Lack of Association Between Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Polymorphisms and Coronary Artery Disease in Turkish Population

The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) belongs to the MMP family and has been widely investigated. Excessive MMP-9 expression can enhance extracellular matrix degradation and promote plaque instability. Studies have demonstrated that MMP-9 levels are higher in vulnerable plaques than in stable plaques. Additionally, several human studies have demonstrated that MMP-9 may be a predictor of atherosclerotic plaque instability and a risk factor for future adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. MMP-9 deficiency or blocking MMP-9 expression can inhibit plaque inflammation and prevent atherosclerotic plaque instability. All of these results suggest that MMP-9 may be a useful predictive biomarker for vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, as well as a therapeutic target for preventing atherosclerotic plaque instability. In this review, we describe the structure, function, and regulation of MMP-9. We also discuss the role of MMP-9 in predicting and preventing atherosclerotic plaque instability.

The association between Matrix Metallo-proteinases-9 (MMP-9) gene family polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 (C1562T), MMP-9 (R279Q), MMP-9 (P574R) and MMP-9 (R668Q) polymorphisms and risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

Methods

After a systematic literature search, pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association.

Results

We identified 40 studies with 11,792 cases and 8280 controls for C1562T, 7 case-control studies with 5525 cases and 2497 controls for R279Q, 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for P574R, and 2 studies with 1272 cases and 785 controls for R668Q. MMP-9 (C1562T) polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CAD under dominant model (OR = 1.41, P < 0.001), recessive model (OR = 1.59, P < 0.001), allelic model (OR = 1.38, P < 0.001), TT vs. CC model (OR = 1.70, P < 0.001), and CT vs. CC model (OR = 1.35, P < 0.001). Moreover, the subgroup analysis based on the continent of the study populations in this SNP indicated strong significant association in Asians but not in Europeans. Subgroup analysis was not performed in Africa, America and Oceania, due to lack of sufficient data.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis revealed that MMP-9 (C1562T) SNP conferred a susceptibility risk for CAD in the overall analysis and Asian population. The overall analysis and subgroup analysis of the other three SNPs reject the association between MMP-9 polymorphisms and the risk of CAD. Although the results should interpret with caution because of small sample size of included studies in these three SNPs.

NOS3 Gene rs1799983 and rs2070744 Polymorphisms in Patients with Unstable Angina

Acute coronary syndrome occurs when the heart muscle does not receive adequate oxygen and nutrients in a timely manner. Acute coronary syndromes are primarily due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, i.e., coronary heart disease. Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesised from L-arginine in endothelial cells by the constitutive calcium-calmodulin-dependent enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells. Three NOS isoforms have been detected in different tissue: (1) neuronal NOS (nNOS) (NOS1), (2) eNOS (NOS2), and (3) inducible NOS (iNOS) (NOS3). These isoforms are encoded by three different genes. NOS3 is located on chromosome 7q35-36 and contains 26 exons. Previous studies have suggested that NOS3 polymorphisms may be associated with acute coronary syndromes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the associations between NOS3 rs1799983 (894G/T)andrs2070744 (-786T/C) polymorphisms and unstable angina. This study included 246 patients with unstable angina, as confirmed by coronary angiography. We also included 189 healthy controls who were also assessed by this technique. There were no significant differences in genotype distributions of NOS3 rs1799983and rs2070744 polymorphisms in patients with unstable angina and healthy controls in both univariate and multivariate analyses. In patients with the NOS3 rs1799983 TT genotype, we observed a higher BMI (TT vs. GT + GG, p = 0.068), and in patients with the NOS3 rs2070744 TT genotype, we observed a higher waist circumference (TT vs. TC + CC, p = 0.023; TT vs. CC, p = 0.0053). These data suggest a lack of association between the NOS3 rs1799983andrs2070744 polymorphisms and unstable angina in our patient population. However, these polymorphisms may be associated with some obesity parameters, rs1799983 in females and rs2070744 in males.

