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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Haley BJ. Microdiversity of Salmonella Kentucky During Long-Term Colonization of a Dairy Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:306-315. [PMID: 38285435 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky was repeatedly isolated from a commercial dairy herd that was enrolled in a longitudinal study where feces of asymptomatic dairy cattle were sampled intensively over an 8-year period. The genomes of 5 Salmonella Kentucky isolates recovered from the farm 2 years before the onset of the long-term colonization event and 13 isolates collected during the period of endemicity were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis inferred that the Salmonella Kentucky strains from the farm were distinct from poultry strains collected from the same region, and three subclades (K, A1, and A2) were identified among the farm isolates, each appearing at different times during the study. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, three separate lineages of highly similar Salmonella Kentucky were present in succession on the farm. Genomic heterogeneity between the clades helped identify regions, most notably transcriptional regulators, of the Salmonella Kentucky genome that may be involved in competition among highly similar strains. Notably, a region annotated as a hemolysin expression modulating protein (Hha) was identified in a putative plasmid region of strains that colonized a large portion of cows in the herd, suggesting that it may play a role in asymptomatic persistence within the bovine intestine. A cell culture assay of isolates from the three clades with bovine epithelial cells demonstrated a trend of decreased invasiveness of Salmonella Kentucky isolates over time, suggesting that clade-specific interactions with the animals on the farm may have played a role in the dynamics of strain succession. Results of this analysis further demonstrate an underappreciated level of genomic diversity within strains of the same Salmonella serovar, particularly those isolated during a long-term period of asymptomatic colonization within a single dairy herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Haley BJ, Van Kessel JAS. Differences between the global transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin and Cerro infecting bovine epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:498. [PMID: 35804292 PMCID: PMC9270791 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of S. enterica colonization in cattle is highly variable and often serovar-dependent. The aim of this study was to compare the global transcriptomes of highly pathogenic bovine-adapted S. enterica serovar Dublin and the less pathogenic, bovine-adapted, serovar Cerro during interactions with bovine epithelial cells, to identify genes that impact serovar-related outcomes of S. enterica infections in dairy animals. Result Bovine epithelial cells were infected with S. enterica strains from serovars Dublin and Cerro, and the bacterial RNA was extracted and sequenced. The total number of paired-end reads uniquely mapped to non-rRNA and non-tRNA genes in the reference genomes ranged between 12.1 M (Million) and 23.4 M (median: 15.7 M). In total, 360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with at least two-fold differences in the transcript abundances between S. Dublin and S. Cerro (false discovery rate ≤ 5%). The highest number of DEGs (17.5%, 63 of 360 genes) between the two serovars were located on the genomic regions potentially associated with Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs). DEGs potentially located in the SPI-regions that were upregulated (≥ 2-fold) in the S. Dublin compared with S. Cerro included: 37 SPI-1 genes encoding mostly Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) apparatus and effectors; all of the six SPI-4 genes encoding type I secretion apparatus (siiABCDEF); T3SS effectors and chaperone (sopB, pipB, and sigE) located in SPI-5; type VI secretion system associated protein coding genes (sciJKNOR) located in SPI-6; and T3SS effector sopF in SPI-11. Additional major functional categories of DEGs included transcription regulators (n = 25), amino acid transport and metabolism (n = 20), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (n = 20), energy production and metabolism (n = 19), cell membrane biogenesis (n = 18), and coenzyme transport and metabolism (n = 15). DEGs were further mapped to the metabolic pathways listed in the KEGG database; most genes of the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway were upregulated/uniquely present in the S. Dublin strains compared with the S. Cerro strains. Conclusions This study identified S. enterica genes that may be responsible for symptomatic or asymptomatic infection and colonization of two bovine-adapted serovars in cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08725-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Bristol LS, Duhamel GE, Zinckgraf JW, Crabb JH, Nydam DV. Effect of passive antibodies derived from rotavirus-like particles on neonatal calf diarrhea caused by rotavirus in an oral challenge model. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11922-11930. [PMID: 34419277 PMCID: PMC8530451 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of bovine rotavirus antigen-specific passive antibody for reducing the duration of diarrhea induced by oral challenge with bovine rotavirus in a neonatal calf model. The bovine rotavirus-specific passive antibodies were produced before the study by hyperimmunization of pregnant cows during the dry period with an adjuvanted vaccine containing recombinantly-expressed rotavirus virus-like particles. Eighty-three calves were cleanly collected at birth and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups as follows: (1) control group that was colostrum deprived and fed milk replacer for first feeding, (2) group that was colostrum deprived and fed milk replacer mixed with antirotavirus antibodies for first feeding, or (3) group that was fed colostrum replacer mixed with antirotavirus antibodies and a product approved by the US Department of Agriculture containing antibodies against Escherichia coli K99 and bovine coronavirus for first feeding. One of the 3 treatments was administered within 6 h of birth to each calf, followed by oral challenge with bovine rotavirus 3 h later. Calves were observed through 7 d of age and scored according to a standardized scale for clinical signs of diarrhea, change in appetite, depression, and dehydration. Twice daily, measurements of rectal temperature and collection of feces were