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Lokki AI, Daly E, Triebwasser M, Kurki MI, Roberson EDO, Häppölä P, Auro K, Perola M, Heinonen S, Kajantie E, Kere J, Kivinen K, Pouta A, Salmon JE, Meri S, Daly M, Atkinson JP, Laivuori H. Protective Low-Frequency Variants for Preeclampsia in the Fms Related Tyrosine Kinase 1 Gene in the Finnish Population. Hypertension 2017; 70:365-371. [PMID: 28652462 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy-specific vascular disorder characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria during the second half of pregnancy. Predisposition to preeclampsia is in part heritable. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. We have sequenced 124 candidate genes implicated in preeclampsia to pinpoint genetic variants contributing to predisposition to or protection from preeclampsia. First, targeted exomic sequencing was performed in 500 preeclamptic women and 190 controls from the FINNPEC cohort (Finnish Genetics of Preeclampsia Consortium). Then 122 women with a history of preeclampsia and 1905 parous women with no such history from the National FINRISK Study (a large Finnish population survey on risk factors of chronic, noncommunicable diseases) were included in the analyses. We tested 146 rare and low-frequency variants and found an excess (observed 13 versus expected 7.3) nominally associated with preeclampsia (P<0.05). The most significantly associated sequence variants were protective variants rs35832528 (E982A; P=2.49E-4; odds ratio=0.387) and rs141440705 (R54S; P=0.003; odds ratio=0.442) in Fms related tyrosine kinase 1. These variants are enriched in the Finnish population with minor allele frequencies 0.026 and 0.017, respectively. They may also be associated with a lower risk of heart failure in 11 257 FINRISK women. This study provides the first evidence of maternal protective genetic variants in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Inkeri Lokki
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.).
| | - Emma Daly
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Michael Triebwasser
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Elisha D O Roberson
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Paavo Häppölä
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Kirsi Auro
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Markus Perola
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Eero Kajantie
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Juha Kere
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Katja Kivinen
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Anneli Pouta
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Jane E Salmon
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Seppo Meri
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Mark Daly
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - John P Atkinson
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.)
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- From the Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit (A.I.L., S.M.), Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit (J.K.), and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland/HiLIFE Unit (P.H., K.A., M.P., H.L.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Medical and Clinical Genetics (A.I.L., H.L.), Bacteriology and Immunology (A.I.L., S.M.), Obstetrics and Gynaecology (K.A., S.H., H.L.), and Children's Hospital (E.K), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics (J.K.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (E.D., M.I.K., M.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology (M.T., E.D.O.R., J.P.A.) and Department of Genetics (E.D.O.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (M.I.K.); Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.I.K.); Unit of Genetics and Biomarkers (K.A.), Department of Health (M.P., E.K.), Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health (E.K.), and Department of Government Services (A.P.), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; The Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia (M.P.); PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland (E.K., A.P.); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (J.K.); Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College, London, United Kingdom (J.K.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.K.); Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (J.E.S.); and Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.).
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