1
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Nguyen HT, Najih M, Martin LJ. The AP-1 family of transcription factors are important regulators of gene expression within Leydig cells. Endocrine 2021; 74:498-507. [PMID: 34599696 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors are immediate early genes being modulated by different extracellular signals. The aim of this review is to highlight the important roles of AP-1 members in transcriptional regulation of genes important for testicular Leydig cell function and male testosterone production. METHODS A search of the relevant literature was performed in Google Scholar and NCBI Pubmed for AP-1 members and Leydig cells. Additional information was accessed from references of relevant articles. Only primary data from original peer-reviewed articles was considered for this review. RESULTS Different signaling pathways important for Leydig cells' functions are involved in the regulation of the activity of AP-1 members. These transcription factors participate in the regulation of genes related to different biological processes important for Leydig cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of Leydig cell proliferation, steroidogenesis, and cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Tuyen Nguyen
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Mustapha Najih
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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2
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Merrett JE, Bo T, Psaltis PJ, Proud CG. Identification of DNA response elements regulating expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and δ and MAP kinase-interacting kinases during early adipogenesis. Adipocyte 2020; 9:427-442. [PMID: 32787498 PMCID: PMC7469549 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1796361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity and associated disorders, such as type-2 diabetes, it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate lipid storage and the differentiation of fat cells, a process termed adipogenesis. Using the well-established mouse 3T3-L1 in vitro model of adipogenesis, we refine how the induction of two key adipogenic transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) β and δ are regulated during early adipogenesis. We identify, in the gene promoters of Cebpb and Cebpd, the DNA response elements responsible for binding transcription factors that are activated by cAMP or glucocorticoids. We also show that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting kinase 2 (MNK2; Mknk2), which plays a distinct role in diet-induced obesity, is induced during early adipogenesis and identify the functional DNA response elements responsible for regulating its expression. Mknk2 expression is maintained in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is expressed at high levels across a range of mouse adipose tissue depots. Together, these new insights help to clarify the transcriptional programme of early adipogenesis and identify Mknk2 as one of potentially many genes up-regulated during adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Merrett
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tao Bo
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, China
| | - Peter J. Psaltis
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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3
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Grant C, Oh U, Fugo K, Takenouchi N, Griffith C, Yao K, Newhook TE, Ratner L, Jacobson S. Foxp3 represses retroviral transcription by targeting both NF-kappaB and CREB pathways. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e33. [PMID: 16652169 PMCID: PMC1447668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (Fox)/winged-helix transcription factors regulate multiple aspects of immune responsiveness and Foxp3 is recognized as an essential functional marker of regulatory T cells. Herein we describe downstream signaling pathways targeted by Foxp3 that may negatively impact retroviral pathogenesis. Overexpression of Foxp3 in HEK 293T and purified CD4+ T cells resulted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in basal levels of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal forkhead (FKH) domain, critical for nuclear localization and DNA-binding activity, abrogated the ability of Foxp3 to suppress NF-kappaB activity in HEK 293T cells, but not in Jurkat or primary human CD4+ T cells. We further demonstrate that Foxp3 suppressed the transcription of two human retroviral promoters (HIV-1 and human T cell lymphotropic virus type I [HTLV-I]) utilizing NF-kappaB-dependent and NF-kappaB-independent mechanisms. Examination of the latter identified the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) pathway as a target of Foxp3. Finally, comparison of the percent Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells to the HTLV-I proviral load in HTLV-I-infected asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis suggested that high Foxp3 expression is associated with low proviral load and absence of disease. These results suggest an expanded role for Foxp3 in regulating NF-kappaB- and CREB-dependent cellular and viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grant
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Unsong Oh
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazunori Fugo
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norihiro Takenouchi
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Griffith
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Yao
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy E Newhook
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee Ratner
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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4
