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Ntakiyisumba E, Lee S, Won G. Identification of risk profiles for Salmonella prevalence in pig supply chains in South Korea using meta-analysis and a quantitative microbial risk assessment model. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112999. [PMID: 37316069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
International travel and the globalization of food supplies have increased the risk of epidemic foodborne infections. Salmonella strains, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), are major zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. In this study, the prevalence and Salmonella contamination in pigs/carcasses throughout the South Korean pig supply chain and the associated risk factors were evaluated using Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA), and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The prevalence of Salmonella in finishing pigs, which is one of the major starting inputs of the QMRA model was calculated through SRMA of studies conducted in south Korea in order to complement and enhance the robustness of the model. Our findings revealed that the pooled Salmonella prevalence in pigs was 4.15% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.56 to 6.66%. Considering the pig supply chain, the highest prevalence was detected in slaughterhouses (6.27% [95% CI: 3.36; 11.37]), followed by farms (4.16% [95% CI: 2.32; 7.35]) and meat stores (1.21% [95% CI: 0.42; 3.46]). The QMRA model predicted a 3.9% likelihood of Salmonella-free carcasses and a 96.1% probability of Salmonella-positive carcasses at the end of slaughter, with an average Salmonella concentration of 6.38 log CFU/carcass (95% CI: 5.17; 7.28). This corresponds to an average contamination of 1.23 log CFU/g (95% CI: 0.37; 2.48) of pork meat. Across the pig supply chain, the highest Salmonella contamination was predicted after transport and lairage, with an average concentration of 8 log CFU/pig (95% CI: 7.15; 8.42). Sensitivity analysis indicated that Salmonella fecal shedding (r = 0.68) and Salmonella prevalence in finishing pigs (r = 0.39) at pre-harvest were the most significant factors associated with Salmonella contamination in pork carcasses. Although disinfection and sanitation interventions along the slaughter line can reduce contamination levels to some extent, effective measures should be taken to reduce Salmonella prevalence at the farm level to improve the safety of pork consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurade Ntakiyisumba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Simin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chu C, Wang J, Jiao X, Li Q. Whole-genome sequencing analysis reveals pig as the main reservoir for persistent evolution of Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen causing human salmonellosis. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elbediwi M, Shi D, Biswas S, Xu X, Yue M. Changing Patterns of Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen From Humans, Food Animals, and Animal-Derived Foods in China, 1995-2019. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702909. [PMID: 34394048 PMCID: PMC8358327 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis represents a growing threat to global public health. Salmonella enterica remains the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diseases in China. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen (S. Rissen) has been recognized as one of the emerging serovars among humans in different countries worldwide. However, knowledge on the prevalence of S. Rissen in China is largely lacking. To address essential epidemiological information for S. Rissen in China, a total of 1,182 S. Rissen isolates recovered from samples across the food chain were collected from 16 provinces or province-level cities between 1995 and 2019. Risk factors due to the consumption of animal-derived food products were also analyzed. We found S. Rissen is widely distributed, especially in the Eastern and Southern parts of China, and there is an increasing frequency in recent years as evidenced by the greater number of isolates recovered in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Interestingly, the majority of S. Rissen isolates recovered in this study were from human samples (63.4%; 749/1182), remarkably, 58.4% (438/749) were from asymptomatic carriers. We obtained most of the S. Rissen isolates from humans from Guangxi (59.5%; 446/749) and Shanghai (29.5%; 221/749). Among 302 human diarrheal isolates (40.3%; 302/749), we found 44.6% (139/311) of S. Rissen in children with diarrhea (age below 10 years old). This is of clinical significance as diarrhea is one of the crucial causes of child mortality globally and our findings here highlighted the importance of Salmonella infections in Chinese children. Additionally, S. Rissen isolates were also found to be associated with pork and poultry products in China. This study projected the most updated national-wide study of S. Rissen isolates obtained from different sources in China over the past two decades. Continued surveillance is warranted to further monitor this emerging serovar in China and elsewhere over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Daiwei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Silpak Biswas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Moon DC, Kim SJ, Mechesso AF, Kang HY, Song HJ, Choi JH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr- 1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea. Microorganisms 2021; 9:398. [PMID: 33671955 PMCID: PMC7919004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (D.C.M.); (S.-J.K.); (A.F.M.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (J.-H.C.); (S.-S.Y.)
