletion may be a prevalent CYP17 mutation in the Chinese population. CONCLUSION Our study showed that a possible founder effect may account for the recurrent mutation Asp487-Ser488-Phe489 deletion in Chinese patients with 17OHD. And genetic testing could provide a useful method for a definitive diagnosis of 17OHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schonemann MD, Muench MO, Tee MK, Miller WL, Mellon SH. Expression of P450c17 in the human fetal nervous system. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2494-505. [PMID: 22434081 PMCID: PMC3339640 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
P450c17 catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities. P450c17 is expressed in human fetal and postnatal adrenals and gonads and in the developing mouse nervous system, but little is known about its expression in the human nervous system. We obtained portions of 9-, 10-, and 11-wk gestation human fetuses and delineated the pattern of expression of P450c17 in their peripheral nervous systems by immunocytochemistry using the P450c17 antiserum previously used to characterize P450c17 in the mouse brain. P450c17 was readily detected in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord. Neural structures were identified with antisera to the cytoskeletal protein neural cell adhesion molecule; DRG were identified with antisera to the neuronal transcription factor BRN3A and neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B. The identification of P450c17 was confirmed using commercial antisera directed against different domains of P450c17 and by using antisera immunodepleted with authentic human P450c17. We also found expression of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) in the spinal cord and DRG. Expression of P450scc is limited to cell bodies; unlike P450c17, we never detected P450scc in fiber tracts. Catalysis by P450c17 requires electron donation from P450 oxidoreductase (POR). Dual-label immunohistochemistry detected P450c17 and POR colocalized in DRG bundles, but some fibers containing P450c17 lacked POR. These data suggest that neurosteroids synthesized via these two enzymes may act in the developing human nervous system. The expression of P450c17 in structures lacking POR means that P450c17 may not be steroidogenic in those locations, suggesting that P450c17 may have additional functions that do not require POR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Schonemann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0556, San Francisco, California 94143-0556, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miller WL, Bose HS. Early steps in steroidogenesis: intracellular cholesterol trafficking. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2111-2135. [PMID: 21976778 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol, primarily derived from lipoproteins that enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In endo-lysosomes, cholesterol is released from cholesterol esters by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL; disordered in Wolman disease) and exported via Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) proteins (disordered in NPC disease). These diseases are characterized by accumulated cholesterol and cholesterol esters in most cell types. Mechanisms for trans-cytoplasmic cholesterol transport, membrane insertion, and retrieval from membranes are less clear. Cholesterol esters and "free" cholesterol are enzymatically interconverted in lipid droplets. Cholesterol transport to the cholesterol-poor outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) appears to involve cholesterol transport proteins. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) then initiates steroidogenesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone on the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Acute steroidogenic responses are regulated by cholesterol delivery from OMM to IMM, triggered by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Chronic steroidogenic capacity is determined by CYP11A1 gene transcription. StAR mutations cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, with absent steroidogenesis, potentially lethal salt loss, and 46,XY sex reversal. StAR mutations initially destroy most, but not all steroidogenesis; low levels of StAR-independent steroidogenesis are lost later due to cellular damage, explaining the clinical findings. Rare P450scc mutations cause a similar syndrome. This review addresses these early steps in steroid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143.