performed. Fecal samples were assessed for infectious agents commonly associated with diarrhea, and bovine rotavirus shedding was quantified. There were 24 of 28 (86%) calves in the control group that received no antibodies that had signs of severe diarrhea, whereas 57% of the calves that received antirotavirus in milk replacer experienced severe diarrhea, and 7% of calves that received colostrum replacer mixed with antigen-specific bovine rotavirus antibodies showed signs of severe diarrhea. Calves that received colostrum replacer mixed with antigen-specific bovine rotavirus antibodies had a mean duration of 0.9 d of diarrhea compared with 2.7 d in the control group. Calves in the group that was colostrum deprived and fed milk replacer with antirotavirus antibodies had a mean duration of diarrhea of 1.7 d. Rotavirus peak fecal shedding was 3.5 d in the group with milk replacer only, 5.5 d in the milk replacer with antibody group, and 6.5 d in calves in the colostrum replacer group. When bovine rotavirus antigen-specific antibody was fed in milk replacer to colostrum-deprived calves or in conjunction with colostrum replacer that also contained supplemental antibodies against Escherichia coli K99 and bovine coronavirus, those calves were observed to have reduced the onset, duration, and severity of diarrhea when compared with milk replacer placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Bristol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - J H Crabb
- ImmuCell Corporation, Portland, ME 04103
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Dor Z, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Kondratyeva K, Davidovich-Cohen M, Rokney A, Steinman A, Navon-Venezia S. Emergence and Spread of Different ESBL-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars in Hospitalized Horses Sharing a Highly Transferable IncM2 CTX-M-3-Encoding Plasmid. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:616032. [PMID: 33391248 PMCID: PMC7773750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major causative pathogen of human and animal gastroenteritis. Antibiotic resistant strains have emerged due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) posing a major health concern. With the increasing reports on ESBL-producing Enterobacterales that colonize companion animals, we aimed to investigate ESBL dissemination among ESBL-producing Salmonella enterica (ESBL-S) in hospitalized horses. We prospectively collected ESBL-S isolates from hospitalized horses in a Veterinary-Teaching Hospital during Dec 2015-Dec 2017. Selection criteria for ESBL-S were white colonies on CHROMagarESBL plates and an ESBL phenotypic confirmation. Salmonella enterica serovars were determined using the Kaufmann-White-Le-Minor serological scheme. ESBL-encoding plasmids were purified, transformed and compared using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Whole genome sequencing (Illumina and MinION platforms) were performed for detailed phylogenetic and plasmid analyses. Twelve ESBL-S were included in this study. Molecular investigation and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) meta-analysis revealed the presence of three unique Salmonella enterica serovars, Cerro, Havana and Liverpool, all reported for the first time in horses. PFGE revealed the clonal spread of S. Cerro between seven horses. All twelve isolates carried bla CTX-M- 3 and showed an identical multidrug resistance profile with co-resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and to aminoglycosides. Plasmid RFLP proved the inter-serovar horizontal spread of a single bla CTX-M- 3-encoding plasmid. Complete sequence of a representative plasmid (S. Havana strain 373.3.1), designated pSEIL-3 was a -86.4 Kb IncM2 plasmid, that encoded nine antibiotic resistance genes. pSEIL-3 was virtually identical to pCTX-M3 from Citrobacter freundii, and showed high identity (>95%) to six other bla CTX-M- 3 or bla NDM- 1 IncM2 broad host range plasmids from various Enterobacterales of human origin. Using a specific six gene-based multiplex PCR, we detected pSEIL-3 in various Enterobacterales species that co-colonized the horses' gut. Together, our findings show the alarming emergence of ESBL-S in hospitalized horses associated with gut shedding and foal morbidity and mortality. We demonstrated the dissemination of CTX-M-3 ESBL among different Salmonella enterica serovars due to transmission of a broad host range plasmid. This report highlights horses as a zoonotic reservoir for ESBL-S, including highly transmissible plasmids that may represent a 'One-Health' hazard. This risk calls for the implementation of infection control measures to monitor and control the spread of ESBL-S in hospitalized horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Dor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Anat Shnaiderman-Torban
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kira Kondratyeva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Rokney
- Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Navon-Venezia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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5
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Cao H, Pradhan AK, Karns JS, Hovingh E, Wolfgang DR, Vinyard BT, Kim SW, Salaheen S, Haley BJ, Van Kessel JAS. Age-Associated Distribution of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli Isolated from Dairy Herds in Pennsylvania, 2013–2015. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:60-67. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Abani K. Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Center of Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Ernest Hovingh
- Bureau of Animal Health and Diagnostic Services, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - David R. Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan T. Vinyard
- Statistic Group, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
