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Wang L, Bai Y, Cao Z, Guo Z, Lian Y, Liu P, Zeng Y, Lyu W, Chen Q. Histone deacetylases and inhibitors in diabetes mellitus and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117010. [PMID: 38941890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, with its prevalence linked to both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications, particularly through histone deacetylases (HDACs), have been recognized for their significant influence on DM pathogenesis. This review focuses on the classification of HDACs, their role in DM and its complications, and the potential therapeutic applications of HDAC inhibitors. HDACs, which modulate gene expression without altering DNA sequences, are categorized into four classes with distinct functions and tissue specificity. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have shown efficacy in various diseases, including DM, by targeting these enzymes. The review highlights how HDACs regulate β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in DM, as well as their impact on diabetic cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Finally, we suggest that targeted histone modification is expected to become a key method for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The study of HDACi offers insights into new treatment strategies for DM and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610072, PR China; Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yuning Bai
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Zhengmin Cao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yanjie Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, PR China
| | - Pan Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610072, PR China
| | - Yixian Zeng
- Department of Proctology, Beibei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400799, PR China
| | - Wenliang Lyu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China.
| | - Qiu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610072, PR China.
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Yang C, Wei M, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Song M, Mi J, Yang X, Tian G. Regulation of insulin secretion by the post-translational modifications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1217189. [PMID: 37601108 PMCID: PMC10436566 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1217189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) has a significant impact on cellular signaling and function regulation. In pancreatic β cells, PTMs are involved in insulin secretion, cell development, and viability. The dysregulation of PTM in β cells is clinically associated with the development of diabetes mellitus. Here, we summarized current findings on major PTMs occurring in β cells and their roles in insulin secretion. Our work provides comprehensive insight into understanding the mechanisms of insulin secretion and potential therapeutic targets for diabetes from the perspective of protein PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Yang
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mengna Wei
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanpu Zhao
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanyi Yang
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyao Song
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Geng Tian
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Luo Y, Uaratanawong R, Choudhary V, Hardin M, Zhang C, Melnyk S, Chen X, Bollag WB. Advanced Glycation End Products and Activation of Toll-like Receptor-2 and -4 Induced Changes in Aquaporin-3 Expression in Mouse Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1376. [PMID: 36674890 PMCID: PMC9864132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged inflammation and impaired re-epithelization are major contributing factors to chronic non-healing diabetic wounds; diabetes is also characterized by xerosis. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), can trigger inflammatory responses. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) plays essential roles in keratinocyte function and skin wound re-epithelialization/re-generation and hydration. Suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, mimics the increased acetylation observed in diabetes. We investigated the effects of TLR2/TLR4 activators and AGEs on keratinocyte AQP3 expression in the presence and absence of SAHA. Primary mouse keratinocytes were treated with or without TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PAM), TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or AGEs, with or without SAHA. We found that (1) PAM and LPS significantly upregulated AQP3 protein basally (without SAHA) and PAM downregulated AQP3 protein with SAHA; and (2) AGEs (100 µg/mL) increased AQP3 protein expression basally and decreased AQP3 levels with SAHA. PAM and AGEs produced similar changes in AQP3 expression, suggesting a common pathway or potential crosstalk between TLR2 and AGEs signaling. Our findings suggest that TLR2 activation and AGEs may be beneficial for wound healing and skin hydration under normal conditions via AQP3 upregulation, but that these pathways are likely deleterious in diabetes chronically through decreased AQP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rawipan Uaratanawong