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Xu X, Biswas S, Gu G, Elbediwi M, Li Y, Yue M. Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100660. [PMID: 33007986 PMCID: PMC7600917 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Silpak Biswas
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.B.); (M.E.); (Y.L.)
| | - Guimin Gu
- Guangxi Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.B.); (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.B.); (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.B.); (M.E.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0571-8898-2832
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Nationwide surveillance on serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars isolated from food-producing animals in South Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108893. [PMID: 33007603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Food-producing animals are considered a leading source of human Salmonella infections in Korea. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data regarding the diversity and resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes in these animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from cattle, pigs, and chickens in Korea between 2010 and 2018. A total of 3018 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 16 laboratories/centers participating in the Korean Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Salmonella serotypes were identified from the following isolates: 179 cattle (17 serotypes), 959 pig (45 serotypes), and 1880 chicken (64 serotypes). The most frequent serotypes in cattle (Typhimurium, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, and Schwarzengrund), pigs (Typhimurium, Rissen, and S. 4,[5],12:i:-), and chickens (Enteritidis, Albany, Virchow, and Montevideo) accounted for more than 50% of the total serotypes in the respective animal species. To the best of our knowledge, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has not been identified in cattle in Korea to date. More than 80% of the isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug-resistance was found in almost half of the serotypes; the highest proportion in cattle (59.2%), followed by pigs (53.4%), and chickens (45.7%). Significant proportions of the serotypes were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Ceftiofur and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were the highest in Salmonella isolated from chickens (17.1% and 4.1%, respectively) and cattle (10.1% and 3.9%, respectively) compared to that in pigs. Among the frequent serotypes, Albany demonstrated the highest resistance rate (>90%) to five different antimicrobials. Alarmingly, some Salmonella serotypes that are frequently associated with human infections demonstrated a trend of increasing resistance to critically important antibiotics, including 3rd generation cephalosporins and quinolones. Collectively, the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in food-producing animals poses a potential risk to public health.
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Noh EB, Kim YB, Jeon HY, Seo KW, Son SH, Lee YJ. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella Serotypes Recovered from Edible Pork Offal from Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1514-1520. [PMID: 31369345 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although edible offal can be easily contaminated with foodborne bacteria and regarded as important transfers of antimicrobial resistance to humans, the characterization of bacteria from edible offal have not been researched sufficiently. This study is the first to focus on the molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from edible pork offal. From a total of 52 Salmonella isolates from edible pork offal, 44 (80.7%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 24 (46.2%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). All MDR Salmonella were also resistant to β-lactams and 12 (50.0%) of the isolates were positive for blaTEM-1. Eleven (68.8%) of the 16 gentamicin-resistant isolates harbored the ant(2'')-I gene. Among 18 tetracycline-resistant isolates, tetA and tetB genes were found in 9 (50.0%) and 3 (16.7%) isolates, respectively. The sul1 gene was identified in 9 (81.8%) of 11 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates, and the cmlA gene was identified in only 2 (18.1%) among 11 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates. Eighteen (75.0%) of the 24 MDR Salmonella were identified as containing class 1 integrons, within which dfrA12-aadA2 (55.6%) was the most prevalent resistance gene cassettes. Twenty-one (87.5%) of the MDR isolates were also found to have the plasmid replicons. Replicon B/O (41.7%) was the most prevalent replicon types. These results suggest that edible pork offal can become a reservoir that not only harbors MDR Salmonella, but also contributes to their dissemination through cross-contamination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Noh
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Jeon
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Son
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Prasertsee T, Chuammitri P, Deeudom M, Chokesajjawatee N, Santiyanont P, Tadee P, Nuangmek A, Tadee P, Sheppard SK, Pascoe B, Patchanee P. Core genome sequence analysis to characterize Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen ST469 from a swine production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 304:68-74. [PMID: 31174037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Rissen is the predominant serotype found in Thai pork production and can be transmitted to humans through contamination of the food chain. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships between serovar Rissen isolates from all levels of the pork production chain and evaluate the ability of the in silico antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotypes to predict the phenotype of serovar Rissen. A total of 38 serovar Rissen isolates were tested against eight antibiotic agents by a disk diffusion method and the whole genomes of all isolates were sequenced to detect AMR genetic elements using the ResFinder database.A total of 86.84% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed by ampicillin (78.96%) and sulfonamide-trimethoprim (71.05%). Resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent was observed in 78.95% of the isolates, with the most common pattern showing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide-trimethoprim, and tetracycline. The results of genotypic AMR indicated that 89.47% of the isolates carried tet(A), 84.22% carried blaTEM-1B, 78.95% carried sul3, and 78.95% carried dfrA12. The genotypic prediction of phenotypic resistance resulted in a mean sensitivity of 97.45% and specificity of 75.48%. Analysis by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) demonstrated that the Salmonella isolates from various sources and different locations shared many of the same core genome loci. This implies that serovar Rissen has infected every stage of the pork production process and that contamination can occur in every part of the production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerarat Prasertsee