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Sonnier JL, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA, Haley BJ, Kim SW, Van Kessel JAS. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic Escherichia coli in bulk tank milk and milk filters from US dairy operations in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2014 study. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1943-1956. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Peek SF, Mcguirk SM, Sweeney RW, Cummings KJ. Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. REBHUN'S DISEASES OF DAIRY CATTLE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152230 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39055-2.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Kovac J, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Carroll LM, Thachil A, Wiedmann M. Temporal Genomic Phylogeny Reconstruction Indicates a Geospatial Transmission Path of Salmonella Cerro in the United States and a Clade-Specific Loss of Hydrogen Sulfide Production. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:737. [PMID: 28507536 PMCID: PMC5410586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Cerro has become one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes isolated from dairy cattle in several U.S. states, including New York where it represented 36% of all Salmonella isolates of bovine origin in 2015. This serotype is commonly isolated from dairy cattle with clinical signs of salmonellosis, including diarrhea and fever, although it has also been identified in herds without evidence of clinical disease or decreased production. To better understand the transmission patterns and drivers of its geographic spread, we have studied the genomic similarity and microevolution of S. Cerro isolates from the northeast U.S. and Texas. Eighty-three out of 86 isolates were confirmed as multilocus sequence type 367. We identified core genome SNPs in 57 upstate New York (NY), 2 Pennsylvania (PA), and 27 Texas S. Cerro isolates from dairy cattle, farm environments, raw milk, and one human clinical case and used them to construct a tip-dated phylogeny. S. Cerro isolates clustered in three distinct clades, including (i) clade I (n = 3; 2013) comprising isolates from northwest Texas (NTX), (ii) clade II (n = 14; 2009–2011, 2014) comprising isolates from NY, and (iii) clade III comprising isolates from NY, PA, and central Texas (CTX) in subclade IIIa (n = 45; 2008–2014), and only CTX isolates in subclade IIIb (n = 24; 2013). Temporal phylogenetic analysis estimated the divergence of these three clades from the most recent common ancestor in approximately 1980. The CTX clade IIIb was estimated to have evolved and diverged from the NY ancestor around 2004. Furthermore, gradual temporal loss of genes encoding a D-alanine transporter, involved in virulence, was observed. These genes were present in the isolates endemic to NTX clade I and were gradually lost in clades II and III. The virulence gene orgA, which is part of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1, was lost in a subgroup of Texas isolates in clades I and IIIb. All S. Cerro isolates had an additional cytosine inserted in a cytosine-rich region of the virulence gene sopA, resulting in premature termination of translation likely responsible for loss of pathogenic capacity in humans. A group of closely related NY isolates was characterized by the loss of hydrogen sulfide production due to the truncation or complete loss of phsA. Our data suggest the ability of Salmonella to rapidly diverge and adapt to specific niches (e.g., bovine niche), and to modify virulence-related characteristics such as the ability to utilize tetrathionate as an alternative electron acceptor, which is commonly used to detect Salmonella. Overall, our results show that clinical outcome data and genetic data for S. Cerro isolates, such as truncations in virulence genes leading to novel pheno- and pathotypes, should be correlated to allow for accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, USA
| | | | - Laura M Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Anil Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, IthacaNY, USA
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Beno SM, Stasiewicz MJ, Andrus AD, Ralyea RD, Kent DJ, Martin NH, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Development and Validation of Pathogen Environmental Monitoring Programs for Small Cheese Processing Facilities. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2095-2106. [PMID: 28221969 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen environmental monitoring programs (EMPs) are essential for food processing facilities of all sizes that produce ready-to-eat food products exposed to the processing environment. We developed, implemented, and evaluated EMPs targeting Listeria spp. and Salmonella in nine small cheese processing facilities, including seven farmstead facilities. Individual EMPs with monthly sample collection protocols were designed specifically for each facility. Salmonella was detected in only one facility, with likely introduction from the adjacent farm indicated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data. Listeria spp. were isolated from all nine facilities during routine sampling. The overall Listeria spp. (other than Listeria monocytogenes ) and L. monocytogenes prevalences in the 4,430 environmental samples collected were 6.03 and 1.35%, respectively. Molecular characterization and subtyping data suggested persistence of a given Listeria spp. strain in seven facilities and persistence of L. monocytogenes in four facilities. To assess routine sampling plans, validation sampling for Listeria spp. was performed in seven facilities after at least 6 months of routine sampling. This validation sampling was performed by independent individuals and included collection of 50 to 150 samples per facility, based on statistical sample size calculations. Two of the facilities had a significantly higher frequency of detection of Listeria spp. during the validation sampling than during routine sampling, whereas two other facilities had significantly lower frequencies of detection. This study provides a model for a science- and statistics-based approach to developing and validating pathogen EMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Beno
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alexis D Andrus
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Robert D Ralyea
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - David J Kent
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicole H Martin
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kathryn J Boor
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Complete Genome Sequence and Methylome of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Cerro, a Frequent Dairy Cow Serovar. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01350-15. [PMID: 26823571 PMCID: PMC4732324 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01350-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cerro is an infrequent pathogen of humans and other mammals but is frequently isolated from the hindgut of asymptomatic cattle in the United States. To further understand the genomic determinants of S. Cerro specificity for the bovine hindgut, the genome of isolate CFSAN001588 was fully sequenced and deposited in the GenBank database.