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Mary Hardin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Catherine Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Samuel Melnyk
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xunsheng Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Su Y, Lian J, Chen S, Zhang W, Deng C. Epigenetic histone acetylation modulating prenatal Poly I:C induced neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex of rats: a study in a maternal immune activation model. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1037105. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1037105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC), plays a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, which has been found to be associated with maternal immune activation (MIA). Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation involves in the MIA-induced neurodevelopmental disturbance. However, it is not well-understood how epigenetic modulation is involved in the neuroinflammation and pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Methods: This study explored the modulation of histone acetylation in both neuroinflammation and neurotransmission using an MIA rat model induced by prenatal polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) exposure, specifically examining those genes that were previously observed to be impacted by the exposure, including a subunit of nuclear factor kappa-B (Rela), Nod-Like-Receptor family Pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3), NMDA receptor subunit 2A (Grin2a), 5-HT2A (Htr2a), and GABAA subunit β3 (Gabrb3).Results: Our results revealed global changes of histone acetylation on H3 (H3ace) and H4 (H4ace) in the PFC of offspring rats with prenatal Poly I:C exposure. In addition, it revealed enhancement of both H3ace and H4ace binding on the promoter region of Rela, as well as positive correlations between Rela and genes encoding histone acetyltransferases (HATs) including CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-associated protein p300 (EP300). Although there was no change in H3ace or H4ace enrichment on the promoter region of Nlrp3, a significant enhancement of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) binding on the promoter region of Nlrp3 and a positive correlation between Nlrp3 and Hdac6 were also observed. However, prenatal Poly I:C treatment did not lead to any specific changes of H3ace and H4ace on the promoter region of the target genes encoding neurotransmitter receptors in this study.Discussion: These findings demonstrated that epigenetic modulation contributes to NF-κB/NLRP3 mediated neuroinflammation induced by prenatal Poly I:C exposure via enhancement of histone acetylation of H3ace and H4ace on Rela and HDAC6-mediated NLRP3 transcriptional activation. This may further lead to deficits in neurotransmissions and schizophrenia-like behaviors observed in offspring.
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Dewanjee S, Vallamkondu J, Kalra RS, Chakraborty P, Gangopadhyay M, Sahu R, Medala V, John A, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Kandimalla R. The Emerging Role of HDACs: Pathology and Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2021; 10:1340. [PMID: 34071497 PMCID: PMC8228721 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the principal manifestations of metabolic syndrome and its prevalence with modern lifestyle is increasing incessantly. Chronic hyperglycemia can induce several vascular complications that were referred to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in DM. Although several therapeutic targets have been identified and accessed clinically, the imminent risk of DM and its prevalence are still ascending. Substantial pieces of evidence revealed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoforms can regulate various molecular activities in DM via epigenetic and post-translational regulation of several transcription factors. To date, 18 HDAC isoforms have been identified in mammals that were categorized into four different classes. Classes I, II, and IV are regarded as classical HDACs, which operate through a Zn-based mechanism. In contrast, class III HDACs or Sirtuins depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) for their molecular activity. Functionally, most of the HDAC isoforms can regulate β cell fate, insulin release, insulin expression and signaling, and glucose metabolism. Moreover, the roles of HDAC members have been implicated in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and other pathological events, which substantially contribute to diabetes-related vascular dysfunctions. Therefore, HDACs could serve as the potential therapeutic target in DM towards developing novel intervention strategies. This review sheds light on the emerging role of HDACs/isoforms in diabetic pathophysiology and emphasized the scope of their targeting in DM for constituting novel interventional strategies for metabolic disorders/complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305 8565, Japan;
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | - Moumita Gangopadhyay
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, ADAMAS University, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India;
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India;
| | - Vijaykrishna Medala
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Albin John
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (A.J.); (P.H.R.)
- Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
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Wong CK, Wade-Vallance AK, Luciani DS, Brindle PK, Lynn FC, Gibson WT. The p300 and CBP Transcriptional Coactivators Are Required for β-Cell and α-Cell Proliferation. Diabetes 2018; 67:412-422. [PMID: 29217654 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
p300 (EP300) and CBP (CREBBP) are transcriptional coactivators with histone acetyltransferase activity. Various β-cell transcription factors can recruit p300/CBP, and thus the coactivators could be important for β-cell function and health in vivo. We hypothesized that p300/CBP contribute to the development and proper function of pancreatic islets. To test this, we bred and studied mice lacking p300/CBP in their islets. Mice lacking either p300 or CBP in islets developed glucose intolerance attributable to impaired insulin secretion, together with reduced α- and β-cell area and islet insulin content. These phenotypes were exacerbated in mice with only a single copy of p300 or CBP expressed in islets. Removing p300 in pancreatic endocrine progenitors impaired proliferation of neonatal α- and β-cells. Mice lacking all four copies of p300/CBP in pancreatic endocrine progenitors failed to establish α- and β-cell mass postnatally. Transcriptomic analyses revealed significant overlaps between p300/CBP-downregulated genes and genes downregulated in Hnf1α-null islets and Nkx2.2-null islets, among others. Furthermore, p300/CBP are important for the acetylation of H3K27 at loci downregulated in Hnf1α-null islets. We conclude that p300 and CBP are limiting cofactors for islet development, and hence for postnatal glucose homeostasis, with some functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Dan S Luciani
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Francis C Lynn
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Khan S, Komarya SK, Jena G. Phenylbutyrate and β-cell function: contribution of histone deacetylases and ER stress inhibition. Epigenomics 2017; 9:711-720. [PMID: 28470097 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidences of diabetes are increasing globally due to involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors. Phenylbutyrate (PBA) is a US FDA approved drug for treatment of urea cycle disorder in children. PBA reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is proven as a potent histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor. Chronic ER stress results in unfolding protein response, which triggers apoptosis. Abnormal ER homoeostasis is responsible for defective processing of several genes/proteins and contributes to β-cell death/failure. Accumulated evidences indicated that HDACs modulate key biochemical pathways and HDAC inhibitors improve β-cell function and insulin resistance by modulating multiple targets. This review highlights the role of PBA on β-cell functions, insulin resistance for possible treatment of diabetes through inhibition of ER stress and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir Khan
- Facility for Risk Assessment & Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Sandeep K Komarya
- Facility for Risk Assessment & Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Gopabandhu Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment & Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
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Navratilova I, Aristotelous T, Picaud S, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Filappakopoulos P, Hopkins AL. Discovery of New Bromodomain Scaffolds by Biosensor Fragment Screening. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1213-1218. [PMID: 27994766 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel bromodomain inhibitors by fragment screening is complicated by the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an acetyl-lysine mimetic, that can compromise the detection of low affinity fragments. We demonstrate surface plasmon resonance as a primary fragment screening approach for the discovery of novel bromodomain scaffolds, by describing a protocol to overcome the DMSO interference issue. We describe the discovery of several novel small molecules scaffolds that inhibit the bromodomains PCAF, BRD4, and CREBBP, representing canonical members of three out of the seven subfamilies of bromodomains. High-resolution crystal structures of the complexes of key fragments binding to BRD4(1), CREBBP, and PCAF were determined to provide binding mode data to aid the development of potent and selective inhibitors of PCAF, CREBBP, and BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Navratilova
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Tonia Aristotelous
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Target
Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Target
Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Target
Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Panagis Filappakopoulos
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Hopkins
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
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Rabhi N, Denechaud PD, Gromada X, Hannou SA, Zhang H, Rashid T, Salas E, Durand E, Sand O, Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Chavey C, Bonner C, Kerr-Conte J, Abderrahmani A, Auwerx J, Fajas L, Froguel P, Annicotte JS. KAT2B Is Required for Pancreatic Beta Cell Adaptation to Metabolic Stress by Controlling the Unfolded Protein Response. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1051-1061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Gallenkamp D, Gelato KA, Haendler B, Weinmann H. Bromodomains and their pharmacological inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:438-64. [PMID: 24497428 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 60 bromodomains belonging to proteins with very different functions have been identified in humans. Several of them interact with acetylated lysine residues, leading to the recruitment and stabilization of protein complexes. The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins contain tandem bromodomains which bind to acetylated histones and are thereby implicated in a number of DNA-centered processes, including the regulation of gene expression. The recent identification of inhibitors of BET and non-BET bromodomains is one of the few examples in which effective blockade of a protein-protein interaction can be achieved with a small molecule. This has led to major strides in the understanding of the function of bromodomain-containing proteins and their involvement in diseases such as cancer and inflammation. Indeed, BET bromodomain inhibitors are now being clinically evaluated for the treatment of hematological tumors and have also been tested in clinical trials for the relatively rare BRD-NUT midline carcinoma. This review gives an overview of the newest developments in the field, with a focus on the biology of selected bromodomain proteins on the one hand, and on reported pharmacological inhibitors on the other, including recent examples from the patent literature.
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