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Chen HC, Byrd JC, Muthusamy N. Differential Role for Cyclic AMP Response Element Binding Protein-1 in Multiple Stages of B Cell Development, Differentiation, and Survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2208-18. [PMID: 16455977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CREB-1 is expressed in the bone marrow and in developing B cells. To determine the role of CREB-1 in developing B cells in the bone marrow, several lines of transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing a dominant-negative Ser(119-ala) phosphomutant CREB-1 in the bone marrow were generated. Analysis of RNA and protein revealed expression of the transgene in the bone marrow. Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow cells from Tg mice revealed approximately 70% increase in pre-B1 (CD43(+)B220(+)CD24(+(int))) and approximately 60% decreased pre-BII (CD43(+)B220(+)CD24(++(high))) cells, indicating a developmental block in pre-BI to pre-BII transition. Consistent with this, the Tg mice showed approximately 4-fold decrease in immature and mature B cells in the bone marrow. RT-PCR analysis of RNA from Tg mice revealed increased JunB and c-Jun in pre-BII cells associated with decreased S-phase entry. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells into RAG-2(-/-) mice resulted in reconstitution of non-Tg but not Tg bone marrow-derived CD43(+)B220(+)CD24(high) population that is normally absent in RAG-2(-/-) mice. In the periphery, the Tg mice exhibited decreased CD21(dim)CD23(high)IgM(+) follicular B cells in the spleen and increased B1a and B1b B cells in the peritoneum. While exhibiting normal Ab responses to T-independent Ags and primary response to the T-dependent Ag DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, the Tg mice exhibited severely impaired secondary Ab responses. These studies provide the first evidence for a differential role for CRE-binding proteins in multiple stages of B cell development, functional maturation, and B1 and B2 B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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5
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Borlak J, Meier T, Halter R, Spanel R, Spanel-Borowski K. Epidermal growth factor-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: gene expression profiles in precursor lesions, early stage and solitary tumours. Oncogene 2005; 24:1809-19. [PMID: 15674348 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor is an important mitogen for hepatocytes. Its overexpression promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis. To identify the network of genes regulated through EGF, we investigated the liver transcriptome during various stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in EGF2B transgenic mice. Targeted overexpression of IgEGF induced distinct hepatocellular lesions and eventually solid tumours at the age of 6-8 months, as evidenced by histopathology. We used the murine MG U74Av2 oligonucleotide microarrays to identify transcript signatures in 12 tumours of small (n=5, pooled), medium (n=4) and large sizes (n=3), and compared the findings with three nontumorous transgenic livers and four control livers. Global gene expression analysis at successive stages of carcinogenesis revealed hallmarks linked to tumour size. A comparison of gene expression profiles of nontumorous transgenic liver versus control liver provided insight into the initial events predisposing liver cells to malignant transformation, and we found overexpression of c-fos, eps-15, TGIF, IGFBP1, Alcam, ets-2 and repression of Gas-1 as distinct events. Further, when gene expression profiles of small manifested tumours were compared with nontumorous transgenic liver, additional changes were obvious and included overexpression of junB, Id-1, minopontin, villin, claudin-7, RR M2, p34cdc2, cyclinD1 and cyclinB1 among others. These genes are therefore strongly associated with tumour formation. Our study provided new information on the tumour stage-dependent network of EGF-regulated genes, and we identified candidate genes linked to tumorigenes and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Borlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchsstr. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Clem BF, Hudson EA, Clark BJ. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) enhances cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) protein phosphorylation and phospho-CREB interaction with the mouse steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene promoter. Endocrinology 2005; 146:1348-56. [PMID: 15550512 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) transcription is regulated through cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms that involve multiple transcription factors including the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) family members. Classically, binding of phosphorylated CREB to cis-acting cAMP-responsive elements (5'-TGACGTCA-3') within target gene promoters leads to recruitment of the coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP). Herein we examined the extent of CREB family member phosphorylation on protein-DNA interactions and CBP recruitment with the StAR promoter. Immunoblot analysis revealed that CREB, cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM), and activating transcription factor (ATF)-1 are expressed in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells, yet only CREB and ATF-1 are phosphorylated. (Bu)2cAMP treatment of MA-10 cells increased CREB phosphorylation approximately 2.3-fold within 30 min but did not change total nuclear CREB expression levels. Using DNA-affinity chromatography, we now show that CREB and ATF-1, but not CREM, interact with the StAR promoter, and this interaction is dependent on the activator protein-1 (AP-1) cis-acting element within the cAMP-responsive region. In addition, (Bu)2cAMP-treatment increased phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB) association with the StAR promoter but did not influence total CREB interaction. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated CREB binding to the StAR proximal promoter is independent of (Bu)2cAMP-treatment, confirming our in vitro analysis. However, (Bu)2cAMP-treatment increased P-CREB and CBP interaction with the StAR promoter, demonstrating for the first time the physical role of P-CREB:DNA interactions in CBP recruitment to the StAR proximal promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Clem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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7
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Mayr B, Montminy M. Transcriptional regulation by the phosphorylation-dependent factor CREB. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2:599-609. [PMID: 11483993 DOI: 10.1038/35085068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1957] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor CREB -- for 'cyclic AMP response element-binding protein' -- functions in glucose homeostasis, growth-factor-dependent cell survival, and has been implicated in learning and memory. CREB is phosphorylated in response to various signals, but how is specificity achieved in these signalling pathways?
