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Elabd S, Almohareb O, AlJaroudi D, Al Zahrani A, Brema I. A Case Report of 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency in Two Saudi Siblings With Different Karyotyping. Cureus 2024; 16:e52191. [PMID: 38222995 PMCID: PMC10787212 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) consists of variable disorders of sex determination and differentiation. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is an uncommon form of those disorders, which is typically characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, failure of puberty, and ambiguous genitalia. The 17α-hydroxylase enzyme is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene and it is required for the synthesis of cortisol and sex steroids. The affected females with 17OHD usually present with primary amenorrhea and delayed puberty, which are associated with hypertension and hypokalemia while male patients might show female external genitalia, pseudohermaphroditism, or variable degrees of ambiguous genitalia with intra-abdominal testes in addition to hypertension and hypokalemia as well. We present two Saudi siblings (19 and 16 years old) who were diagnosed with the rare CAH subtype of 17OHD after presenting with long-standing hypertension, refractory hypokalemia, and failure of puberty. It is interesting that both siblings had biochemical primary adrenal insufficiency; however, both patients did not clinically present with an acute adrenal crisis, which is likely due to the effect of increased levels of deoxycorticosterone. Additionally, although both patients have similar phenotypes and clinical presentations, they have different karyotypes. This again highlights the variability of the manifestations that can result from 17OHD even with an identical mutation in the same family. Both patients were treated successfully with dexamethasone, which has led to the normalization of hypertension, resolution of hypokalemia, and discontinuation of anti-hypertensive medications and potassium supplements after several years of treatment. However, the entire management is quite challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach regarding difficult issues such as gender identity and assignment and fertility issues in addition to a life-long follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Elabd
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ohoud Almohareb
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Dania AlJaroudi
- Department of Reproductive Endocrine and Infertility Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ali Al Zahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Imad Brema
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
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Gurpinar Tosun B, Guran T. Rare forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023. [PMID: 38126084 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders due to pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes and cofactors involved in adrenal steroidogenesis. Although 21-hydroxylase, 11β-hydroxylase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, P450 oxidoreductase, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme deficiencies are considered within the definition of CAH, the term 'CAH' is often used to refer to '21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD)' since 21OHD accounts for approximately 95% of CAH in most populations. The prevalence of the rare forms of CAH varies according to ethnicity and geographical location. In most cases, the biochemical fingerprint of impaired steroidogenesis points to the specific subtypes of CAH, and genetic testing is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. Despite there are significant variations in clinical characteristics and management, most data about the rare CAH forms are extrapolated from 21OHD. This review article aims to collate the currently available data about the diagnosis and the management of rare forms of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurpinar Tosun
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sun X, Wu Y, Lu L, Xia W, Zhang L, Chen S, Nie M, Zheng G, Su W, Zhu H, Lu Z. Bone Microarchitecture and Volumetric Mineral Density Assessed by HR-pQCT in Patients with 21- and 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:515-525. [PMID: 37812222 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to disturbances in hormones and long-term glucocorticoid replacement therapy (GRT), congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia (CAH) patients are at risk of impaired bone structure and metabolism. This cross-sectional, case-control study aims to investigate for the first time bone microarchitecture features in 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD; N = 38) and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD; N = 16) patients using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) by matching the same sex and similar age [21OHD vs. control: 29.5 (24.0-34.3) vs. 29.6 (25.9-35.2) years; 17OHD vs. controls: 29.0 (21.5-35.0) vs. 29.7 (24.6-35.3) years] with healthy controls (1:3). All patients underwent HR-pQCT scans of the nondominant radius and tibia, and had received GRT. Compared with corresponding controls, 17OHD cases had higher height (P < 0.001), weight (P = 0.013) and similar body mass index (BMI), while 21OHD had lower height (P < 0.001), similar weight and higher BMI (P < 0.001). 17OHD and 21OHD patients demonstrated various significant bone differences in most HR-pQCT indices, suggesting abnormalities in bone microarchitectures from healthy people. Further correlation analyses revealed that some characteristics, such as height and hormones, may contribute to the bone differences in HR-pQCT indices between two diseases. However, treatment dosage and time were not correlated, indicating that the current glucocorticoid doses may be within safety limits for bone impairment. Overall, our study for the first time revealed changes of bone microarchitecture in CAH patients and their potential relations with clinical characteristics. Further longitudinal researches are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yijun Wu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Weibo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min Nie