T-786C variation in the promoter sequence of human eNOS gene markedly influences its expression level

This study investigated the role of the T-786C polymorphism (SNP) in the 5'-flanking sequence of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) on its expression level in vascular endothelium with the ultimate goal of shedding more light on the mechanisms by which genetic variations of eNOS might affect the vascular level of nitric oxide (NO). Sequences in the 5'-flanking region of eNOS gene were PCR-amplified using genomic DNA templates isolated from blood samples collected from cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. Two sequence-versions carrying the same SNP site were used; a short (345 bp) and an extended one (1,594 bp), numbered relative to the translational start site. All sequences were cloned into a promoter-less vector (pGL3-basic), which carries the firefly luciferase gene as a reporter. Genotyping of the T-786C polymorphism was performed using Sanger sequencing of the insert region. Luminescence levels were then recorded 24-48 h after transfecting human endothelial cell line (EA.hy926). Three genotypes were identified in the subject samples; TT, TC, or CC. The highest expression levels associated with the TT genotype, followed by the TC genotype, then the CC genotype. The extended sequence version produced higher expression levels compared to the shorter version. Our results provide evidence that the T allele at the T-786C SNP site of the eNOS gene results in increased expression of the enzyme, and consequently might provide a protective mechanism from CVD. The extended promoter sequence of eNOS resulted in higher expression of the gene, suggesting the presence of some essential binding sites for transcription enhancing proteins.

The contribution of NOS3 variants to coronary artery disease: A combined genetic epidemiology and computational biochemistry perspective

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction, are the leading cause of death among people worldwide. CAD is exceedingly complex in its interplay of environment and genetics, with numerous genetic loci contributing to its heritability. Here, we aim at looking into the effects of the NOS3 c.894G>T and 27-bp VNTR polymorphisms on susceptibility to CAD in a population of Turkish Cypriots, at seeing whether these effects correlate with plasma lipid levels and at predicting the functional consequences of each polymorphism tested. A total of 50 subjects with CAD and 100 otherwise healthy subjects were included in the present case-control study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the two NOS3 polymorphisms were determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of PCR amplicons. Complementary methods of statistical analysis and computational modeling were employed accordingly to achieve the aims above. Our findings show that the 27-bp VNTR polymorphic locus, but not the c.894G>T polymorphic locus, is associated with CAD and that it may regulate NOS3 pre-mRNA splicing in a length-dependent manner. Overall, along with additional, yet-to-be ascertained susceptibility markers the 27-bp VNTR 4a/4b marker may be employed in risk stratification in community-level screening for CAD among Turkish Cypriots.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu 298 Asp (G894T) and Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism as possible risk factors for coronary heart disease among Egyptians

In Egypt, The prevalence of chronic heart disease (CHD) is 8.3%. It is the principal cause of death and is responsible for 22% of total mortality. The age-adjusted mortality rate is 174 per 100,000 of population. There are many studies on traditional risk factors and CHD in Egypt but the study of novel risk factors is deficient.

Objectives

The aim of the present case control study was to investigate the relation between CHD susceptibility and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Glu 298 Asp (G894T) and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism in a cohort of Egyptian individuals.

Methods

Genotyping of eNOS (Glu298Asp) and Apo E genes polymorphisms were done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method for 100 CHD cases and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls.

Results

A statistically significant association was observed between GT and TT genotypes of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with CHD with OR = 2.03 and 3.5; respectively. Also, carriers of E4 allele and especially E3/E4 genotype were at higher risk of CHD with OR = 3.3 for both. Significant association was also observed between the presence of combined GTE3E4 genotype and CHD with OR = 6.6.

Conclusion

GT and TT genotypes of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, E3/E4 genotype of Apo E gene polymorphism and combined GTE3E4 genotype can be considered risk factors for the development of CHD among Egyptians.