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Karns JS, Haley BJ, Van Kessel JAS. Improvements to a PCR-Based Serogrouping Scheme for Salmonella enterica from Dairy Farm Samples. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1182-5. [PMID: 26038910 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular serotyping through the use of PCR is a simple and useful technique for characterizing isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica belonging to serogroups B, C1, C2, D1, and E1, which are the majority of the isolates associated with human disease outbreaks. However, many of the Salmonella strains currently isolated from dairy farms in the northeastern United States are serovar Cerro, a group K strain not detected by this assay. Primers from a well-known PCR assay for the identification of Salmonella were added to a commonly used serotyping assay so that strains, such as Salmonella Cerro, that do not produce bands in the original assay can be confirmed as belonging to S. enterica subsp. enterica. The modified assay frequently misidentified the serogroup of Salmonella Mbandaka isolates because of failure to amplify the wzxC1 amplicon. Therefore, the reverse primer for the wzxC1 target was modified based on in silico analysis to provide consistent classification of Salmonella Mbandaka as belonging to serogroup C1. These two modifications to the serogrouping PCR method enhance the utility of the method for characterizing Salmonella isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Karns
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
| | - Bradd J Haley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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12
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Molecular detection of the index case of a subclinical Salmonella Kentucky epidemic on a dairy farm. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:682-6. [PMID: 25703396 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica commonly colonizes the intestinal tract of cattle and is a leading cause of foodborne illness. A previously described investigation into the prevalence of S. enterica on a dairy farm revealed an 8-year-long asymptomatic S. enterica epidemic caused by serotypes Cerro and Kentucky in the lactating herd. To investigate the source of the S. Kentucky strains, the genomes of two S. Kentucky isolates were sequenced; one collected prior to the epidemic (2004) and one collected during the epidemic (2010). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated significant polymorphisms between the two strains. PCR primers targeting unique and strain-specific regions were developed, and screening of the archived isolates identified the index case of the asymptomatic S. Kentucky epidemic as a heifer that was raised off-site and transported onto the study farm in 2005. Analysis of isolates collected from all heifers brought onto the farm demonstrated frequent re-introduction of clones of the epidemic strain suggesting transmission of pathogens between farms might occur repeatedly.
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Wehnes C, Rehberger T, Barrangou R, Smith A. Short communication: Determination of Salmonella clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) diversity on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6370-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Genome Sequences of Eight Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovars Isolated from a Single Dairy Farm. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00082-14. [PMID: 24762931 PMCID: PMC3999488 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00082-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report draft genome sequences of 26 isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, representing eight serotypes, which were isolated from cows in a Pennsylvania dairy herd, the farm on which they were reared, and the associated off-site heifer-raising facility over an 8-year sampling period.
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15
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Stochastic modeling of imperfect Salmonella vaccines in an adult dairy herd. Bull Math Biol 2014; 76:541-65. [PMID: 24577666 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-013-9931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of bacterial foodborne disease. Human salmonellosis results in significant public health concerns and a considerable economic burden. Dairy cattle are recognized as a key source of several Salmonella serovars that are a threat to human health. To lower the risk of Salmonella infection, reduction of Salmonella prevalence in dairy cattle is important. Vaccination as a control measure has been applied for reduction of preharvest Salmonella prevalence on dairy farms. Salmonella vaccines are usually imperfect (i.e., vaccines may provide a partial protection for susceptible animals, reduce the infectiousness and shedding level, shorten the infectious period of infected animals, and/or curb the number of clinical cases), and evaluation of the potential impacts of imperfect Salmonella vaccines at the farm level is valuable to design effective intervention strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of imperfect Salmonella vaccines on the stochastic transmission dynamics in an adult dairy herd. To this end, we developed a semi-stochastic and individual-based continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) vaccination model with both direct and indirect transmission, and applied the CTMC vaccination model to Salmonella Cerro transmission in an adult dairy herd. Our results show that vaccines shortening the infectious period are most effective in reducing prevalence, and vaccines decreasing host susceptibility are most effective in reducing the outbreak size. Vaccines with multiple moderate efficacies may have the same effectiveness as vaccines with a single high efficacy in reducing prevalence, time to extinction, and outbreak size. Although the environment component has negligible contributions to the prevalence, time to extinction, and outbreak size for Salmonella Cerro in the herd, the relative importance of environment component was not assessed. This study indicates that an effective vaccination program against Salmonella Cerro spread in the herd can be designed with (1) vaccines with a single high efficacy in reducing either the infectious period or susceptibility of the host, or (2) if such single high efficacy vaccines are not available, vaccines with multiple moderate efficacies may be considered instead. These findings are also of general value for designing vaccination program for Salmonella serotypes in livestock.