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guangyao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Wan Su
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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Xi S, Yang X, Shan X, Xue Q. Full-term live birth in a woman with 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase deficiency with assisted reproductive technology: a case report. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:408. [PMID: 37542252 PMCID: PMC10401783 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, which is caused by a CYP17A1 gene mutation, is a rare type of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia that mainly manifests as hypertension, hypokalaemia and sexual dysplasia. To date, few pregnancies associated with this syndrome have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 35-year-old Chinese woman with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) due to 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency who achieved pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and frozen-thawed embryo transfer. She had secondary amenorrhea since she was 27, and subsequently, high level of progesterone in the follicular phase was found during a blood test. A compound heterozygous mutation was found in the CYP17A1 gene, c.1263G > A and c.985_987delinsAA. The patient was given standardized treatment with dexamethasone. Due to ovulation disorder, IVF was performed. She underwent whole embryo vitrification freezing. Frozen-thawed embryo transplantation was performed following the artificial cycle protocol of endometrium preparation, resulting in a singleton pregnancy. At 39 weeks and 1 day of gestation, caesarean section was performed due to the breech position of the foetus. CONCLUSION A high level of progesterone reduces endometrial receptivity. Standardized treatment with dexamethasone and frozen-thawed embryo transfer with an artificial cycle protocol of endometrium preparation should be the choice for infertile female patients with CYP17A1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xi
- Peking University First Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department Reproductive and Genetic Center, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Peking University First Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department Reproductive and Genetic Center, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Shan
- Peking University First Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department Reproductive and Genetic Center, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xue
- Peking University First Hospital Obstetric and Gynecology Department Reproductive and Genetic Center, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, China.
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Rashmi KG, Ravichandran L, Roy A, Naik D, Kamalanathan S, Sahoo J, Chapla A, Thomas N. Clinical Features of Unrecognized Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 17α-hydroxylase Deficiency Since Adolescence: A Case Report. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2023; 38:131-134. [PMID: 38045661 PMCID: PMC10692439 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.038.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) present with a deficiency of 21-hydroxylase or 11-beta-hydroxylase, which account for 90% and 7% of cases, respectively. However, CAH due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is an extremely rare form of CAH (<1% of all CAH cases) that leads to a deficiency of cortisol and sex steroids, along with features of aldosterone excess. This is a case of a 51-year-old single female who was referred to us for the evaluation of new-onset hypertension and hypokalaemia of one-year duration. She was born out of a second-degree consanguineous marriage and reared as a female. She was diagnosed to have testicular feminization syndrome when she presented with a history of primary amenorrhea, absence of secondary sexual characteristics, and bilateral labial swellings at pubertal age. Subsequently, she underwent gonadectomy at the age of 16. Due to the presence of hypertension, metabolic alkalosis and bilaterally enlarged adrenals on CT scan, 46, XY disorders of sexual development (DSD) was considered. A karyotype confirmed the presence of 46, XY chromosomal sex, and genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the CYP17A1 gene, thus confirming the diagnosis of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- KG Rashmi
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Lavanya Ravichandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayan Roy
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Dukhabandhu Naik
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Aaron Chapla
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yao JT, Xu MZ, Zhang YR, Wang BR, Li MR, Gao L. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220548. [PMID: 36820210 PMCID: PMC9938537 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study reports a patient case with a 17α-hydroxylase deficiency accompanied by triple X syndrome. A 17α-hydroxylase deficiency leads to a very low 17α-hydroxylated steroid synthesis as well as a non-feedback increase in the adrenocorticotropic hormone level. Meanwhile, the progesterone level increases the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone level and decreases the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level. The patient is characterized by intractable hypokalemia, high urinary potassium, hyperaldosteronemia, hyporeninemia, hypocortisolemia, hypertension, gonadal and secondary sexual dysplasia, a decreased estrogen level, primary amenorrhea, and infertility. The imaging findings indicate a presence of multiple bilateral adrenal gland adenomas, and the sequencing indicates a missense CYP17A1-E7 gene pathogenic variant. The karyotype is a 47, XXX [3]/46, XX [47] low-level chimeric karyotype. The patient's parents are cousins. To our knowledge, this patient is the first case diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome. The uniqueness of this case is that this patient has two very rare genetic diseases, probably due to the marriage of close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Teng Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, No. 16 of Luoshan section, Jinguang Road, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shulan Hospital, Hangzhou310000, China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Bai-Rong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Mei-Rong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China