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Manu Deeudom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipa Chokesajjawatee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pannita Santiyanont
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tadee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Aniroot Nuangmek
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Phacharaporn Tadee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7BA, United Kingdom; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7BA, United Kingdom; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Prapas Patchanee
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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SEO BJ, SONG ET, LEE K, KIM JW, JEONG CG, MOON SH, SON JS, KANG SH, CHO HS, JUNG BY, KIM WI. Evaluation of the broad-spectrum lytic capability of bacteriophage cocktails against various Salmonella serovars and their effects on weaned pigs infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:851-860. [PMID: 29618667 PMCID: PMC6021886 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum lytic capability of Salmonella bacteriophages against various Salmonella species was evaluated to determine their potential as an alternative for antibiotics, and the safety and preventive effects of the bacteriophages were assessed on mice and pigs. Four bacteriophage cocktails were prepared using 13 bacteriophages, and the lytic capability of the four bacteriophage cocktails was tested using Salmonella reference strains and field isolates. Bacteriophage cocktail C (SEP-1, SGP-1, STP-1, SS3eP-1, STP-2, SChP-1, SAP-1, SAP-2; ≥109 pfu/ml) showed the best lytic activity against the Salmonella reference strains (100% of 34) and field isolates (92.5% of 107). Fifty mice were then orally inoculated with bacteriophage cocktail C to determine the distribution of bacteriophages in various organs, blood and feces. The effects of bacteriophages on Salmonella infection in weaned pigs (n=15) were also evaluated through an experimental challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium after treatment with bacteriophage cocktail C. All mice exhibited distribution of the bacteriophages in all organs, blood and feces until 15 days post infection (dpi). After 35 dpi, bacteriophages were not detected in any of these specimens. As demonstrated in a pig challenge study, treatment with bacteriophage cocktail C reduced the level of Salmonella shedding in feces. The metagenomic analyses of these pig feces also revealed that bacteriophage treatment decreased the number of species of the Enterobacteriaceae family without significant disturbance to the normal fecal flora. This study showed that bacteriophages effectively controlled Salmonella in a pig challenge model and could be a good alternative for antibiotics to control Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joo SEO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Tteum SONG
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichan LEE
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi JEONG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun MOON
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Soo SON
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia V,
137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon KANG
- iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc., Room 903, JungAng Induspia V,
137, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13202, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong CHO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Yeal JUNG
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine
Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University,
Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Lee SJ, Park NH, Mechesso AF, Lee KJ, Park SC. The phenotypic and molecular resistance induced by a single-exposure to sub-mutant prevention concentration of marbofloxacin in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from swine. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:29-35. [PMID: 28757036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium clinical isolates from pigs were investigated using a single-step mutation model of exposure to sub-mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of marbofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven antibacterial drugs were evaluated against 30 S. Typhimurium clinical isolates from different pigs. MPCs of marbofloxacin were also determined. The mechanism of marbofloxacin-resistance was investigated by sequencing analysis of target gene mutations and quantifying the overexpression of efflux pumps and their regulators by quantitative RT-PCR. Marbofloxacin showed the highest potency against all isolates (23.3%), including multi-drug resistant isolates. The MPC50 (0.5μg/mL) and MPC90 (2μg/mL) of marbofloxacin were determined, as were MPC/MIC ratios of 2.5 to 8. A gyrA mutation (Ser83Phe or Asp87His) was detected in isolates with an MIC>0.06μg/mL and all single-step mutants. Moreover, expression of acrAB-tolC and marA/soxS/ramA increased following a single-step mutation, but only ramA expression showed a positive correlation with the resistance phenotype of clinical isolates and single-step mutants (p<0.05). Furthermore, the acrR mutation was detected in two clinical isolates and 50% of single-step mutants, regardless of whether the gyrA mutation was present. This is the first report of acrR mutations in S. Typhimurium isolates from pigs in Korea. Our findings suggest that a single-exposure to sub-MPCs of marbofloxacin was sufficient to reduce the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates. Therefore, optimized dosing based on application with the MPC concept is required to reduce the chances of marbofloxacin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, South Korea
| | - Na-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, South Korea
| | - Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Jick Lee
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 39660 Gimcheon, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, South Korea.
