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Lan X, Wang T, Ewald F, Chen Z, Cui K, Schäffer A, Wang L, Ji R. 14C-Labelling of the natural steroid estrogens 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, and estrone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 375:26-32. [PMID: 31035183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide environmental occurrence of natural steroid estrogens has drawn increasing concerns. However, the fate of the estrogens, especially the α-isomer of estradiol, in the environmental matrices is still obscure. Using 14C-radioactively labelled forms of these estrogens can facilitate and is sometimes a prerequisite for studying their transformation and residual distribution in the environment, but the availability of labelled compounds (owing to commercially high prices or unavailable) hampers such studies. Here we developed simple and stable methods to synthesize 14C-labelled estradiol isomers and estrone using relatively low-priced [carboxyl-14C]-labelled sodium acetate as a precursor. The radiochemical syntheses started from an enol lactone, which was prepared from nandrolone by oxidation to open the A-ring followed by recyclization. Inversion of the 17β-hydroxyl group into its 17α-form was achieved via the Walden inversion using the Mitsunobu reaction. [3-14C]-17β-estradiol, [3-14C]-17α-estradiol, and [3-14C]-estrone were synthesized in five, six, and seven steps with an overall radiochemical yield of 17.4%, 16.2%, and 13.9%, respectively. The synthesized 14C-labelled compounds provide materials for studying the fate and behavior of estrogens in complex environmental matrixes and for further synthesis of their 14C-labelled sulfate and glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Resources Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Henan Province, No. 10 Xueli Road, Zhengdong Xinqu, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Franziska Ewald
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Zaixin Chen
- Yabang Medical Research Institute, No. 66 Changhong West Road, West Taihu Lake Science & Technology Zone, Changzhou 213145, China
| | - Kai Cui
- School of Chemistry & Life Science, Nanjing University Jinling College, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Bai X, Casey FXM, Hakk H, DeSutter TM, Oduor PG, Khan E. Sorption and degradation of 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate in sterilized soil-water systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1322-1328. [PMID: 24630461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify abiotic processes that govern the fate of a sulfate conjugated estrogen, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17S), soil batch experiments were conducted to investigate the dissipation, sorption, and degradation of radiolabeled E2-17S under sterilized conditions. The aqueous dissipation half-lives (DT50) for E2-17S ranged from 2.5 to 9.3h for the topsoil of high organic carbon (OC) content (1.29%), but E2-17S remained at ∼80% of applied dose in the low OC (0.26%) subsoil by 14 d. The non-linear sorption isotherms indicated limited sorption of E2-17S, and the concentration-dependent log KOC values were 2.20 and 2.45 for the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Additionally, two types of hydroxyl E2-17S (OH-E2-17S and diOH-E2-17S) were found as major metabolites in the aqueous phase, which represented 9-25% and 6-7% of applied dose for the topsoil and subsoil at 14 d, respectively. Free estrogens, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), were detected from the sorbed phase of the soil-water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Francis X M Casey
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Heldur Hakk
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA
| | - Thomas M DeSutter
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Peter G Oduor
- Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Bai X, Shrestha SL, Casey FXM, Hakk H, Fan Z. Modeling coupled sorption and transformation of 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate in soil-water systems. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 168:17-24. [PMID: 25247675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal manure is the primary source of exogenous free estrogens in the environment, which are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals to disorder the reproduction system of organisms. Conjugated estrogens can act as precursors to free estrogens, which may increase the total estrogenicity in the environment. In this study, a comprehensive model was used to simultaneously simulate the coupled sorption and transformation of a sulfate estrogen conjugate, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17S), in various soil-water systems (non-sterile/sterile; topsoil/subsoil). The simulated processes included multiple transformation pathways (i.e. hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and oxidation) and mass transfer between the aqueous, reversibly sorbed, and irreversibly sorbed phases of all soils for E2-17S and its metabolites. The conceptual model was conceived based on a series of linear sorption and first-order transformation expressions. The model was inversely solved using finite difference to estimate process parameters. A global optimization method was applied for the inverse analysis along with variable model restrictions to estimate 36 parameters. The model provided a satisfactory simultaneous fit (R(2)adj=0.93 and d=0.87) of all the experimental data and reliable parameter estimates. This modeling study improved the understanding on fate and transport of estrogen conjugates under various soil-water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | | | - Francis X M Casey
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Heldur Hakk
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA
| | - Zhaosheng Fan
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Bai X, Casey FXM, Hakk H, DeSutter TM, Oduor PG, Khan E. Dissipation and transformation of 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate in soil-water systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:733-9. [PMID: 23846123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the environment, estrogen conjugates can be precursors to the endocrine-disrupting free estrogens, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1). Compared to other estrogen conjugates, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17S) is detected at relatively high concentrations and frequencies in animal manure and surface runoff from fields receiving manure. To elucidate the lifecycle of manure-borne estrogens and their conjugates in the environment, the fate of radiolabelled E2-17S in agricultural soils was investigated using laboratory batch studies with soils of different organic carbon (OC) content (1.29% for topsoil versus 0.26% for subsoil). E2-17S was found relatively persistent in the aqueous phase throughout the duration of the 14 d experiment. The aqueous E2-17S persisted longer in the subsoil (half-lives (DT₅₀)=64-173 h) than the topsoil (DT₅₀=4.9-26 h), and the aqueous persistence of E2-17S depended on its initial concentration. The major transformation pathway was hydroxylation, yielding mono- and di-hydroxy-E2-17S (OH-E2-17S and diOH-E2-17S). Free estrogens, E2 and E1, were only observed in the sorbed phase of the soil at low concentrations (∼1% of applied dose), which demonstrated that deconjugation and subsequent oxidation had occurred. Although deconjugation was not a major pathway, E2-17S could be a precursor of free estrogens in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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