Association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease: an update systematic review and meta-analysis

Polymorphism (rs3918242) in the MMP9 gene has been reported to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aims to investigate a more accurate estimation of the relationship between CAD and rs3918242 polymorphism by a meta-analysis method. We systematically searched studies on the association of rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data and CNKI. We used Stata 12.0 and RevMan 5.3 software to perform the meta-analyses. A total of 37 case-control studies involving 13,035 CAD patients and 11,372 non-CAD controls were included. A statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and CAD was observed in allelic model (Odds ratio (OR) 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.50; p < 0.00001), recessive model (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.17–1.75; p = 0.0004), and in dominant model ( OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.20–1.53; p < 0.00001). Moreover, we also found that there is a statistically significant association between rs3918242 polymorphism and myocardial infarction (MI) in Asians with allelic model (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.29–2.14; p < 0.0001), recessive model (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.44–3.63; p = 0.004), and dominant (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.29–2.35; p = 0.0003) model. A similar result in Caucasians with allelic model (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.27; p = 0.02), and in dominant (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.32; p = 0.01) model. Our meta-analysis suggested that the MMP9 T allele is a risk factor for CAD and MI.

Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review

Several association studies of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms with respect to coronary artery disease (CAD) have been published in the past two decades. However, their association with the disease, especially among different ethnic subgroups, still remains controversial. This prompted us to conduct a systematic review and an updated structured meta-analysis, which is the largest so far (89 articles, 132 separate studies, and a sample size of 69,235), examining association of three polymorphic forms of the NOS3 gene (i.e. Glu298Asp, T786-C and 27bp VNTR b/a) with CAD. In a subgroup analysis, we tested their association separately among published studies originating predominantly from European, Middle Eastern, Asian, Asian-Indian and African ancestries. The pooled analysis confirmed the association of all the three selected SNP with CAD in three different genetic models transcending all ancestries worldwide. The Glu298Asp polymorphism showed strongest association (OR range = 1.28–1.52, and P<0.00001 for all comparisons), followed by T786-C (OR range = 1.34–1.42, and P<0.00001 for all comparisons) and 4b/a, (OR range = 1.19–1.41, and P≤0.002 for all comparisons) in our pooled analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed that Glu298Asp (OR range = 1.54–1.87, and P<0.004 for all comparisons) and 4b/a (OR range = 1.71–3.02, and P<0.00001 for all comparisons) have highest degree of association amongst the Middle Easterners. On the other hand, T786-C and its minor allele seem to carry a highest risk for CAD among subjects of Asian ancestry (OR range = 1.61–1.90, and P≤0.01 for all comparisons).

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Many investigations have studied the associations between matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) C1562T polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the conclusions of these studies were inconsistent. Therefore, this study was aimed at clarifying the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD in a large-scale meta-analysis.

METHODS

The PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved to collect all publications on the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. Then the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for C1562T TT+TC versus CC genotype between CAD and the control groups were evaluated. Subgroup analysis was also performed according to different races. The meta-analysis was performed by Stata 10.0.

RESULTS

Sixteen case-control studies were included in our meta-analysis, involving 11032 CAD patients and 4628 non-CAD controls. Compared with C allele carriers, East Asian T allele carriers TT+TC had a significantly higher risk of CAD (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.03-1.99; P=0.031); however, there were no significant associations in Western populations (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 0.96-1.18; P=0.240) or West Asians (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.75-1.70; P=0.565). When further analyzing the association between C1562T polymorphisms and myocardial infarction (MI, the most serious type of CAD), the risk of TT+TC genotype versus CC genotype for MI was significantly higher for the overall (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.04-1.40; P=0.012) and for East Asians (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.26-1.97; P=0.000) but not in Western populations (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.99-1.26; P=0.078).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis suggested an obvious ethnic difference in the association between MMP-9 C1562T polymorphisms and CAD. MMP-9 C1562T polymorphism was significantly related to CAD in East Asians. However, no significant associations were observed in either West Asians or Western populations.

Association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

AIMS

The present study was undertaken to determine the association between -1562C>T polymorphism in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

METHODS

This meta-analysis was on the basis of 26 studies that included 12,776 cases and 6371 controls, heterogeneity of which was assessed by the Q-statistic test and the I(2)-statistic test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially omitting any single study and recalculating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Funnel plots and Egger's test were performed to test the potential publication bias. All data were analyzed by using STATA version 12.0.