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404; and; Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Hypertension affects about 10 - 25% of the population and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. The renin-angiotensin system is frequently implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, be it primary or secondary. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism increases with the severity of hypertension, from 2% in patients with grade 1 hypertension to 20% among resistant hypertensives. Mineralcorticoid hypertension includes a spectrum of disorders ranging from renin-producing pathologies (renin-secreting tumors, malignant hypertension, coarctation of aorta), aldosterone-producing pathologies (primary aldosteronism - Conns syndrome, familial hyperaldosteronism 1, 2, and 3), non-aldosterone mineralocorticoid producing pathologies (apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, Liddle syndrome, deoxycorticosterone-secreting tumors, ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) syndrome, congenitalvadrenal hyperplasia), and drugs with mineraocorticoid activity (locorice, carbenoxole therapy) to glucocorticoid receptor resistance syndromes. Clinical presentation includes hypertension with varying severity, hypokalemia, and alkalosis. Ratio of plasma aldosterone concentraion to plasma renin activity remains the best screening tool. Bilateral adrenal venous sampling is the best diagnostic test coupled with a CT scan. Treatment is either surgical (adrenelectomy) for unilateral adrenal disease versus medical therapy for idiopathic, ambiguous, or bilateral disease. Medical therapy focuses on blood pressure control and correction of hypokalemia using a combination of anti-hypertensives (calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers) and potassium-raising therapies (mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist or potassium sparing diuretics). Direct aldosterone synthetase antagonists represent a promising future therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, 15 – Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bao X, Ding H, Xu Y, Cui G, He Y, Yu X, Wang DW. Prevalence of common mutations in the CYP17A1 gene in Chinese Han population. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1240-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
26
|
Sahakitrungruang T, Tee MK, Blackett PR, Miller WL. Partial defect in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme P450scc (CYP11A1) resembling nonclassic congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:792-8. [PMID: 21159840 PMCID: PMC3047228 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), encoded by the CYP11A1 gene, converts cholesterol to pregnenolone to initiate steroidogenesis. Genetic defects in P450scc cause a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is clinically indistinguishable from congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (lipoid CAH). Nonclassic lipoid CAH is a recently recognized disorder caused by mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) that retain partial function. OBJECTIVE We describe two siblings with hormonal findings suggesting nonclassic lipoid CAH, who had a P450scc mutation that retains partial function. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 46,XY male presented with underdeveloped genitalia and partial adrenal insufficiency; his 46,XX sister presented with adrenal insufficiency. Hormonal studies suggested nonclassic lipoid CAH. Sequencing of the StAR gene was normal, but compound heterozygous mutations were found in the CYP11A1 gene. Mutations were recreated in the F2 plasmid expressing a fusion protein of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system. P450scc activity was measured as Vmax/Km for pregnenolone production in transfected COS-1 cells. RESULTS The patients were compound heterozygous for the previously described frameshift mutation 835delA and the novel missense mutation A269V. When expressed in the P450scc moiety of F2, the A269V mutant retained 11% activity of the wild-type F2 protein. CONCLUSIONS There is a broad clinical spectrum of P450scc deficiency. Partial loss-of-function CYP11A1 mutation can present with a hormonal phenotype indistinguishable from nonclassic lipoid CAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taninee Sahakitrungruang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miller WL, Auchus RJ. The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:81-151. [PMID: 21051590 PMCID: PMC3365799 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repeated in each gland with cell-type-specific variations on a single theme. Thus, understanding steroidogenesis is rooted in an understanding of the biochemistry of the various steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors and the genes that encode them. The first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by a single enzyme, P450scc (CYP11A1), but this enzymatically complex step is subject to multiple regulatory mechanisms, yielding finely tuned quantitative regulation. Qualitative regulation determining the type of steroid to be produced is mediated by many enzymes and cofactors. Steroidogenic enzymes fall into two groups: cytochrome P450 enzymes and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. A cytochrome P450 may be either type 1 (in mitochondria) or type 2 (in endoplasmic reticulum), and a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may belong to either the aldo-keto reductase or short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase families. The activities of these enzymes are modulated by posttranslational modifications and by cofactors, especially electron-donating redox partners. The elucidation of the precise roles of these various enzymes and cofactors has been greatly facilitated by identifying the genetic bases of rare disorders of steroidogenesis. Some enzymes not principally involved in steroidogenesis may also catalyze extraglandular steroidogenesis, modulating the phenotype expected to result from some mutations. Understanding steroidogenesis is of fundamental importance to understanding disorders of sexual differentiation, reproduction, fertility, hypertension, obesity, and physiological homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