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张 春, 杨 蕊, 李 蓉, 乔 杰, 王 海, 王 颖. [Successful assisted reproductive technology treatment for a woman with 46XX- 17α-hydroxylase deficiency: A case report]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 54:751-755. [PMID: 35950403 PMCID: PMC9385507 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder, and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency (17α-OHD) is a rare type of CAH. 17α-OHD is caused by CYP17 gene mutation, resulting in partial or complete deficiency of 17α-hydroxylase, which in turn leads to the lack of cortisol and sex hormone production. The disease is manifested by excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), decreased levels of estradiol (E2) and androgen, elevated levels of proges-terone (P), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Most of the patients are female in gender. According to the chromosome karyotype, 17α-OHD can be divided into 46XX and 46XY, of which 46XX is rarer. The clinical manifestations are hypokalemia and hypertension. Patients with 46XX-karyotype may have irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, and infertility. The severity of symptoms varies according to the degree of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. Due to its untypical manifestation, the patients with partial 17α-OHD are more likely to be missed or misdiagnosed. Some 17α-OHD patients with 46, XX karyotypes have different degrees of development of internal and external reproductive organ and spontaneous menstrual cycle, so they may have the potential ovulation and fertility opportunities. However, due to the adverse effects of high serum P level on the endometrium, the patients would have infertility problems. To date, four cases from foreign countries have been reported about the infertility treatments among 46XX-17α-OHD patients, and two cases were mentioned in China without describing the process of treatments. Here, one case with partial 46XX-17α-OHD was diagnosed and successfully conceived and delivered after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital. Controlled ovarian stimulation with ultra-long protocol was initiated after glucocorticoid therapy was given to reduce P level. Ten oocytes were obtained and 6 embryos were cryopreserved. Frozen-thawed embryo transfer under hormonal replacement after gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) was carried out in an artificial cycle, and then the patient was successfully pregnant and delivered a healthy boy after 37 weeks of gestation by cesarean section. The treatment of this case suggests that patients with partial 46XX-17α-OHD can obtain oocytes and embryos with good quality. IVF combined with frozen-thawed embryo transfer under artificial cycle is an effective method for patients with partial 46XX-17α-OHD with infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- 春梅 张
- 北京大学第三医院妇产科,生殖医学中心,北京 100191Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 蕊 杨
- 北京大学第三医院妇产科,生殖医学中心,北京 100191Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 蓉 李
- 北京大学第三医院妇产科,生殖医学中心,北京 100191Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 杰 乔
- 北京大学第三医院妇产科,生殖医学中心,北京 100191Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 海宁 王
- 北京大学第三医院内分泌科,北京 100191Department of Endocrinology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 颖 王
- 北京大学第三医院妇产科,生殖医学中心,北京 100191Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Li J, Zhang Q, Chen J, Fu X, Yang J, Liu L. Case report: 17α- hydroxylase deficiency due to a hotspot variant and a novel compound heterozygous variant in the CYP17 A1 gene of five Chinese patients. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:935191. [PMID: 36210947 PMCID: PMC9532611 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.935191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
17α-Hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. It is characterized by impaired adrenal and gonad steroid biosynthesis. Affected patients present with hypertension, hypokalemia, and disorders of sexual development. Here, we describe the genotypes and phenotypes of five patients from three families with this rare disease. Most patients had the hotspot variant, c.985_987delTACinsAA, in CYP17A1, which may be caused by a founder effect. However, the patients in our study were younger than the typical age of onset of 17OHD, and there was a pair of twins with the karyotypes 46, XX and 46, XY, but they both had a female phenotype. Meanwhile, we identified a novel compound heterozygous variant, c.1243+6T>G (p.Y329fs/splicing) in the CYP17A1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingjiao Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingpin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We report here a case study of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in a phenotypic girl with male karyotype (46,XY). We also review the relevant literature to deepen our understanding of the disease, reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, and emphasize that holistic management of this disease requires collaborative multidisciplinary teamwork. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old patient with a female phenotype visited the endocrinology department because of hypertension. The patient had primary amenorrhea and lacked secondary sexual characteristics. Initial laboratory evaluation revealed normal levels of electrolytes, a hypergonadotropic hypogonadal state with high progesterone and low testosterone levels, and a 46,XY karyotype. She was referred to the urology department for gonadectomy and transferred to the gynecological endocrine clinic. On the basis of the patient's medical history and genetic testing results, a diagnosis of 46,XY 17α-hydroxylase deficiency was made. The patient was provided with glucocorticoids, estrogens, metformin, and psychological support. CONCLUSIONS Patients with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, a rare cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, should be treated by a multidisciplinary team. Relevant experts from different disciplines should set up a systematic and comprehensive individualized management plan to optimize the physical and mental health and quality of life of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Panpan Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinrui Lu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shulan Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Xiang C, Han M, Zhang Y, Yin J, Pei L, Yang J, Liu Y. Flash glucose monitoring system was applied to cortisol treatment for a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:144. [PMID: 32957973 PMCID: PMC7507693 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is a rare disease; patients often require lifetime cortisol treatment. In this case report, we presented a patient with CAH and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, who was previously misdiagnosed as having primary aldosteronism. Furthermore, the flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) was used to ascertain a suitable cortisol therapeutic regimen for this patient. CASE PRESENTATION A 29-year-old woman presented with sex dysgenesis, hypertension and hypokalaemia. She had been diagnosed with primary aldosteronism at a local hospital. The re-measured aldosterone level in our hospital was below the normal range after antihypertensive medication adjustment, suggesting that the primary aldosteronism was a misdiagnosis. The patient was finally diagnosed as having CAH with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency according to the endocrine profile, adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, and genetic analysis. Then, the patient was recommended cortisol treatment, during which the endocrine profile, blood pressure, plasma potassium level, and blood glucose level were observed to ascertain a suitable dosage. The FGMS was used to monitor blood glucose level, which indicated that the patient's glucose metabolism was maintained normally under the final treatment dosage. CONCLUSION The misdiagnosis might have been because of the effects of the antihypertension medications on aldosterone and renin levels. The final dosage of cortisol treatment achieved a normal endocrine profile, while maintaining the homeostasis of blood glucose level, plasma potassium level and blood pressure. FGMS may be an effective method to ascertain a suitable cortisol therapeutic regimen for patients with CAH and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Minmin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Jianhong Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Li'e Pei
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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11
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Asirvatham AR, Balachandran K, Jerome P, Venkatesan V, Koshy T, Mahadevan S. Clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:/j/jpem.ahead-of-print/jpem-2020-0050/jpem-2020-0050.xml. [PMID: 32651986 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder, that could rarely be due to 17 α-hydroxylase deficiency (17αOHD) and/or 17,20 lyase deficiency. Mutation of CYP17A1 gene causes deficiency of glucocorticoids and androgens but excess of mineralocorticoids. Lack of genital ambiguity in most children causes a delay in diagnosis even until puberty. Classical presentation with hypertension and hypokalemia is often not encountered. We intended to study the clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of children diagnosed with CAH due to 17αOHD. Methods Three children who were diagnosed with CAH due to 17αOHD in our institute and on follow up were included in this retrospective study. Clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of these children were retrieved and studied from electronic medical records. Results Two children were genetic females and one was genetic male, but all three were raised as females. All had hypertension at diagnosis except one but none had hypokalemia. All of them had mutation in the CYP17A1 gene. The two females responded well to oestrogen and progesterone and had adequate estrogenization clinically. Conclusions Even though CAH due to 17αOHD is quite rare, it should be considered while evaluating young individuals with hypogonadism, hypertension with or without hypokalemia. Lack of genital ambiguity and absence of classical signs at presentation does not rule out this not so uncommon condition and warrants follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlyne Reena Asirvatham
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Karthik Balachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Packiamary Jerome
- Department of Medicine, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Hospital, Neyveli, India
| | - Vettriselvi Venkatesan
- Department of Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Teena Koshy
- Department of Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Shriraam Mahadevan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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12
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Abstract