RESULTS

We found that -1562C>T polymorphism did not contribute to the risk of CAD in the overall results. But the stratified analysis by ethnicity indicated that -1562C>T polymorphism might decrease susceptibility to CAD in Asians (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-1.00; ph=0.956 for CC vs. CT+TT).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis supports the fact that -1562C>T polymorphism may have association with CAD risk in Asian populations. But further larger studies are required to confirm our findings.

Genetic etiology of coronary artery disease considering NOS 3 gene variant rs1799983

Reduced production of nitric oxide due to rs1799983 single nucleotide polymorphism in nitric oxide synthase 3 gene (NOS3) may enhance the risk of coronary artery disease. The association of rs1799983 polymorphism with coronary artery disease was investigated in the local population of Pakistan. Study consisted of 376 individuals, out of which 198 were coronary artery disease patients and 178 were normal healthy individuals. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based strategy was used for the detection of different genotypes of rs1799983 polymorphism. PCR amplification results were obtained for 354 samples. Frequency of T allele was higher as compared to G allele in our population. Strong association between rs1799983 and coronary artery disease was observed (p < 0.01). TT genotype was found to enhance 5.717 times the risk of coronary artery disease (odds ratio (OR): 5.717; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3.586-9.115). On the basis of present results, it can be concluded that rs1799983 is strongly associated with coronary artery disease in our population and TT genotype of this polymorphism enhanced the risk of coronary artery disease in Pakistani population.

Association between the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene Glu298Asp polymorphism and coronary heart disease: a meta‑analysis of 39 case‑control studies

Numerous studies have indicated that the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene Glu298Asp polymorphism is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility, however, their conclusions are inconsistent. The present meta‑analysis aimed to evaluate the precise result by searching the PubMed database and using 39 case‑control studies comprising 7489 cases and 7051 controls.Each study tested the association between the eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and CHD. A meta‑analysis was then conducted using the Comprehensive Meta Analysis 2.2 software to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) of five genetic models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Publication bias was also explored. The meta‑analysis showed a significant association between the eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and CHD susceptibility for all the genetic models [Asp vs. Glu, OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14‑1.40, P<0.001; Asp/Asp vs. Glu/Glu, OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.23‑2.02, P<0.001; Glu/Asp vs. Glu/Glu, OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03‑1.22, P=0.001; (Glu/Asp+Asp/Asp) vs. Glu/Glu, OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07‑1.27, P<0.001; Asp/Asp vs. (Glu/Glu+Glu/Asp), OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.25‑2.03, P<0.001]. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses indicated that the result was robust. A weak publication bias was detected. The results indicated that the eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism is a risk factor for developing CHD, particularly in the Asian population.

Meta-analysis of MMP9-562C/T and the risk of coronary heart disease

INTRODUCTION

Previous case-control studies have suggested that the -1562C/T and R279Q polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene (MMP9) are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, other studies do not confirm these relationships. The objective is to assess these relationships using meta-analysis.

METHODS

Databases, including PubMed and ScienceDirect, were searched to access the genetic association studies. Then data were extracted. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Moreover, subgroup and sensitive analysis were performed.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis of the -1562C/T polymorphism included 12 studies with 8,336 cases and 3,984 controls. The -1562T allele was significantly associated with CHD (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.45, p = 0.004). There was heterogeneity among the 12 studies (I2 = 61%, p = 0.003). The overall results were consistent and were not changed substantially by the removal of any data set. The meta-analysis of the R279Q polymorphism, including 6 studies with 6,983 cases and 3,282 controls, showed that the R279Q polymorphism was not associated with CHD (p = 0.16).

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesis of available evidence supports the fact that the MMP9 -1562C/T polymorphism is a risk factor for CHD.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Level and Gene Polymorphism in Sleep Disordered Breathing Patients with or without Cardiovascular Disorders

OBJECTIVE

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) level and MMP-9 gene polymorphism in sleep apnea patients with or without cardiovascular disease.