A Dispensable Role for P450scc in the Overproduction of Aldosterone in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma and Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 16:589-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Swart P. CYP17 causes hypocortisolism in the South African Angora goat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:121-5. [PMID: 18840497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) isoforms have been identified in the South African Angora goat (Capra hircus) and have been implicated as the primary cause of hypocortisolism in this subspecies. These goats are the most efficient fibre producing, but least hardy, small stock breed in Southern Africa. Their inability to cope with prolonged exposure to cold and the resulting stock loss which occurs during winter have been the subject of numerous studies. The two isoforms are encoded for by two separate genes, a novel finding for a mammalian species. The enzymes have unique catalytic properties and differ with respect to their 17,20-lyase activities towards 17-hydroxypregnenolone and subsequent androgen production. In vivo assays confirmed that the three resulting genotypes differed in their ability to produce cortisol in response to intravenous insulin injection implicating CYP17 as the primary cause of the observed hypocortisolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rubtsov P, Karmanov M, Sverdlova P, Spirin P, Tiulpakov A. A novel homozygous mutation in CYP11A1 gene is associated with late-onset adrenal insufficiency and hypospadias in a 46,XY patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:936-9. [PMID: 19116240 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The first and the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of hormones in all steroidogenic tissues, conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, is catalyzed by the cholesterol side-change cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc) encoded by a single gene, CYP11A1. To date, mutations in CYP11A1 gene have been reported in six patients, all of whom presented with adrenal insufficiency within the first 4 yr of life and severely underandrogenized external genitalia (Prader stages 1-2). OBJECTIVE Our aim was to characterize in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel homozygous CYP11A1 gene mutation identified in a patient with an unusual presentation of P450scc deficiency. METHODS AND PATIENTS A 46,XY patient presented with mid-shaft hypospadias and cryptorchidism at birth and signs of adrenal failure at 9 yr. Mutational analysis of CYP11A1 gene was performed by PCR, followed by direct sequencing. P450scc activity was determined by measuring concentration of pregnenolone synthesized from cholesterol in the medium after a transient transfection of HEK293 cells with P450scc, adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression plasmids. RESULTS The sequencing of CYP11A1 gene in the proband revealed a novel homozygous L222P mutation, whereas both parents were heterozygous carriers for this mutation. In vitro P450scc activity of L222P mutant was approximately 7% compared with the wild type. CONCLUSIONS This case represents the mildest phenotype of P450scc deficiency to be described. The phenotypic presentation was consistent with the partial reduction of P450scc activity of L222P mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Rubtsov
- Department of Endocrine Genetics, Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow 117036, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Snyman MA, Swart P. Two CYP17 genes in the South African Angora goat (Capra hircus) - the identification of three genotypes that differ in copy number and steroidogenic output. FEBS J 2008; 275:3934-43. [PMID: 18616460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17-20 lyase (CYP17), which is encoded by a single gene, plays a critical role in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens by the adrenal cortex. Two CYP17 isoforms with unique catalytic properties have been identified in the South African Angora goat (Capra hircus), a subspecies that is susceptible to cold stress because of the inability of the adrenal cortex to produce sufficient levels of cortisol. A real-time-based genotyping assay was used in this study to identify the distribution of the two CYP17 alleles in the South African Angora population. These data revealed that the two CYP17 isoforms were not the product of two alleles of the same gene, but two separate CYP17 genes encoding the two unique CYP17 isoforms. This novel finding was subsequently confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Goats were divided into three unique genotypes which differed not only in the genes encoding CYP17, but also in copy number. Furthermore, in vivo assays revealed that the identified genotypes differed in their ability to produce cortisol in response to intravenous insulin injection. This study clearly demonstrates the presence of two CYP17 genes in the South African Angora goat, and further implicates CYP17 as the primary cause of the observed hypocortisolism in this subspecies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Matsumoto Y, Suzuki A, Shibuya N, Oshino S, Kamata M, Goto K, Otani K. Association study of the cytochrome P450 17 gene polymorphism with personality traits in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2008; 194:21-4. [PMID: 18619494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There have been several studies suggesting that sex hormones are involved in characterization of human mental function and behaviour. Recently, it has been reported that the -34T/C polymorphism of cytochrome P450 17 (CYP17) gene affects sex hormone dispositions. Therefore, it is possible that the CYP17 -34T/C polymorphism affects personality traits. In the present study, the association of this genetic polymorphism with personality traits was examined in 595 healthy Japanese. Personality traits were assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the CYP17 -34T/C polymorphism was detected by a PCR-RFLP method. In males, the scores of novelty seeking, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence were higher in the group with the C allele than in that without this allele. In females, none of the seven TCI dimensions was different between the two genotype groups. The present study thus suggests that the -34T/C polymorphism of the CYP17 gene affects personality traits of healthy males, but not females, and this gender-dependent effect may be mediated by the action of sex hormones such as estradiol and testosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Piras I, Falchi A, Moral P, Melis A, Giovannoni L, Paoli G, Calò C, Vona G, Varesi L. Frequencies of promoter pentanucleotide (TTTTA)n of CYP11A gene in European and North African populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:93-6. [PMID: 18307388 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2007.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work attempts to determine the distribution of CYP11A (TTTTA)n genotype and allele frequencies in 10 European and North African populations. This polymorphism has been associated with hyperandrogenism by several association studies. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the ethnic variation of this polymorphism. DNA was extracted from 868 whole-blood samples with the standard phenol-chloroform technique, and PCR reactions were carried out using fluorescent primers as described previously. PCR products were analyzed by an ABI 3,730 DNA Analyzer. A total of six alleles were identified, ranging from 220 bp (4 repeats [4R]) to 250 bp (10R). The most frequent allelic fragment size in all populations was 4R, with frequencies ranging from 47.9% (Sicily) to 62.8% (Tuscany and Germany). Allelic frequencies showed high heterogeneity between analyzed populations. We detected a significant gradient for alleles 4R and 8R. In this study, we report the allele frequency distribution of CYP11A (TTTTA)n showing a north-south geographic gradient. This result could be useful for epidemiological studies about hyperandrogenism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Piras
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gonçalves J, Friães A, Moura L. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: focus on the molecular basis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Expert Rev Mol Med 2007; 9:1-23. [PMID: 17466088 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399407000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in one of several steroidogenic enzymes involved in the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol in the adrenal glands. More than 90% of cases are caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and the severity of the resulting clinical symptoms varies according to the level of 21-hydroxylase activity. 21-Hydroxylase deficiency is usually caused by mutations in theCYP21A2gene, which is located on the RCCX module, a chromosomal region highly prone to genetic recombination events that can result in a wide variety of complex rearrangements, such as gene duplications, gross deletions and gene conversions of variable extensions. Molecular genotyping ofCYP21A2and the RCCX module has proved useful for a more accurate diagnosis of the disease, and prenatal diagnosis. This article summarises the clinical features of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, explains current understanding of the disease at the molecular level, and highlights recent developments, particularly in diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Gonçalves
- Centro de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Won GS, Chiu CY, Tso YC, Jenq SF, Cheng PS, Jap TS. A compound heterozygous mutation in the CYP17 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) gene in a Chinese subject with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Metabolism 2007; 56:504-7. [PMID: 17379008 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the CYP17 gene impair steroid biosynthesis in the adrenals and gonads, resulting in 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450c17) deficiency, leading to amenorrhea, sexual infantilism, hypokalemia, and hypertension. To date, more than 50 mutations in the CYP17 gene associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have been described. In this study, we analyzed a 36-year-old phenotypic female, genotypic male, with P450c17 deficiency to compare with an additional group of 50 Chinese subjects without P450c17 deficiency in Taiwan. DNA sequence analysis of the CYP17 gene was performed. The result showed that the proband had a compound heterozygous mutations in exon 6 (CGC-->TGC) that resulted in the substitution of arginine by cysteine at codon 362, and in exon 7 (CCG-->CGG) that resulted in the substitution of proline by arginine at codon 409. In conclusion, we have identified a compound heterozygous mutation in the CYP17 gene in one patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gin-Sing Won
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, and School of Medical Technology and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wei JQ, Wei JL, Li WC, Bi YS, Wei FC. Genotyping of five chinese patients with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency diagnosed through high-performance liquid chromatography serum adrenal profile: identification of two novel CYP17 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3647-53. [PMID: 16822828 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT 17alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by CYP17 gene mutations. OBJECTIVE Five Chinese patients with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency were genotyped. PATIENTS The five patients derived from four families living in Shandong Province, China. The diagnosis of 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency was initially established through HPLC serum adrenal profiles in Qilu Hospital, China, from 1983-1993. RESULTS Three CYP17 gene mutations were identified from these patients. Among them, V311fs and Y329fs are two novel frame-shifting mutations. V311fs is an 8-bp nucleotide (TTAAATGG) deletion in exon 5. Y329fs is a deletion-insertion combined mutation (TAC-->AA) at codon 329 in exon 6. Two homozygotes for Y329fs and one compound heterozygote for Y329fs and V311fs were identified from three different families. Two homozygous sisters for the D487_S488_F489 deletion were identified. CONCLUSION The results confirmed the diagnostic value of the HPLC serum adrenal profile for 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. The D487_S488_F489 deletion had been identified in two previously genotyped Chinese families. In our present study, a third Chinese family with this mutation was identified, suggesting that this mutation is a prevalent CYP17 mutation in the Chinese population. The identification of Y329fs mutation in addition to three previously identified mutations at codon 329 suggests that codon 329 is an unstable point of the CYP17 gene. The mutations identified from our five patients appear to be random, but the recurrence of the Y329fs mutation may be attributed to a founder effect. Our studies suggest that 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency may not be rare in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qing Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Souter I, Munir I, Mallick P, Weitsman SR, Geller DH, Magoffin DA. Mutagenesis of putative serine-threonine phosphorylation sites proximal to Arg255 of human cytochrome P450c17 does not selectively promote its 17,20-lyase activity. Fertil Steril 2006; 85 Suppl 1:1290-9. [PMID: 16616104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of serine-threonine phosphorylation on the activity of human P450c17. DESIGN In vitro study. SETTING Academic basic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTION(S) P450c17 expression constructs with a FLAG-tag on either the C-terminus or N-terminus of the protein were generated. Human C-terminal FLAG-tagged P450c17 chromosomal DNA was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. Serine 258 and threonine 260 each were mutated to alanine and aspartic acid. The mutant P450c17s were expressed in COS-7 cells, and the enzymatic activities were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) 17alpha-Hydroxylase and C(17-20) lyase activities of human P450c17. RESULT(S) C-terminal FLAG-tagged P450c17 functioned indistinguishably from the wild-type P450c17. Mutants S258A, S258D, and T260D had significantly less 17alpha-hydroxylase and C(17-20) lyase activities than the wild type. CONCLUSION(S) Adding an epitope tag to the C-terminus of the P450c17 protein does not interfere with its activities and will be a useful tool to isolate human P450c17 protein from cultured cells. Phosphorylation of serine 258 but not threonine 260 may act as a physiologic regulator of both enzymatic activities through interaction with obligatory redox partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Souter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cicek MS, Liu X, Casey G, Witte JS. Role of Androgen Metabolism Genes CYP1B1, PSA/KLK3, and CYP11 in Prostate Cancer Risk and Aggressiveness. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2173-7. [PMID: 16172228 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate genes involved with androgen metabolism have been hypothesized to affect the risk of prostate cancer. To further investigate this, we evaluated the relationship between prostate cancer and multiple potentially functional polymorphisms in three genes involved in androgen metabolism: CYP1B1 (two single nucleotide polymorphisms: 355G/T and 4326C/G), prostate-specific antigen (PSA/KLK3 (three single nucleotide polymorphisms: -158A/G, -4643G/A, and -5412C/T), and CYP11alpha [(tttta)(n) repeat], using a moderately large (n = 918) sibling-based case-control population. When looking at all subjects combined, no association was observed between any polymorphism-or their haplotypes-and prostate cancer risk. However, among men with more aggressive prostate cancer, the CYP1B1 355G/T variant was positively associated with disease: carrying one or two T alleles gave odds ratios (OR) of 1.90 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.09-3.31; P = 0.02] and 3.73 (95% CI, 1.39-10.0; P = 0.009), respectively. Similarly, carrying the CYP1B1 355T-4326C haplotype was positively associated with prostate cancer among men with high aggressive disease (P = 0.01). In addition, the PSA -158G/-158G genotype was positively associated with prostate cancer among men with less aggressive disease (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.06-6.94; P = 0.04). Our findings suggest that CYP1B1 and PSA variants may affect the risk of prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mine S Cicek
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the degradation of drugs and xenobiotics, but also catalyze a wide variety of biosynthetic processes, including most steps in steroidogenesis. The catalytic rate of a P450 enzyme is determined in large part by the rate of electron transfer from its redox partners. Type I P450 enzymes, found in mitochondria, receive electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) via the intermediacy of two proteins-ferredoxin reductase (a flavoprotein) and ferredoxin (an iron/sulfur protein). Type I P450 enzymes include the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), the two isozymes of 11-hydroxylase (P450c11beta and P450c11AS), and several vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes. Disorders of these enzymes, but not of the two redox partners, have been described. Type II P450 enzymes, found in the endoplasmic reticulum, receive electrons from NADPH via P450 oxidoreductase (POR), which contains two flavin moieties. Steroidogenic Type II P450 enzymes include 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450c17), 21-hydroxylase (P450c21), and aromatase (P450aro). All P450 enzymes catalyze multiple reactions, but P450c17 appears to be unique in that the ratio of its activities is regulated at a posttranslational level. Three factors can increase the degree of 17,20 lyase activity relative to the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity by increasing electron flow