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16
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Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Wright EM, Siler JD, Elton M, Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Wiedmann M. Subtype analysis of Salmonella isolated from subclinically infected dairy cattle and dairy farm environments reveals the presence of both human- and bovine-associated subtypes. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:307-16. [PMID: 24636164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that clinically ill livestock represent a reservoir of Salmonella, the importance of subclinical shedders as sources of human salmonellosis is less well defined. The aims of this study were to assess the subtype diversity of Salmonella in healthy dairy cattle and farm environments and to compare the subtypes isolated from these sources with the Salmonella subtypes associated with clinical human cases in the same geographic area. A total of 1349 Salmonella isolates from subclinical dairy cattle and farm environments (46 farms) were initially characterized by traditional or molecular serotyping and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A set of 381 representative isolates was selected for further characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); these isolates represented unique combinations of sampling date, serovar, antimicrobial resistance pattern, farm of origin, and source, to avoid overrepresentation of subtypes that were re-isolated from a given source. These 381 isolates represented 26 Salmonella serovars; the most common serovars were Cerro [(38.8%, 148/381) isolated from 21 farms], Kentucky [16.3%; 10 farms], Typhimurium [9.4%; 7 farms], Newport [7.6%; 8 farms], and Anatum [6.3%; 6 farms]. Among the 381 isolates, 90 (23.6%) were resistant to between 1 and 11 antimicrobial agents, representing 50 different antimicrobial resistance patterns. Overall, 61 XbaI-PFGE types were detected among these 381 isolates, indicating considerable Salmonella diversity on dairy farms. Fourteen PFGE types, representing 12 serovars, exactly matched PFGE types from human isolates, suggesting that subclinically infected dairy cattle could be sources of human disease-associated Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E M Wright
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - J D Siler
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - M Elton
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - K J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, United States
| | - L D Warnick
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - M Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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17
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Lu Z, Mitchell RM, Smith RL, Karns JS, van Kessel JAS, Wolfgang DR, Schukken YH, Grohn YT. Invasion and transmission of Salmonella Kentucky in an adult dairy herd using approximate Bayesian computation. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:245. [PMID: 24304969 PMCID: PMC4235045 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An outbreak of Salmonella Kentucky followed by a high level of sustained endemic prevalence was recently observed in a US adult dairy herd enrolled in a longitudinal study involving intensive fecal sampling. To understand the invasion ability and transmission dynamics of Salmonella Kentucky in dairy cattle, accurate estimation of the key epidemiological parameters from longitudinal field data is necessary. The approximate Bayesian computation technique was applied for estimating the transmission rate (β), the recovery rate (γ) and shape (n) parameters of the gamma distribution for the infectious (shedding) period, and the basic reproduction ratio (R0), given a susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) compartment model with a gamma distribution for the infectious period. Results The results report that the mean transmission rate (β) is 0.417 month-1 (median: 0.417, 95% credible interval [0.406, 0.429]), the average infectious period (γ-1) is 7.95 months (median: 7.95, 95% credible interval [7.70, 8.22]), the mean shape parameter (n) of the gamma distribution for the infectious period is 242 (median: 182, 95% credible interval [16, 482]), and the mean basic reproduction ratio (R0) is 2.91 (median: 2.91, 95% credible interval [2.83, 3.00]). Conclusions This study shows that Salmonella Kentucky in this herd was of mild infectiousness and had a long infectious period, which together provide an explanation for the observed prevalence pattern after invasion. The transmission rate and the recovery rate parameters are inferred with better accuracy than the shape parameter, therefore these two parameters are more sensitive to the model and the observed data. The estimated shape parameter (n) has large variability with a minimal value greater than one, indicating that the infectious period of Salmonella Kentucky in dairy cattle does not follow the conventionally assumed exponential distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lu
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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18
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Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E. Regional Distribution of Two Dairy-Associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:448-52. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultual Research Center (BARC), U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey. S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultual Research Center (BARC), U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - David R. Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ernest Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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19