STUDY DESIGN

Case-control study.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred nine patients [Mean age (±SD), 47 (±12) yrs; M/F, 170/39] diagnosed with sleep-disordered breathing were included in the study. Serum MMP-9 level was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and MMP-9 gene polymorphism with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We divided the patient group into two subgroups: (1) patients with confirmed cardiovascular disease, i.e. CV-P Group and (2) patients without cardiovascular disease, CV-N Group. We compared all parameters between the two groups.

RESULTS

There were 56 OSAS patients with cardiovascular disorder (CV-positive group) and 153 OSAS patients without cardiovascular disorder (CV-negative group). CC, CT and TT genotype distributions between groups were similar [31 (55%), 25 (45%), 0 (0%) vs 88 (57%), 61 (40%), 4 (3%); respectively, p>0.05]. MMP-9 level was significantly higher in CV-P patients (442.7±139.3 pg/mL) than in CV-N patients (364.4±165.0 pg/mL; p=0.0018).

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that the presence of MMP-9 polymorphism was not associated with cardiovascular disease. MMP-9 level was higher in OSAS patients with cardiovascular disorders than without cardiovascular disorders. Finally, MMP-9 genotype was not associated with serum MMP-9 levels.

The G894T polymorphism on endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with increased coronary heart disease among Asia population: evidence from a Meta analysis

INTRODUCTION

Growing studies have revealed the underlying association between eNOS 894G/T (rs1799983) polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) among Asia population. Results from these studies remained conflicting. We conducted this meta-analysis to estimate the overall CHD risk of eNOS 894G/T polymorphism regarding Asia population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Up to October 2011, databases including PubMed, Embase and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched to access the relevant genetic association studies. Summary odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for eNOS 894G/T polymorphism and CHD risk were estimated using fixed or random-effects models when appropriate.

RESULTS

18 case-control studies with 2,994 cases and 3,130 controls were available for this study, including 13 studies of East-Asia descendents, 5 studies of Non East-Asian descendents. The mean T allele frequency was 0.111 in the East-Asia population and 0.147 in the Non East-Asia population, respectively. The summary OR for CHD associated with the T allele was 1.52 (95% confidence intervals (95%CI), 1.37-1.69) by random effects model. Similarly, significantly increased risks were observed in the East-Asia population (OR=1.54; 95%CI=1.35-1.76) and in the Non East-Asia population (OR=1.48; 95%CI=1.24-1.77), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis indicated that eNOS 894G/T polymorphism may play an important role in CHD development among Asia population.

Lack of association between Glu298Asp polymorphism and coronary artery disease in North Indians

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important molecule carrying number of different functions in humans. Published studies suggest that it may inhibit several key steps involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Inhibition or reduction of NO due to Glu298Asp polymorphism may accelerate atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether Glu298Asp polymorphism is implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) among North Indian population from the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. We selected 253 CAD patients and 174 healthy, normotensive, non-diabetic controls, which were matched for gender and ethnicity. The Glu298Asp (rs1799983) variant was detected by genotyping subjects, using a polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. There was no significant difference found in the genotypic and allelic frequencies between patients and controls. Our study indicated that Glu298Asp polymorphism does not play any critical role in the pathogenesis of CAD, at least in North Indian population.

Interaction between MMP-9 gene polymorphisms and smoking in relation to myocardial infarction in a Uighur population

OBJECTIVES

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays a pivotal role in early atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling, and development of arterial plaque rupture. The potentially functional MMP-9 gene polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to investigate the association between the interaction of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms ([SNPs] -1562C>T and R279Q) of the MMP-9 gene and smoking with MI in a Uighur population of China.