from POR: a high molar ratio of POR to P450c17, serine phosphorylation of P450c17, and the presence of cytochrome b(5), acting as an allosteric factor to promote the interaction of POR with P450c17. POR is required for the activity of all 50 human Type II P450 enzymes, and ablation of the Por gene in mice causes embryonic lethality. Nevertheless, mutation of the human POR gene is compatible with life, causing multiple steroidogenic defects and a skeletal dysplasia called Antley-Bixler syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Building MR-4, Room 209, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sobel V, Zhu YS, Imperato-McGinley J. Fetal hormones and sexual differentiation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2005; 31:837-56, x-xi. [PMID: 15550338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The process of fetal sexual differentiation, which involves establishment of genetic sex, differentiation of the gonads, and development of phenotypic sex, is summarized. The morphologic changes that occur in utero that lead to development of the male and female gonads, germ cells, reproductive tracts, and external genitalia are described. Most of the article focuses on the hormones that regulate sexual differentiation and development in utero. The genetic factors that regulate sexual differentiation, which constitute a new and emerging field, also are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Sobel
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, F-2006, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pandey AV, Miller WL. Regulation of 17,20 lyase activity by cytochrome b5 and by serine phosphorylation of P450c17. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13265-71. [PMID: 15687493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414673200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450c17 catalyzes the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity required for glucocorticoid synthesis and the 17,20 lyase activity required for sex steroid synthesis. Most P450 enzymes have fixed ratios of their various activities, but the ratio of these two activities of P450c17 is regulated post-translationally. We have shown that serine phosphorylation of P450c17 and the allosteric action of cytochrome b5 increase 17,20 lyase activity, but it has not been apparent whether these two post-translational mechanisms interact. Using purified enzyme systems, we now show that the actions of cytochrome b5 are independent of the state of P450c17 phosphorylation. Suppressing cytochrome b5 expression in human adrenal NCI-H295A cells by >85% with RNA interference had no effect on 17alpha-hydroxylase activity but reduced 17,20 lyase activity by 30%. Increasing P450c17 phosphorylation could compensate for this reduced activity. When expressed in bacteria, human P450c17 required either cytochrome b5 or phosphorylation for 17,20 lyase activity. The combination of cytochrome b5 and phosphorylation was not additive. Cytochrome b5 and phosphorylation enhance 17,20 lyase activity independently of each other, probably by increasing the interaction between P450c17 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics and The Metabolic Research Unit, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Derouet-Hümbert E, Roemer K, Bureik M. Adrenodoxin (Adx) and CYP11A1 (P450scc) induce apoptosis by the generation of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Biol Chem 2005; 386:453-61. [PMID: 15927889 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 systems are an indispensable component of mammalian steroid biosynthesis; they catalyze regio- and stereo-specific steroid hydroxylations and consist of three protein entities: adrenodoxin reductase (AdR), adrenodoxin (Adx), and a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme, e.g., CYP11A1 (P450 side chain cleavage, P450scc). It is known that the latter two are able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro . In this study, we investigated whether this ROS generation also occurs in vivo and, if so, whether it leads to the induction of apoptosis. We found that overexpression of either human or bovine Adx causes a significant loss of viability in 11 different cell lines. This loss of viability does not depend on the presence of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Transient overexpression of human Adx in HCT116 cells leads to ROS production, to a disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi), to cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and to caspase activation. In contrast, the effect of transient overexpression of human CYP11A1 on cell viability varies in different cell lines, with some being sensitive and others not. We conclude that mitochondrial cytochrome P450 systems are a source of mitochondrial ROS production and can play a role in the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Derouet-Hümbert
- Department of Biochemistry, Building No. 9.2, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miller WL. Disorders of androgen synthesis--from cholesterol to dehydroepiandrosterone. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14 Suppl 1:58-68. [PMID: 16103714 DOI: 10.1159/000086185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens are primarily made from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is made from cholesterol via four steps. First, cholesterol enters the mitochondria with the assistance of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Mutations in the StAR gene cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (lipoid CAH), a potentially lethal disease in which virtually no steroids are made. Lipoid CAH is common among Palestinian Arabs and people from eastern Arabia, and among Korean and Japanese people. Second, within the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc; disorder of this enzyme is very rare, probably due to embryonic lethality. Third, pregnenolone undergoes 17alpha-hydroxylation by microsomal P450c17. 17alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency, manifesting as female sexual infantilism and hypertension, is rare except in Brazil. Finally, 17-OH pregnenolone is converted to DHEA by the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17. The ratio of the 17,20 lyase to 17alpha-hydroxylase activity of P450c17 determines the ratio of C21 to C19 steroids produced. This ratio is regulated posttranslationally by at least three factors: the abundance of the electron-donating protein P450 oxidoreductase (POR), the presence of cytochrome b5 and the serine phosphorylation of P450c17. Mutations of POR are a new, recently described disorder manifesting as the Antley-Bixler skeletal dysplasia syndrome, and a form of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94142-0978, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The goal of this article is to summarize what is known about the pathways of steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism in human pregnancy. Emphasis is placed on the distinctions between steroidogenic pathways in adults and those that are operative during human pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Kallen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang N, Miller WL. LBP proteins modulate SF1-independent expression of P450scc in human placental JEG-3 cells. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:409-20. [PMID: 15471945 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, initiates biosynthesis of all steroid hormones. Adrenal and gonadal P450scc expression requires steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1), but P450scc expression in human placental JEG-3 cells utilizes an SF1-independent element at -155/-131 that is inactive in adrenals and gonads. We previously cloned two transcription factors, long terminal repeat binding protein (LBP)-1b and LBP-9, from JEG-3 cells. In transient transfection assays, LBP-1b activated the -155/-131 element whereas LBP-9 suppressed its LBP-1b-stimulated expression. To assess the roles of these factors on the intact P450scc gene, we stably expressed LBP-1b or LBP-9 in JEG-3 cells. All cell lines stably expressing a fusion protein of LBP-1b and enhanced green fluorescent protein increased P450scc expression, but cell lines stably expressing LBP-9 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein either increased or decreased P450scc expression. 8-Br-cAMP induced endogenous LBP-9, but not LBP-1b expression. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays showed that LBP-1b and LBP-9 can dimerize with themselves and with each other; LBP-1b residues 300-540 and LBP-9 residues 300-479 were required for dimer formation. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays, bandshifts, and transient transfection assays showed that TReP-132 (another factor that can bind to -155/-131) does not interact with either LBP-1b or LBP-9, or influence their ability to induce or suppress transcription from the -155/-131 element. Gal4 transactivation assays showed that transcriptional repression activity by LBP-9 requires residues 100-200. RNAi interference of either LBP-1b or LBP-9 mRNAs decreased P450scc expression. LBP-1b is an important SF1-independent transcriptional activator stimulating P450scc expression in human placental JEG-3 cells, whereas LBP-9 modulates the action of LBP-1b, exerting both positive and negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningwu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Flück CE, Miller WL. GATA-4 and GATA-6 modulate tissue-specific transcription of the human gene for P450c17 by direct interaction with Sp1. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18:1144-57. [PMID: 14988427 DOI: 10.1210/me.2003-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450c17 catalyzes steroidogenic 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities. Expression of the gene for P450c17 is cAMP dependent, tissue specific, developmentally programmed, and varies among species. Binding of Sp1, Sp3, and NF1-C (nuclear factor 1-C) to the first 227 bp of 5'flanking DNA (-227/LUC) is crucial for basal transcription in human NCI-H295A adrenal cells. Human placental JEG-3 cells contain Sp1, Sp3, and NF1, but do not express -227/LUC, even when transfected with a vector expressing steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). Therefore, other factors are essential for basal expression of P450c17. Deoxyribonuclease I footprinting and EMSAs identified a GATA consensus site at -64/-58 and an SF-1 site at -58/-50. RT-PCR identified GATA-4, GATA-6, and SF-1 in NCI-H295A cells and GATA-2 and GATA-3, but not GATA-4, GATA-6, or SF-1 in JEG-3 cells. Cotransfection of either GATA-4 or GATA-6 without SF-1 activated -227/LUC in JEG-3 cells, but cotransfection of GATA-2 or GATA-3 with or without SF-1 did not. Surprisingly, mutation of the GATA binding site in -227/LUC increased GATA-4 or GATA-6 induced activity, whereas mutation of the Sp1/Sp3 site decreased it. Furthermore, promoter constructs including the GATA site, but excluding the Sp1/Sp3 site at -196/-188, were not activated by GATA-4 or GATA-6, suggesting an interaction between Sp1/Sp3 and GATA-4 or GATA-6. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments and coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated interaction between GATA-4 or GATA-6 and Sp1, but not Sp3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that this GATA-4/6 interaction with Sp1 occurred at the Sp site in the P450c17 promoter in NCI-H295A cells. Demethylation with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine permitted JEG-3 cells to express endogenous P450c17, SF-1, GATA-4, GATA-6, and transfected -227/LUC. Thus, GATA-4 or GATA-6 and Sp1 together regulate expression of P450c17 in adrenal NCI-H295A cells and methylation of P450c17, GATA-4 and GATA-6 silence the expression of P450c17 in placental JEG-3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Building MR IV, Room 207, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a family of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis in which each disorder is characterized by a specific enzyme deficiency that impairs cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. The enzymes most commonly affected are 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), 11beta-hydroxylase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and