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Nielsen TD, Green LE, Kudahl AB, Østergaard S, Nielsen LR. Evaluation of milk yield losses associated with Salmonella antibodies in bulk tank milk in bovine dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 95:4873-4885. [PMID: 22916892 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Salmonella on milk production is not well established in cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate whether introduction of Salmonella into dairy cattle herds was associated with reduced milk yield and determine the duration of any such effect. Longitudinal data from 2005 through 2009 were used, with data from 12 mo before until 18 mo after the estimated date of infection. Twenty-eight case herds were selected based on an increase in the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies in bulk-tank milk from <10 corrected optical density percentage (ODC%) to ≥70 ODC% between 2 consecutive three-monthly measurements in the Danish Salmonella surveillance program. All selected case herds were conventional Danish Holstein herds. Control herds (n=40) were selected randomly from Danish Holstein herds with Salmonella antibody levels consistently <10 ODC%. A date of herd infection was randomly allocated to the control herds. Hierarchical mixed effect models with the outcome test-day yield of energy-corrected milk (ECM)/cow were used to investigate daily milk yield before and after the estimated herd infection date for cows in parities 1, 2, and 3+. Control herds were used to evaluate whether the effects in the case herds could be reproduced in herds without Salmonella infection. Herd size, days in milk, somatic cell count, season, and year were included in the models. Yield in first-parity cows was reduced by a mean of 1.4 kg (95% confidence interval: 0.5 to 2.3) of ECM/cow per day from 7 to 15 mo after the estimated herd infection date, compared with that of first-parity cows in the same herds in the 12 mo before the estimated herd infection date. Yield for parity 3+ cows was reduced by a mean of 3.0 kg (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 4.8) of ECM/cow per day from 7 to 15 mo after herd infection compared with that of parity 3+ cows in the 12 mo before the estimated herd infection. We observed minor differences in yield in second-parity cows before and after herd infection and observed no difference between cows in control herds before and after the simulated infection date. Milk yield decreased significantly in affected herds and the reduction was detectable several months after the increase in bulk tank milk Salmonella antibodies. It took more than 1 yr for milk yield to return to preinfection levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - L E Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - A B Kudahl
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Health and Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Østergaard
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Health and Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L R Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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20
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Tewari D, Sandt CH, Miller DM, Jayarao BM, M'ikanatha NM. Prevalence of Salmonella Cerro in Laboratory-Based Submissions of Cattle and Comparison with Human Infections in Pennsylvania, 2005–2010. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:928-33. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol H. Sandt
- Bureau of Laboratories, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Exton, Pennsylvania
| | - Dawn M. Miller
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Penn State, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Nkuchia M. M'ikanatha
- Division of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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21
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Kirchner M, McLaren I, Clifton-Hadley FA, Liebana E, Wales AD, Davies RH. A comparison between longitudinal shedding patterns of Salmonella
Typhimurium and Salmonella
Dublin on dairy farms. Vet Rec 2012; 171:194. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kirchner
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - I. McLaren
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. A. Clifton-Hadley
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - E. Liebana
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. D. Wales
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - R. H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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22
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Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Schukken YH. Dynamics of Salmonella Serotype Shifts in an Endemically Infected Dairy Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:319-24. [PMID: 22300223 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ANRI, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ANRI, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - David R. Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ernest Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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23
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Migeemanathan S, Bhat R, Min-Tze L, Wan-Abdullah WN. Effects of Temperature Abuse on the Survival, Growth, and Inactivation ofSalmonella typhimuriumin Goat Milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1235-40. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- Food Technology Division, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Liong Min-Tze
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Nadiah Wan-Abdullah
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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24
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Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli virulence factors in bulk tank milk and in-line filters from U.S. dairies. J Food Prot 2011; 74:759-68. [PMID: 21549046 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic bacteria Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli are known to infect dairy cows while not always causing clinical signs of disease. These pathogens are sometimes found in raw milk, and human disease outbreaks due to these organisms have been associated with the consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (536) and in-line milk filters (519) collected from dairy farms across the United States during the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2007 study were analyzed by real-time PCR for the presence of S. enterica and pathogenic forms of E. coli and by culture techniques for the presence of L. monocytogenes. S. enterica was detected in samples from 28.1% of the dairy operations, primarily in milk filters. Salmonella was isolated from 36 of 75 PCR-positive BTM samples and 105 of 174 PCR-positive filter samples, and the isolates were serotyped. Cerro, Kentucky, Muenster, Anatum, and Newport were the most common serotypes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 7.1% of the dairy operations, and the 1/2a complex was the most common serotype, followed by 1/2b and 4b (lineage 1). Shiga toxin genes were detected in enrichments from 15.2% of the BTM samples and from 51.0% of the filters by real-time PCR. In most cases, the cycle threshold values for the PCR indicated that toxigenic strains were not a major part of the enrichment populations. These data confirm those from earlier studies showing significant contamination of BTM by zoonotic bacterial pathogens and that the consumption of raw milk and raw milk products presents a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.