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 1
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/chemistry
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/physiology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Gene Products, tax/physiology
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Leucine Zippers
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Molecular
- Multigene Family
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Repressor Proteins
- Second Messenger Systems/physiology
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Stress, Physiological/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mayr
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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8
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Liu N, Cigola E, Tinti C, Jin BK, Conti B, Volpe BT, Baker H. Unique regulation of immediate early gene and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the odor-deprived mouse olfactory bulb. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3042-7. [PMID: 9915843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.5.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), expressed in a population of periglomerular neurons intrinsic to the olfactory bulb, displays dramatic down-regulation in response to odor deprivation. To begin to elucidate the importance of immediate early genes (IEG) in TH gene regulation, the present study examined expression of IEGs in the olfactory bulb in response to odor deprivation. In addition, the composition of TH AP-1 and CRE binding complexes was investigated in control and odor-deprived mice. Immunocytochemical studies showed that c-Fos, Fos-B, Jun-D, CRE-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) are colocalized with TH in the dopaminergic periglomerular neurons. Unilateral naris closure resulted in down-regulation of c-Fos and Fos-B, but not Jun-D, CREB, or pCREB, in the glomerular layer of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. Gel shift assays demonstrated a significant decrease (32%) in TH AP-1, but not CRE, binding activity in the odor-deprived bulb. Fos-B was found to be the exclusive member of the Fos family present in the TH AP-1 complex. CREB, CRE modulator protein (CREM), Fos-B, and Jun-D, but not c-Fos, all contributed to the CRE DNA-protein complex. These results indicated that Fos-B, acting through both AP-1 and CRE motifs, may be implicated in the regulation of TH expression in the olfactory bulb dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College at The Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
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9
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Seternes OM, Sørensen R, Johansen B, Loennechen T, Aarbakke J, Moens U. Synergistic increase in c-fos expression by simultaneous activation of the ras/raf/map kinase- and protein kinase A signaling pathways is mediated by the c-fos AP-1 and SRE sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1395:345-60. [PMID: 9512670 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene is induced by numerous stimuli some of which are transmitted through the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase or the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathways. The effect of cell-specific interactions between these pathways on c-fos expression was investigated by exposing quiescent NIH3T3 cells to serum, forskolin, or a combination. Co-stimulation with serum and forskolin resulted in a more than additive increase in c-fos transcription. Synergistic increase in c-fos promoter activity was also observed in transient transfection studies after co-stimulation with serum plus forskolin or co-transfection with c-Raf and PKA expression plasmids. Analysis of the cAMP signaling pathway revealed that the synergy was neither due to an increase in PKA activity nor to Ser-133 phosphorylation/activation of CREB. The activation status of the MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 in co-treated cells was comparable to that in serum-treated cells. Co-stimulation with forskolin did not alter the phosphorylation state of Elk-1 compared to serum-induced phosphorylation of Elk-1. Deletion of c-fos promoter elements previously shown to be important for regulation of c-fos expression in response to mitogens indicates a role for SRE and FAP-1 elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Seternes
- Department of Gene Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Schild-Poulter C, Sassone-Corsi P, Granger-Schnarr M, Schnarr M. Nucleosome assembly on the human c-fos promoter interferes with transcription factor binding. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:4751-8. [PMID: 8972862 PMCID: PMC146296 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.23.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP-responsive-element (CRE)-binding factors interaction with nucleosomal DNA has been investigated in vitro on the human c-fos promoter. Analysis of nucleosome reconstitution of this promoter shows a preferential nucleosome positioning on the proximal promoter sequences, including the CRE centered at -60 relative to the start site of transcription. CRE-binding protein (CREB) and modulator protein (CREM) are unable to interact with their recognition site incorporated in a nucleosome. However, competition between transcription factor binding and nucleosome assembly allows CREM binding and induces important modifications in the nucleosomal structure suggesting the displacement of nucleosomes. These findings imply that binding of transcription factors to the CRE prior to cAMP induction might be required to prevent the incorporation of this element in a nucleosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schild-Poulter