METHODS

A case-control study composed of 384 coronary angiography proven patients with MI and 451 sex-matched and ethnically matched control participants were enrolled in the study. The genotypes of the 2 selected SNPs were determined by the method of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS

Analysis of 2 SNPs, the frequency of -1562 CT and TT genotypes in MI group was significantly higher than in control group (25.52% vs 17.29%; P = .004). And the -1562 T allele showed significant association with MI (MI vs controls: 14.19% vs 9.31%; P = .002). R279Q locus did not show significant differences between patients and controls ( P > .05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that -1562 T allele (CT or TT genotype; odds ratio [OR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.40; P = .004), the interaction between -1562 T allele and smoking (OR 4.42, 95% CI 2.74-7.13; P < .001), and the interaction between 279 Q allele and smoking (OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.04-4.13; P = .021) were independent risk factors for MI.

CONCLUSIONS

There findings suggest that MMP-9 -1562C>T polymorphism could be associated with the susceptibility to MI. Another SNP (R279Q) polymorphism was not significantly associated with MI. The -1562C>T or R279Q polymorphism of MMP-9 gene and smoking have a synergistic effect and are significantly associated with the risk of MI in Chinese Uighur population, respectively.

Interaction of eNOS polymorphism with MTHFR variants increase the risk of diabetic nephropathy and its progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

The present study has investigated the role of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) G894T polymorphism and its interaction with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C variants on the predisposition to diabetic nephropathy and its progression. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method the eNOS G894T and MTHFR polymorphisms were detected in 72 microalbuminuric, 68 macroalbuminuric, and 72 normoalbuinuric type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from Western Iran. The presence of GT and GT + TT genotypes of eNOS were associated with insignificantly 1.86- and 1.68-fold increased risk of macroalbuminuria, respectively and 1.21- and 1.13-fold increased risk of microalbuminuria, respectively. However, the concomitant presence of eNOST and MTHFR 1298C alleles were significantly increased the risk of macroalbuminuria (6.6-fold, P < 0.001) and progression from micro- to macro-albuminuria (3.85 times, P = 0.011). Also, the presence of both alleles of eNOST and MTHFR 677T were significantly associated with increased risk of macroalbuminuria (4.8-fold, P = 0.005). The presence of GT + TT genotypes of eNOS was significantly associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in micro- and macro-albuminuric patients compared to normoalbuminuric patients. The concomitant presence of three mutant alleles significantly increased the risk of macroalbuminuria and progression from micro- to macro-albuminuria 38.5- and 10.5-fold, respectively. Our study indicated that eNOS T allele interacts with MTHFR variants, especially MTHFR A1298C to increase the risk of macroalbuminuria and progression from micro-to macro-albuminuria. Also, Interaction between three alleles of eNOST, MTHFR 677T, and 1298C highly increased the risk of macroalbuminuria and progression of diabetic nephropathy in T2DM patients.

Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis of MTHFR, PAI-1, ACE, PON1, and eNOS gene polymorphisms in patients with early onset coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Association studies in the Turkish population have investigated the single locus effects of different gene polymorphisms on coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a complex polygenic disease that involves complex interactions among multiple genetic and environmental conditions.

DESIGN

We evaluated associations of five candidate genetic polymorphisms (methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T, plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 3-27 base pair repeat, insertion, or deletion of a 287 bp Alu repeat sequence polymorhism of angiotensin I converting enzyme, and paraoxonase Gln192Arg PON1 polymorphisms) with the presence and extent of early onset CAD.

METHODS

DNA was isolated and amplified from 90 consecutive patients with angiographically proven early onset CAD (ages 41 ± 5 for men, 49 ± 7 for women) and also from 90 control subjects with no significant coronary obstruction angiographically (ages 42 ± 5 for men, 48 ± 6 for women). Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was performed to identify a model of CAD based on both genetic and conventional risk factors.

RESULTS

MDR analysis detected a significant model with four genes (prediction success ∼ 61%, p = 0.03). When the total number of the conventional risk factors is analysed with the candidate polymorphisms, a different model is identified that includes three of the four genes from the above model and achieves a similar prediction of CAD as the gene only model.

CONCLUSION

These data indicate that gene-gene and gene-environmental risk interactions form significant models in predicting early onset CAD.