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25
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Hoelzer K, Cummings KJ, Wright EM, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Roof SE, Switt AIM, Dumas N, Root T, Schoonmaker-Bopp DJ, Grohn YT, Siler JD, Warnick LD, Hancock DD, Davis MA, Wiedmann M. Salmonella Cerro isolated over the past twenty years from various sources in the US represent a single predominant pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:389-93. [PMID: 21349663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Cerro prevalence in US dairy cattle has increased significantly during the past decade. Comparison of 237 Salmonella isolates collected from various human and animal sources between 1986 and 2009 using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, antimicrobial resistance typing, and spvA screening, showed very limited genetic diversity, indicating clonality of this serotype. Improved subtyping methods are clearly needed to analyze the potential emergence of this serotype. Our results thus emphasize the critical importance of population-based pathogen surveillance for the detection and characterization of potentially emerging pathogens, and caution to critically evaluate the adequacy of diagnostic tests for a given study population and diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoelzer
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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26
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Soyer Y, Alcaine SD, Schoonmaker-Bopp DJ, Root TP, Warnick LD, McDonough PL, Dumas NB, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis diversity of human and bovine clinical Salmonella isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:707-17. [PMID: 20180633 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characterization of 335 temporally and spatially matched clinical, bovine, and human Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates revealed 167 XbaI PFGE patterns. These isolates were previously classified into 51 serotypes and 73 sequence types, as determined by multilocus sequence typing. Discriminatory power of PFGE (Simpson's index, D = 0.991) was considerably higher than that of multilocus sequence typing (D = 0.920) or serotyping (D = 0.913). Although 128 PFGE types each only represented a single isolate, 8 PFGE types represented >4 isolates, including (i) three serotype Enteritidis and Heidelberg patterns that were only identified among human isolates, (ii) two PFGE patterns (each representing serotypes Bardo and Newport) that were significantly more common among bovine isolates as compared with human isolates; (iii) two PFGE types that each includes two serotypes (4,5,12:i:- and Typhimurium; Thompson and 1,7:-:1,5); and (iv) one PFGE type that includes eight Typhimurium isolates from humans and cattle. Characterization of isolates collected over multiple farm visits indicated that given specific PFGE types persisted over time on 11 farms. On an additional seven farms, isolates with a given sequence type represented multiple PFGE type, which typically only differed by <3 bands, suggesting PFGE type diversification during strain persistence. Sixteen PFGE types were isolated from 2 or more farms, including two widely distributed serotype Newport-associated PFGE types each found on 10 farms. In six instances two or three human isolates collected in the same county in the same or consecutive months represented the same subtypes, suggesting small human case clusters. PFGE-based characterization and surveillance of human and animal isolates can provide improved understanding of Salmonella diversity and epidemiology, including identification of possible host-associated and common, widely distributed PFGE types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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27
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Elton M, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Siler JD, Wright EM, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro among dairy cattle in New York: an emerging pathogen? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:659-65. [PMID: 20187753 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study was Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro, a potentially emerging pathogen of cattle. Our objectives were to document the within-herd prevalence of Salmonella Cerro among a sample of New York dairy herds, to describe the antimicrobial resistance patterns and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types of the isolates, and to elucidate the status of this serotype as a bovine pathogen. Data were collected prospectively from dairy herds throughout New York that had at least 150 lactating cows and that received clinical service from participating veterinarians. Following enrollment, Salmonella surveillance consisted of both environmental screening and disease monitoring within the herd. Herds positive by either environmental or fecal culture were sampled during three visits to estimate the within-herd prevalence of Salmonella. Among 57 enrolled herds, 44 (77%) yielded Salmonella-positive samples during the study period. Of these, 20 herds (46%) were positive for Salmonella Cerro. Upon follow-up sampling for estimation of prevalence, Cerro was identified in 10 of the 20 herds; the median within-herd Cerro prevalence was 17%, with a maximum of 53%. Antimicrobial resistance ranged from zero to nine drugs, and eight (40%) of the Cerro-positive farms generated drug-resistant isolates. Eight XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types were represented among 116 isolates tested, although 89% of these isolates shared the predominant type. Among herds with clinical cases, cattle that had signs consistent with salmonellosis were more likely to test positive for Cerro than apparently healthy cattle, as estimated by a logistic regression model that controlled for herd as a random effect (odds ratio: 3.9). There is little in the literature concerning Salmonella Cerro, and published reports suggest an absence of disease association in cattle. However, in our region there has been an apparent increase in the prevalence of this serotype among cattle with salmonellosis. Other Salmonella serotypes important to bovine health have emerged to become leading causes of human foodborne disease, and close monitoring of Cerro is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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28
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Lanzas C, Warnick LD, James KL, Wright EM, Wiedmann M, Gröhn YT. Transmission dynamics of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium outbreak in a dairy farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:467-74. [PMID: 19919288 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are recognized as an important source of foodborne Salmonella causing human illness, particularly for antimicrobial-resistant strains. The transmission dynamics of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella after the onset of a clinical outbreak in a dairy farm has been rarely monitored. The early transmission of a pathogen influences the outbreak size and persistence of the pathogen at the farm level and, therefore, how long the herd represents a risk for Salmonella zoonotic transmission. The objective of this study was to describe the transmission dynamics of MDR Salmonella Typhimurium after the onset of a clinical outbreak in a dairy herd. For that purpose, fecal shedding and serological response to MDR Salmonella were monitored in a longitudinal study conducted in a dairy herd after a few cases of salmonellosis, and a stochastic transmission model was developed to predict Salmonella persistence at the pen level. The outbreak was limited to five clinical cases, and only 18 animals out of 500 cows shed Salmonella in feces. The longest shedder was culture-positive for Salmonella for at least 68 days. The isolates (n = 27) were represented by four pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns; three patterns were similar. With one exception, isolates were resistant to nine or more antimicrobial drugs. Simulations of the transmission model indicated that approximately 50% of the outbreaks were likely to die out within 20 days after the first animal was infected. The simulation studies indicated that salmonellosis outbreaks with few clinical cases were likely due to the extinction of the pathogen in the premises in the early phase of the outbreaks. Small population size and group structure within the farm decrease the on-farm persistence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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29