less often, 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase and cholesterol desmolase. Many of the corresponding genes for the described enzymes have been isolated and characterized, and specific mutations causing CAH have been identified. In classical CAH (simple virilizing and salt wasting forms), androgen excess causes external genital ambiguity in newborn females and progressive postnatal virilization in both sexes. In nonclassical CAH, 21-OHD is partial and occurs with milder symptoms. A deficiency of 11beta-Hydroxylase deficiency results in ambiguous genitalia in the newborn genetic female and androgen excess and hypertension in both males and females. In 3beta-hydroxysteroid deficiency adrenal and gonadal androgen production is deficient resulting in incomplete genital development in genetic males and limited androgen affect in females. Two less frequent causes of CAH 17alpha-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase and cholesterol desmolase result in external female genitalia in both sexes. Hormonal diagnosis is described for each disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I New
- Pediatric Endocrinology, The New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, M-630 New York, NY 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Martin RM, Lin CJ, Costa EMF, de Oliveira ML, Carrilho A, Villar H, Longui CA, Mendonca BB. P450c17 deficiency in Brazilian patients: biochemical diagnosis through progesterone levels confirmed by CYP17 genotyping. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5739-46. [PMID: 14671162 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
P450c17 deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder and a rare cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and impaired production of sex hormones. We performed a clinical, hormonal, and molecular study of 11 patients from 6 Brazilian families with the combined 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency phenotype. All patients had elevated basal serum levels of progesterone (1.8-38 ng/ml; 0.57-12 pmol/liter) and suppressed plasma renin activity. CYP17 genotyping identified 5 missense mutations. The compound heterozygous mutation R362C/W406R was found in 1 family, whereas the homozygous mutations R96W, Y329D, and P428L were seen in the other 5 families. The R96W mutation has been described as the cause of p450c17 deficiency in Caucasian patients. The other mutations were not found in 50 normal subjects screened by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (Y329D, R362C, and W406R) or digestion with HphI (P428L) and were recently found in other Brazilian patients. Therefore, we elucidated the genotype of 11 individuals with p450c17 deficiency and concluded that basal progesterone measurement is a useful marker of p450c17 deficiency and that its use should reduce the misdiagnosis of this deficiency in patients presenting with male pseudohermaphroditism, primary or secondary amenorrhea, and mineralocorticoid excess syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Martin
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang WH, Lutz LB, Hammes SR. Xenopus laevis ovarian CYP17 is a highly potent enzyme expressed exclusively in oocytes. Evidence that oocytes play a critical role in Xenopus ovarian androgen production. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9552-9. [PMID: 12522215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone has long been considered the primary mediator of Xenopus oocyte maturation. We have recently shown, however, that androgens, which are equal or more potent promoters of maturation and are present at higher levels in ovulating frogs, may also be playing an important physiologic role in mediating maturation. Here, we examined the role of CYP17, a key enzyme mediating sex steroid synthesis, in Xenopus ovarian androgen production. We found that the 17,20-lyase activities of Xenopus CYP17 exceeded the 17alpha-hydroxylase activities in both the Delta4 and Delta5 pathways; thus, Xenopus CYP17 rapidly converted pregnenolone and progesterone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, respectively. This remarkably robust activity exceeds that of CYP17 from most higher vertebrates, and likely explains why virtually no progesterone is detected in ovulating frogs. Additionally, ovarian CYP17 activity was present exclusively in oocytes, although all other enzymes involved in sex steroid production were expressed almost entirely in surrounding follicular cells. This compartmentalization suggests a "two-cell" model whereby Xenopus ovarian androgen production requires both follicular cells and oocytes themselves. The requirement of oocytes for ovarian androgen production further introduces the unusual paradigm whereby germ cells may be responsible for producing important steroids used to mediate their own maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8857, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens are made from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is made from cholesterol via four steps. First, cholesterol enters the mitochondria with the assistance of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Mutations in the StAR gene cause congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Second, within the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc. Third, pregnenolone undergoes 17alpha-hydroxylation by microsomal P450c17. Finally, 17-OH pregnenolone is converted to DHEA by the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17. The ratio of the 17,20 lyase to 17alpha-hydroxylase activity of P450c17 determines the ratio of C21 to C19 steroids produced. This ratio is regulated post-translationally by at least three factors: the abundance of the electron-donating protein P450 oxidoreductase, the presence of cytochrome b(5), and the serine phosphorylation of P450c17. Study of these and related factors may yield important information about the pathophysiology of adrenarche and the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Bldg MR IV, Room 209, San Francisco 94142-0978, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|