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9002 du CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Robertson LM, Kerppola TK, Vendrell M, Luk D, Smeyne RJ, Bocchiaro C, Morgan JI, Curran T. Regulation of c-fos expression in transgenic mice requires multiple interdependent transcription control elements. Neuron 1995; 14:241-52. [PMID: 7857636 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transcription control regions of eukaryotic genes contain multiple sequence elements proposed to function independently to regulate transcription. We developed transgenic mice carrying fos-lacZ fusion genes with clustered point mutations in each of several distinct regulatory sequences: the sis-inducible element, the serum response element, the fos AP-1 site, and the calcium/cAMP response element. Analysis of Fos-lacZ expression in the CNS and in cultured cells demonstrated that all of the regulatory elements tested were required in concert for tissue- and stimulus-specific regulation of the c-fos promoter. This implies that the regulation of c-fos expression requires the concerted action of multiple control elements that direct the assembly of an interdependent transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Robertson
- Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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12
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Ligand-dependent occupancy of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 promoter in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 7969156 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.12.8191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) activates transcription of the RA receptor beta 2 (RAR beta 2) gene in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. This activation involves binding of the RAR/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) heterodimer to the RA-responsive element (beta RARE). Dimethyl sulfate-based genomic footprinting was performed to examine occupancy of this promoter in P19 EC cells. No footprint was detected at the beta RARE prior to RA treatment, but a footprint was detected within the first hour of RA treatment. Concomitantly, other elements in the promoter, the cyclic AMP-responsive element and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-like-responsive element became footprinted. Footprints at these elements were induced by RA without requiring new protein synthesis and remained for the entire duration of RA treatment but rapidly reversed upon withdrawal of RA. A delayed protection observed at the initiator site was also reversed upon RA withdrawal. The RA-inducible footprint was not due to induction of factors that bind to these element, since in vitro assays showed that these factors are present in P19 cell extracts before RA treatment. Significantly, no RA-induced footprint was observed at any of these elements in P19 cells expressing a dominant negative RXR beta, in which RXR heterodimers are unable to bind to the beta RARE. Results indicate that binding of a liganded heterodimer receptor to the beta RARE is the initial event that allows other elements to gain access to the factors. In accordance, reporter analyses showed that a mutation in the beta RARE, but not those in other elements, abrogates RA activation of the promoter. It is likely that the RAR beta 2 promoter opens in a hierarchically ordered manner, signalled by the occupancy of liganded heterodimers.
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13
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Jüngling S, Cibelli G, Czardybon M, Gerdes HH, Thiel G. Differential regulation of chromogranin B and synapsin I gene promoter activity by cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 226:925-35. [PMID: 7529178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
cAMP has neutrotrophic effects in the nervous system. We have investigated whether there is a correlation between cAMP-induced neurite outgrowth and induction of chromogranin B and synapsin I gene expression. These genes encode marker proteins of distinct populations of vesicles in neurons, neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, and in addition, they contain a cAMP response element (CRE) in their upstream regions, making it likely that cAMP-induced neuronal differentiation might be accompanied by increased transcription of these genes. We increased intracellular cAMP levels in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells and analyzed the levels of chromogranin B and synapsin I mRNA. Our data revealed that, while chromogranin B mRNA was in fact induced following cAMP stimulation, synapsin I mRNA was not affected. To analyze the cis-acting sequences, we constructed hybrid genes containing the upstream region of the mouse chromogranin B gene fused to a reporter gene. Similar plasmids containing the synapsin I or the glucagon promoter were constructed. Transfections of neuronal and endocrine cells, together with deletion mutagenesis, revealed that the CRE of the chromogranin B gene mediated the effect of cAMP upon transcription. This effect was mimicked by overexpression of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In addition, overexpression of the negative-acting CRE-binding protein CREB-2 revealed that the chromogranin B CRE functions as a bifunctional genetic regulatory element in that it mediates basal as well as cAMP-stimulated transcription. Synapsin I gene expression, however, was not induced by either elevated intracellular cAMP concentration or by overexpression of protein kinase A, although a similar pattern of proteins, including CREB, bound to the synapsin I and chromogranin B CRE in vitro. Thus while the CRE element in the chromogranin B gene promoter is responsive to cAMP, the same element, when present in the synapsin I promoter, does not confer cAMP inducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jüngling
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany
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14
