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Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Iannino F, Uriza PJ, Duarte CM, Pepe MV, Roset MS, Briones G. Development of a Salmonella-based oral vaccine to control intestinal colonization of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in animals. Vaccine 2022; 40:1065-1073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wells JE, Berry ED, Kim M, Bono JL, Oliver WT, Kalchayanand N, Wang R, Freetly HC, Means WJ. Determination of gastrointestinal tract colonization sites from feedlot cattle transiently shedding or super-shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 at harvest. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1419-1426. [PMID: 32350973 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the study was to determine levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of naturally shedding cattle shedding the pathogen at low- or super-shedder levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Over 2 years, feedlot cattle were sampled multiple times for faecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Just prior to harvest (1-2 days), animals that were super-shedders (≥104 CFU per gram of faeces) were specifically identified, and based on the longer term screening data, pen cohorts that were low-shedders (years 1 and 2) or chronic-shedders (year 1) were also identified. At harvest, samples were collected from throughout the GIT, including the rectoanal junction (RAJ) for enumeration and enrichment of E. coli O157:H7. The mouth samples exhibited the greatest prevalence for the pathogen, and the abomasum and rumen exhibited the lowest prevalence (P < 0·05). Super-shedders had significantly greater prevalence for all GIT locations except the mouth and abomasum compared to low-shedders, but the super-shedders were the only animals with positive abomasum samples. Samples from the super-shedders were enumerable for most GIT locations, and the rectum and RAJ locations were the only locations that were significantly greater than other locations (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Across all animals naturally exposed to E. coli O157:H7, the risk of ingestion is high, but rumen and abomasum are potential barriers to passage. In super-shedders, the passage through the GIT was greater, allowing colonization in the rectum and at the RAJ. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Escherichia coli O157:H7 low-shedding cattle had lower pathogen levels throughout the GIT, indicating intrinsic GIT factors to these cattle may reduce pathogen passage through the GIT, including the abomasum, and minimize risk of RAJ colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wells
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - E D Berry
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - M Kim
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - J L Bono
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - W T Oliver
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - N Kalchayanand
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - R Wang
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - H C Freetly
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - W J Means
- Department of Animal and Range Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Mir RA, Schaut RG, Looft T, Allen HK, Sharma VK, Kudva IT. Recto-Anal Junction (RAJ) and Fecal Microbiomes of Cattle Experimentally Challenged With Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:693. [PMID: 32362883 PMCID: PMC7181329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the asymptomatic reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) that preferentially colonizes the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ). Understanding the influence of O157 on the diversity of the RAJ microbiota could give insights into its persistence at the RAJ in cattle. Hence, we compared changes in bovine RAJ and fecal microbiota following O157 challenge under experimental conditions. Cattle were either orally challenged (n = 4) with1010 CFU of a streptomycin-resistant O157 strain 86-24, or mock-challenged (n = 4) with phosphate buffered saline. Rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) and fecal samples were collected at different time points for analysis. Alpha diversity measures (Chao1 species richness and Shannon diversity index) were found to be significantly different between RAMS and fecal samples but not influenced by O157 challenge. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F: B) ratio was higher in RAMS samples from O157 colonized animals and this may have influenced the consistent yet decreased O157 colonization at the RAJ. Specific bacterial genera that were present in relative low abundance in fecal and RAMS microbiota did not affect overall microbial diversity but were associated with O157 colonization. Differential abundance analysis (DAA) of genera in samples from O157 shedding cattle indicated significantly higher relative abundance of Paenibacillus and Fusobacterium in RAMS, and Tyzzerella in fecal samples. Mock-challenged cattle showed higher relative abundance of Intestinimonas and Citrobacter in RAMS samples, and Succinivibrio, and Prevotella 1 in fecal samples. These results suggest that O157 challenge exerts transient influence on the intestinal microbial community which in turn might promote O157 colonization in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raies A Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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5