Secondary hypertension is a common condition with a broad differential diagnosis. Identification of the true cause of hypertension can be critical for guiding appropriate management. Here, we review hereditary conditions underlying the most common cause of secondary hypertension, primary aldosteronism, as well as other disorders impacting various levels of mineralocorticoid action. Recently, several pathogenic variants of ion channels have been described as etiologies of familial aldosteronism. Defects in steroid hormone synthesis cause hypertension in 11β-hydroxylase deficiency and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, two types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Inappropriate activation of mineralocorticoid receptors underlies the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and constitutive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Finally, Liddle syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 are disorders impacting the function of renal sodium channels, the endpoint of mineralocorticoid action. We discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these low renin hypertension states that ultimately result in apparent excess mineralocorticoid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zubin Modi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Wang M, Wang H, Zhao H, Li L, Liu M, Liu F, Meng F, Fan C. Prevalence of CYP17A1 gene mutations in 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in the Chinese Han population. Clin Hypertens 2019; 25:23. [PMID: 31636948 PMCID: PMC6792268 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-019-0128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 gene. The major clinical presentation includes hypertension, hypokalemia, male pseudohermaphroditism and female gonadal dysplasia. Hundreds of pathogenic variants have been reported in this disorder, and some common mutations were found to be race-specific. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we reported 5 Chinese girls with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency from Henan Province. The patients all came to the hospital for hypertension, and they also presented with sexual infantilism. The average age of the patients was 14 years old, ranging from 12 to 17 years old. They all had reduced blood cortisol, estradiol (E2), and testosterone (TESTO) and increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). They all had the appearance of females; however, three of the chromosome karyotypes were 46XX, and two were 46XY. CONCLUSIONS All of the patients carried a mutation on the 329 amino acid of CYP17A1 exon 6. By summarizing the currently known pathogenic mutations of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, we demonstrated the prevalence of these gene mutations in Chinese Han and non-Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Fujia Liu
- Bestnovo Beijing Medical Laboratory, No.14 Building, Room 502, PKUCare Industry Park, Zhong Guan Cun Life Science Park, Chang Ping District, Beijing, China
| | - Fansen Meng
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Caini Fan
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital; People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
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14
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Wei HL, Lu S, Wang XL, Li JW, Cui YP, Yao YS. [ 17α-Hydroxylase deficiency with severe hypertension as the initial symptom in a child]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2018; 20:675-679. [PMID: 30111479 PMCID: PMC7389758 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old female (social gender) patient was admitted to the hospital due to severe hypertension for 11 days. The patient had primary amenorrhea. The blood pressure was 146/90 mm Hg. The skin color was slightly black. The development of secondary sexual characteristics was poor. The labia majora could be observed in the vulva. However, the labia minora, clitoris, vagina, and hymen were absent. The levels of renin, cortisol, and sex hormone were low, while the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and gonadotropin were high. The levels of blood potassium and aldosterone were both normal. Radiography indicated retardation of bone age. Ultrasound examination revealed that the ovary and uterus were both absent. The patient had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and cryptorchid testes located in both inguinal canals. The patient had a 46,XY karyotype. Whole genome sequencing revealed two homozygous mutations, c.985T>C and c.987delC, in exon 6 of the CYP17A1 gene of the patient and heterozygous mutations in the same sites of the parents. The patient was diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia-17α-hydroxylase deficiency. After treatment with hydrocortisone for 2 months, blood pressure returned to normal and the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone was reduced. According to the request of the patient and the parents, hydrocortisone was replaced with estrogen to allow the patient to live as a female. The patient also received surgical excision of cryptorchid testes to prevent gonadal malignancy. It is concluded that in the differential diagnosis of pediatric hypertension, sexual development should be considered and the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol should be evaluated. The rare disease 17α-hydroxylase deficiency should be considered for patients with low-renin hypertension and gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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Shim J, Hwang HJ, Pak HN, Lee MH, Joung B. Male pseudohermaphroditism presented with sudden cardiac arrest. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:658-61. [PMID: 22477014 PMCID: PMC3343435 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.3.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Torsades de pointes is a life-threatening arrhythmia associated with a number of causes, but is very rare among endocrinologic disorders. We report a case of male pseudohermaphroditism with hyperaldosteronism due to a 17α-hydroxylase deficiency presented with sudden cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Nam Pak
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Hyoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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