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Dey A, Minucci S, Ozato K. Ligand-dependent occupancy of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 promoter in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:8191-201. [PMID: 7969156 PMCID: PMC359358 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.12.8191-8201.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) activates transcription of the RA receptor beta 2 (RAR beta 2) gene in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. This activation involves binding of the RAR/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR) heterodimer to the RA-responsive element (beta RARE). Dimethyl sulfate-based genomic footprinting was performed to examine occupancy of this promoter in P19 EC cells. No footprint was detected at the beta RARE prior to RA treatment, but a footprint was detected within the first hour of RA treatment. Concomitantly, other elements in the promoter, the cyclic AMP-responsive element and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-like-responsive element became footprinted. Footprints at these elements were induced by RA without requiring new protein synthesis and remained for the entire duration of RA treatment but rapidly reversed upon withdrawal of RA. A delayed protection observed at the initiator site was also reversed upon RA withdrawal. The RA-inducible footprint was not due to induction of factors that bind to these element, since in vitro assays showed that these factors are present in P19 cell extracts before RA treatment. Significantly, no RA-induced footprint was observed at any of these elements in P19 cells expressing a dominant negative RXR beta, in which RXR heterodimers are unable to bind to the beta RARE. Results indicate that binding of a liganded heterodimer receptor to the beta RARE is the initial event that allows other elements to gain access to the factors. In accordance, reporter analyses showed that a mutation in the beta RARE, but not those in other elements, abrogates RA activation of the promoter. It is likely that the RAR beta 2 promoter opens in a hierarchically ordered manner, signalled by the occupancy of liganded heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dey
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 9942, CNRS, BP5051, France
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16
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Function of NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites in the major histocompatibility complex class II invariant chain promoter is dependent on cell-specific binding of different NF-kappa B/Rel subunits. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8164652 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the human major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant-chain gene (Ii) contains two NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites located at -109 to -118 (Ii kappa B-1) and -163 to -172 (Ii kappa B-2) from the transcription start site. We report here that the differential function of each of these NF-kappa B/Rel sites in several distinct cell types depends on cell-specific binding of NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors. Ii kappa B-1 is a positive regulatory element in B-cell lines and in the Ii-expressing T-cell line, H9, but acts as a negative regulatory element in myelomonocytic and glia cell lines. In vivo protein-DNA contacts are detectable at Ii kappa B-1 in cell lines in which this site is functional as either a positive or negative regulator. Electrophoretic mobility supershift assays determine that members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors can bind to this site in vitro and that DNA-binding complexes that contain p50, p52, p65, and cRel correlate with positive regulation whereas the presence of p50 correlates with negative regulation. Ii kappa B-2 is a site of positive regulation in B-cell lines and a site of negative regulation in H9 T cells, myelomonocytic, and glial cell lines. In vivo occupancy of this site is observed only in the H9 T-cell line. Again, in vitro supershift studies indicate that the presence of p50, p52, p65, and cRel correlates with positive function whereas the presence of only p50 and p52 correlates with negative function. This differential binding of specific NF-kappa B/Rel subunits is likely to mediate the disparate functions of these two NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites.
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17
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Brown AM, Linhoff MW, Stein B, Wright KL, Baldwin AS, Basta PV, Ting JP. Function of NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites in the major histocompatibility complex class II invariant chain promoter is dependent on cell-specific binding of different NF-kappa B/Rel subunits. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:2926-35. [PMID: 8164652 PMCID: PMC358660 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.2926-2935.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The promoter of the human major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant-chain gene (Ii) contains two NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites located at -109 to -118 (Ii kappa B-1) and -163 to -172 (Ii kappa B-2) from the transcription start site. We report here that the differential function of each of these NF-kappa B/Rel sites in several distinct cell types depends on cell-specific binding of NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors. Ii kappa B-1 is a positive regulatory element in B-cell lines and in the Ii-expressing T-cell line, H9, but acts as a negative regulatory element in myelomonocytic and glia cell lines. In vivo protein-DNA contacts are detectable at Ii kappa B-1 in cell lines in which this site is functional as either a positive or negative regulator. Electrophoretic mobility supershift assays determine that members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors can bind to this site in vitro and that DNA-binding complexes that contain p50, p52, p65, and cRel correlate with positive regulation whereas the presence of p50 correlates with negative regulation. Ii kappa B-2 is a site of positive regulation in B-cell lines and a site of negative regulation in H9 T cells, myelomonocytic, and glial cell lines. In vivo occupancy of this site is observed only in the H9 T-cell line. Again, in vitro supershift studies indicate that the presence of p50, p52, p65, and cRel correlates with positive function whereas the presence of only p50 and p52 correlates with negative function. This differential binding of specific NF-kappa B/Rel subunits is likely to mediate the disparate functions of these two NF-kappa B/Rel binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7295