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Abdissa R, Haile W, Fite AT, Beyi AF, Agga GE, Edao BM, Tadesse F, Korsa MG, Beyene T, Beyene TJ, De Zutter L, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle at slaughter and beef carcasses at retail shops in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:277. [PMID: 28412931 PMCID: PMC5392947 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is paucity of information regarding the epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in developing countries. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 associated with beef cattle at processing plants and at retail shops in Ethiopia. Methods Various samples were collected from beef cattle at slaughter/processing plants, carcass at retail shops and humans at health centers. E. coli O157: H7 was isolated, identified and characterized for antimicrobial resistance, using standard microbiological methods. Results At the processing plants E. coli O157: H7 was detected in 1.89% of fecal, 0.81% of intestinal mucosal swab, 0.54% of skin swab and 0.54% of carcass internal swab samples. At retail shops it was detected in 0.8% of carcass and 0.8% of cutting board swab samples, while all samples from utensils, hands from workers, and fecal and stool samples were negative. All isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, moderately resistant to Cefoxitine and Nitrofurantoins but susceptible to other antimicrobials tested. Conclusions E. coli O157: H7 occurs at low prevalence in beef cattle, and the current sanitary dressing procedures in the processing plants and storage conditions in the retail shops are effective against E. coli O157: H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Abdissa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Woynshet Haile
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Arthur TM, Kalchayanand N, Agga GE, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Evaluation of Bacteriophage Application to Cattle in Lairage at Beef Processing Plants to Reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence on Hides and Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:17-22. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terrance M. Arthur
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Tommy L. Wheeler
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
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Ekong PS, Sanderson MW, Cernicchiaro N. Prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli O157 in different seasons and cattle types processed in North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:74-85. [PMID: 26153554 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Systematic review (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) methodologies were used to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize prevalence and concentration estimates for Escherichia coli O157 contamination along the beef production chain, and to illustrate differences based on cattle types and seasonality in North America from the scientific peer-reviewed literature. Four electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Two independent reviewers performed all SR steps. Random effects MA models were used to estimate the pooled prevalence and concentration of E. coli O157 in feces, hides and carcasses of cattle processed in North America, including their seasonal estimates. The potential sources of between studies heterogeneity were identified using meta-regression and sub-group analysis. Results indicated differences in the fecal prevalence of E. coli O157 among cattle types: 10.68% (95% CI: 9.17-12.28%) in fed beef, 4.65% (95% CI: 3.37-6.10%) in adult beef, and 1.79% (95% CI: 1.20-2.48%) in adult dairy. Fed beef fecal prevalence was 10.65% (95% CI: 8.93-12.49%) during summer and 9.17% (95% CI: 5.24-13.98%) during the winter months. For adult beef, the fecal prevalence was 7.86% (95% CI: 5.43-10.66%) during summer, and 4.21% (95% CI: 1.95-7.13%) during winter. Among adult dairy, the fecal prevalence was 2.27% (95% CI: 1.5-3.18%) during summer, and 0.36% (95% CI: 0.09-0.74%) during winter. There was a significantly higher percentage of hides with E. coli O157 concentration ≥ 40 CFU/100 cm(2) on hides of fed beef sampled at the processing plant (23.81%; 95% CI: 14.79-34.15%) compared to those sampled at the feedlot (1.74%; 95% CI: 0.53-3.44%). Prevalence of E. coli O157 on carcass surfaces differed by season only at the post-evisceration stage, but decreased considerably through the subsequent processing stages. Country, study setting, detection method, hide swab area, and study design were identified as significant sources of heterogeneity among studies reporting prevalence of E. coli O157 along the beef production chain. The pooled prevalence and concentration estimates from this study provide a sound and reliable microbiological basis for risk assessment modeling of E. coli O157 and other pathogens in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Ekong
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Wells JE, Kim M, Bono JL, Kuehn LA, Benson AK. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM:Escherichia coli O157:H7, diet, and fecal microbiome in beef cattle12. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1345-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Wells
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - M. Kim
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - J. L. Bono
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - L. A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - A. K. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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9
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Islam MZ, Musekiwa A, Islam K, Ahmed S, Chowdhury S, Ahad A, Biswas PK. Regional variation in the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93299. [PMID: 24691253 PMCID: PMC3972218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157 (EcO157) infection has been recognized as an important global public health concern. But information on the prevalence of EcO157 in cattle at the global and at the wider geographical levels is limited, if not absent. This is the first meta-analysis to investigate the point prevalence of EcO157 in cattle at the global level and to explore the factors contributing to variation in prevalence estimates. METHODS Seven electronic databases- CAB Abstracts, PubMed, Biosis Citation Index, Medline, Web of Knowledge, Scirus and Scopus were searched for relevant publications from 1980 to 2012. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to produce the pooled estimates. The potential sources of between study heterogeneity were identified using meta-regression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 140 studies consisting 220,427 cattle were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence estimate of EcO157 in cattle at the global level was 5.68% (95% CI, 5.16-6.20). The random effects pooled prevalence estimates in Africa, Northern America, Oceania, Europe, Asia and Latin America-Caribbean were 31.20% (95% CI, 12.35-50.04), 7.35% (95% CI, 6.44-8.26), 6.85% (95% CI, 2.41-11.29), 5.15% (95% CI, 4.21-6.09), 4.69% (95% CI, 3.05-6.33) and 1.65% (95% CI, 0.77-2.53), respectively. Between studies heterogeneity was evidenced in most regions. World region (p<0.001), type of cattle (p<0.001) and to some extent, specimens (p = 0.074) as well as method of pre-enrichment (p = 0.110), were identified as factors for variation in the prevalence estimates of EcO157 in cattle. CONCLUSION The prevalence of the organism seems to be higher in the African and Northern American regions. The important factors that might have influence in the estimates of EcO157 are type of cattle and kind of screening specimen. Their roles need to be determined and they should be properly handled in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of EcO157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zohorul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Chittagong Veterinary Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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10
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Paddock ZD, Renter DG, Shi X, Krehbiel CR, DeBey B, Nagaraja TG. Effects of feeding dried distillers grains with supplemental starch on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally inoculated steers1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1362-70. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. D. Paddock
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - D. G. Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - X. Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - C. R. Krehbiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078\
| | - B. DeBey
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - T. G. Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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11
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Jacob ME, Almes KM, Shi X, Sargeant JM, Nagaraja TG. Escherichia coli O157:H7 genetic diversity in bovine fecal samples. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1186-8. [PMID: 21740722 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes foodborne illness in humans; cattle are considered a primary reservoir for the organism, and transmission is often through contaminated food products or water. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of E. coli O157:H7 within a single individual bovine fecal sample based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Fecal samples (n=601) were collected from dairy and beef cattle at three separate facilities, and E. coli O157:H7 was isolated by enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and plating on selective medium. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 46 (7.7%) of 601. From each positive fecal sample, up to 10 putative colonies were tested, and isolates from samples with at least seven positive colonies were subtyped using PFGE and tested for six major virulence genes by multiplex PCR. A total of 254 E. coli O157:H7 isolates from 27 samples met these criteria and were included in PFGE analysis. Fifteen PFGE subtypes (<100% Dice similarity) were detected among the 254 isolates, and there were no common subtypes between the three locations. Seven (26%) of 27 fecal samples had E. coli O157:H7 isolates with different PFGE subtypes (mean=2.1) within the same sample. The virulence gene profiles of different isolates from the same sample were always identical, regardless of the number of PFGE types. The results of this study suggest that determining the PFGE pattern of a single isolate from a bovine sample may not be sufficient when comparing isolates from feces, hides, or carcasses, because multiple PFGE subtypes are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jacob
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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12
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Arthur TM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Super shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle and the impact on beef carcass contamination. Meat Sci 2010; 86:32-7. [PMID: 20627603 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beef carcass contamination is a direct result of pathogen transfer from cattle hides harboring organisms such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Hide contamination occurs from direct and indirect fecal contamination in cattle production and lairage environments. In each of these environments, individual animals shedding E. coli O157:H7 at high levels (>10(4) CFU/g of feces, hereafter referred to as "super shedders") can have a disproportionate effect on cattle hide and subsequent carcass contamination. It is not known what criteria must be met to cause an animal to shed at levels exceeding 10(4) CFU/g. Understanding the factors that play a role in super shedding will aid in minimizing or eliminating the super shedding population. Interventions that would prevent super shedding in the cattle population should reduce E. coli O157:H7 transmission in the production and lairage environments resulting in reduced risk of beef carcass contamination and a safer finished product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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13
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Cernicchiaro N, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, LeJeune JT. Assessment of diagnostic tools for identifying cattle shedding and super-shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a longitudinal study of naturally infected feedlot steers in Ohio. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:239-48. [PMID: 21034264 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the performance of different diagnostic protocols (rectoanal mucosal swabs and immunomagnetic separation [RAMS-IMS], fecal samples and IMS [fecal-IMS], and direct plating) to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and to evaluate the pattern of E. coli O157:H7 shedding and super-shedding (defined as having a direct plating count equal to or >10(4) colony forming units of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of feces) in a longitudinal study of naturally infected feedlot steers. RAMS and fecal grab samples were obtained at 14-day intervals from 168 Angus-cross beef steers over a period of 22 weeks. Fecal samples were assessed by direct plating and IMS, whereas RAMS were tested only by enrichment followed by IMS to recover E. coli O157:H7. The period prevalence for shedding was high (62%) among feedlot steers and super-shedding was higher (23%) than anticipated. Although direct plating was the least sensitive method to detect E. coli O157:H7-positive samples, over 20% of high bacterial load samples were not detected by RAMS-IMS and/or fecal-IMS. The sensitivity of RAMS-IMS, fecal-IMS, and direct plating protocols was estimated using simple and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models, in which the dependent variable was the dichotomous results of each test and gold standard (i.e., parallel interpretation of the three protocols)-positive individuals were included as an independent variable along with other factors such as dietary supplements, time of sampling, and being exposed to a super-shedding pen-mate. The associations between these factors and the sensitivity of the diagnostic protocols were not statistically significant. In conclusion, differences in the reported impact of diet and probiotics on the shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in previous studies using RAMS-IMS or fecal-IMS were unlikely due to their impact on test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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Cernicchiaro N, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, Zerby HN, Fluharty FL, Loerch SC, Kauffman MD, Bard JL, LeJeune JT. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of Dietary Energy Sources, Feed Supplements, and the Presence of Super-Shedders on the Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle Using Different Diagnostic Procedures. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1071-81. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott A. McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry N. Zerby
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Steve C. Loerch
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael D. Kauffman
- Food Animal and Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
| | - Jaime L. Bard
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey T. LeJeune
- Food Animal and Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio
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Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in organically and naturally raised beef cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5421-3. [PMID: 19542334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00459-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in organically and naturally raised beef cattle at slaughter and compared antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates to those of isolates from conventionally raised beef cattle. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 were 14.8 and 14.2% for organically and naturally raised cattle, respectively. No major difference in antibiotic susceptibility patterns among the isolates was observed.
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Chase-Topping M, Gally D, Low C, Matthews L, Woolhouse M. Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:904-12. [PMID: 19008890 PMCID: PMC5844465 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cattle that excrete more Escherichia coli O157 than others are known as super-shedders. Super-shedding has important consequences for the epidemiology of E. coli O157 in cattle--its main reservoir--and for the risk of human infection, particularly owing to environmental exposure. Ultimately, control measures targeted at super-shedders may prove to be highly effective. We currently have only a limited understanding of both the nature and the determinants of super-shedding. However, super-shedding has been observed to be associated with colonization at the terminal rectum and might also occur more often with certain pathogen phage types. More generally, epidemiological evidence suggests that super-shedding might be important in other bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
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Responses of cattle to gastrointestinal colonization by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5366-72. [PMID: 18765741 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01223-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has established that the terminal rectum is the predominant colonization site of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. The main aim of the present work was to investigate pathological changes and associated immune responses at this site in animals colonized with E. coli O157:H7. Tissue and gastrointestinal samples from a total of 22 weaned Holstein-cross calves challenged with E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed for bacterial colonization and pathology. Five unexposed age-matched calves were used as comparative negative controls. E. coli O157:H7 bacteria induced histopathological alterations of the rectal mucosa with enterocyte remodeling. This was often associated with removal of the colonized epithelial layer. Immunogold labeling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed E. coli O157 bacteria on pedestals, as part of attaching and effacing lesions. These pathological changes induced a local infiltration of neutrophils that was quantified as larger in infected animals. Rectal mucosal immunoglobulin A responses were detected against the E. coli O157:H7 antigen. This work presents evidence that E. coli O157:H7 is not a commensal bacteria in the bovine host and that the mucosal damage produced by E. coli O157:H7 colonization of the terminal rectum induces a quantifiable innate immune response and production of specific mucosal antibodies.
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Jacob ME, Parsons GL, Shelor MK, Fox JT, Drouillard JS, Thomson DU, Renter DG, Nagaraja TG. Feeding Supplemental Dried Distiller’s Grains Increases Faecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in Experimentally Inoculated Calves. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:125-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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