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Adhikari B, Besser T, Gay J, Fox L, Davis M, Cobbold R, Berge A, Hancock D. The role of animal movement, including off-farm rearing of heifers, in the interherd transmission of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4229-38. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Son I, Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS. Genotypic Diversity ofEscherichia coliin a Dairy Farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:837-47. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insook Son
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
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31
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Lu Z, Grohn YT, Smith RL, Wolfgang DR, Van Kessel JAS, Schukken YH. Assessing the potential impact of Salmonella vaccines in an endemically infected dairy herd. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:770-84. [PMID: 19446567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pradhan AK, Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Nelen KA, Smith JM, Whitlock RH, Fyock T, Ladely S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Schukken YH. Dynamics of endemic infectious diseases of animal and human importance on three dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1811-25. [PMID: 19307664 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endemic infectious diseases in dairy cattle are of significant concern to the industry as well as for public health because of their potential impact on animal and human health, milk and meat production, food safety, and economics. We sought to provide insight into the dynamics of important endemic infectious diseases in 3 northeastern US dairy herds. Fecal samples from individual cows and various environmental samples from these farms were tested for the presence of major zoonotic pathogens (i.e., Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria) as well as commensal bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Additionally, the presence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was tested in fecal and serum samples from individual cows. Test results and health and reproductive records were maintained in a database, and fecal, plasma, DNA, and tissue samples were kept in a biobank. All bacteria of interest were detected on these farms and their presence was variable both within and between farms. The prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in individual fecal samples within farm A ranged from 0 to 68.2% and 0 to 25.5%, respectively, over a period of 3 yr. Within farm B, continuous fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. was observed with a prevalence ranging from 8 to 88%; Salmonella Cerro was the predominant serotype. Farm C appeared less contaminated with Salmonella and Listeria, although in the summer of 2005, 50 and 19.2% of fecal samples were positive for Listeria and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The high prevalence of E. coli (89 to 100%), Enterococcus (75 to 100%), and Campylobacter (0 to 81%) in feces suggested they were ubiquitous throughout the farm environment. Fecal culture and ELISA results indicated a low prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in these farms (0 to 13.6% and 0 to 4.9% for culture-positive and ELISA-positive, respectively), although the occasional presence of high shedders was observed. Results have major implications for food safety and epidemiology by providing a better understanding of infectious disease dynamics on dairy farms. Comprehensive understanding of these infections may lead to better farm management practices and pathogen reduction programs to control and reduce the on-farm contamination of these pathogens and to prevent their further entry into the food-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Pradhan
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Molecular ecology of Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for a reservoir in milking equipment on a dairy farm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:1315-23. [PMID: 19114514 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01826-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study aimed to detect Listeria monocytogenes on a New York State dairy farm was conducted between February 2004 and July 2007. Fecal samples were collected every 6 months from all lactating cows. Approximately 20 environmental samples were obtained every 3 months. Bulk tank milk samples and in-line milk filter samples were obtained weekly. Samples from milking equipment and the milking parlor environment were obtained in May 2007. Fifty-one of 715 fecal samples (7.1%) and 22 of 303 environmental samples (7.3%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. A total of 73 of 108 in-line milk filter samples (67.6%) and 34 of 172 bulk tank milk samples (19.7%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 6 of 40 (15%) sampling sites in the milking parlor and milking equipment. In-line milk filter samples had a greater proportion of L. monocytogenes than did bulk tank milk samples (P<0.05) and samples from other sources (P<0.05). The proportion of L. monocytogenes-positive samples was greater among bulk tank milk samples than among fecal or environmental samples (P<0.05). Analysis of 60 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) yielded 23 PFGE types after digestion with AscI and ApaI endonucleases. Three PFGE types of L. monocytogenes were repeatedly found in longitudinally collected samples from bulk tank milk and in-line milk filters.
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Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Jayarao BM, Van Tassell CP, Schukken YH. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of Salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1967-73. [PMID: 18939739 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although dairy cattle are known reservoirs for salmonellae, cattle that are shedding this organism are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. A dairy herd that was experiencing a sustained, subclinical outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Cerro was monitored for 2 years. Fecal samples from the lactating cows were collected every 6 to 8 weeks and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Fecal prevalence of Salmonella fluctuated throughout the observation period and ranged from 8 to 88%. Manure composites and water trough samples were collected along with the fecal samples, and bulk milk and milk filters were cultured for the presence of Salmonella on a weekly basis. Over 90% of the manure composites--representing high-animal-traffic areas-were positive at each sampling. Salmonella was detected in 11% of milk samples and in 66% of the milk filters. Results of weekly bulk milk quality testing (i.e., bulk tank somatic cell score, standard plate count, preliminary incubation count) were typically well within acceptable ranges. Milk quality variables had low correlations with herd Salmonella fecal prevalence. When observed over time, sampling period average prevalence of Salmonella in milk filters closely paralleled fecal prevalence of Salmonella in the herd. Based on results of this study, milk filters appear to be an effective method for monitoring shedding prevalence at the herd level. In-line filter testing is also a more sensitive measure of Salmonella, and perhaps other pathogens, in raw milk than testing the milk alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resources Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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