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18
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Stapleton G, Somma MP, Lavia P. Cell type-specific interactions of transcription factors with a housekeeping promoter in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:2465-71. [PMID: 8389443 PMCID: PMC309548 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.10.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian housekeeping promoters represent a class of regulatory elements different from those of tissues-specific genes, lacking a TATA box and associated with CG-rich DNA. We have compared the organization of the housekeeping Htf9 promoter in different cell types by genomic footprinting. The sites of in vivo occupancy clearly reflected local combinations of tissue-specific and ubiquitous binding factors. The flexibility of the Htf9 promoter in acting as the target of cell-specific combinations of factors may ensure ubiquitous expression of the Htf9-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stapleton
- AFRC Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Occupancy of upstream regulatory sites in vivo coincides with major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression in mouse tissues. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1630463 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I HLA-B7 transgene carrying a 660-bp upstream sequence is expressed in the mouse with tissue specificity that parallels that of the expression of endogenous mouse MHC class I (H-2) genes. We have performed in vivo genomic footprinting for the HLA-B7 transgene and the endogenous H-2Kb gene. We show that the upstream region of both the transgene and the endogenous gene was extensively occupied in spleen tissue, where these genes are expressed at high levels. In contrast, no occupancy was detected in brain tissue, where expression of these genes is virtually absent. Sites exhibiting in vivo protection correspond to cis elements previously shown to bind to nuclear factors in vitro, including the constitutive enhancer region I and the interferon response element. The strongest tissue-specific protection was detected at site alpha, located downstream from the interferon response element. Site alpha bound a constitutively expressed nuclear factor(s) in vitro that exhibited an overlapping specificity which may involve a nuclear hormone receptor, RXR, and an AP-1-related factor. Site alpha was functional in vivo, as it enhanced MHC class I transcription in lymphocytes. These results show that the tissue-specific occupancy of the MHC class I regulatory sequences in vivo correlates with their expression and suggest that in vivo occupancy is controlled by a mechanism other than the mere presence of factors capable of binding to these sites. Our results suggest that a sequence present in the 660-bp upstream region in a human leukocyte antigen gene directs tissue-specific occupancy of MHC class I genes in vivo, independently of their position and copy number, illustrating a potential advantage of using a transgene for delimitation of the sequence requirement for in vivo occupancy.
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20
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Dey A, Thornton AM, Lonergan M, Weissman SM, Chamberlain JW, Ozato K. Occupancy of upstream regulatory sites in vivo coincides with major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression in mouse tissues. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:3590-9. [PMID: 1630463 PMCID: PMC364625 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3590-3599.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I HLA-B7 transgene carrying a 660-bp upstream sequence is expressed in the mouse with tissue specificity that parallels that of the expression of endogenous mouse MHC class I (H-2) genes. We have performed in vivo genomic footprinting for the HLA-B7 transgene and the endogenous H-2Kb gene. We show that the upstream region of both the transgene and the endogenous gene was extensively occupied in spleen tissue, where these genes are expressed at high levels. In contrast, no occupancy was detected in brain tissue, where expression of these genes is virtually absent. Sites exhibiting in vivo protection correspond to cis elements previously shown to bind to nuclear factors in vitro, including the constitutive enhancer region I and the interferon response element. The strongest tissue-specific protection was detected at site alpha, located downstream from the interferon response element. Site alpha bound a constitutively expressed nuclear factor(s) in vitro that exhibited an overlapping specificity which may involve a nuclear hormone receptor, RXR, and an AP-1-related factor. Site alpha was functional in vivo, as it enhanced MHC class I transcription in lymphocytes. These results show that the tissue-specific occupancy of the MHC class I regulatory sequences in vivo correlates with their expression and suggest that in vivo occupancy is controlled by a mechanism other than the mere presence of factors capable of binding to these sites. Our results suggest that a sequence present in the 660-bp upstream region in a human leukocyte antigen gene directs tissue-specific occupancy of MHC class I genes in vivo, independently of their position and copy number, illustrating a potential advantage of using a transgene for delimitation of the sequence requirement for in vivo occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dey
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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