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11
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Oh SI, Kim JW, Chae M, Jung JA, So B, Kim B, Kim HY. Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Clinically Diseased Pigs in Korea. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1884-1890. [PMID: 28221916 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from clinically diseased pigs collected from 2008 to 2014 in Korea. Isolates were also characterized according to the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Among 94 Salmonella isolates, 81 (86.2%) were identified as being of the Salmonella Typhimurium serotype, followed by Salmonella Derby (6 of 94, 6.4%), Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- (4 of 94, 4.3%), Salmonella Enteritidis (2 of 94, 2.1%), and Salmonella Brandenburg (1 of 94, 1.1%). The majority of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to tetracycline (92.6%), followed by streptomycin (88.9%) and ampicillin (80.2%). Overall, 96.3% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes and commonly harbored the resistance genes blaTEM (64.9%), flo (32.8%), aadA (55.3%), strA (58.5%), strB (58.5%), sulII (53.2%), and tetA (61.7%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 45 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from individual farms revealed 27 distinct patterns that formed one major and two minor clusters in the dendrogram analysis, suggesting that most of the isolates (91.1%) from diseased pigs were genetically related. These findings can assist veterinarians in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents to combat Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and genetic status in Salmonella Typhimurium for the detection of emerging resistance trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongju Chae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-A Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjae So
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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13
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Im MC, Jeong SJ, Kwon YK, Jeong OM, Kang MS, Lee YJ. Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial layer farms in Korea. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1691-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella in pigs from conventional and organic farms and first report of S. serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- from Korea. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Lee KE, Lee DY, Choi HW, Chae SJ, Yun YS, Lee KC, Cho YS, Yang DK. Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from pigs presenting with diarrhea in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1511-5. [PMID: 26074410 PMCID: PMC4667674 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2011 and 2012, a total of 896 pig fecal samples were collected from nine
provinces in Korea, and 50 salmonella enterica susp.
enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was
isolated. The characteristics of the 50 strains were analyzed, and 4 strains were
identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar 4,[5],12:i:-. Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- could not be distinguished
from S. Typhimurium through phage typing, antimicrobial resistance
testing or multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). However, among
the four Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- strains, one (KVCC-BA1400078) was
identified as a Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone isolated from humans in the
United States, and another (KVCC-BA1400080) was identified as DT193, which has been
primarily isolated from humans and animals in European countries. The presence of
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in Korea poses a significant threat of
horizontal transfer between pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Republic of Korea
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16
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Tamang MD, Gurung M, Nam HM, Moon DC, Jang GC, Jung SC, Lim SK. Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence characteristics of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium isolates from healthy and diseased pigs in Korea. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1481-6. [PMID: 25198838 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the antimicrobial susceptibility and prevalence of virulence genes in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium isolated from healthy and diseased pigs in Korea. A total of 456 Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from healthy (n = 238) and diseased (n = 218) pigs between 1998 and 2011 were investigated. In total, 93.4% of the Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent tested. The isolates were most often resistant to tetracycline (85.7%), followed by streptomycin (83.6%), nalidixic acid (67.3%), ampicillin (49.3%), chloramphenicol (42.8%), and gentamicin (37.1%). Moreover, multidrug resistance phenotype and resistance to ampicillin, florfenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from the diseased pigs compared with those from the healthy pigs. The most common resistance pattern observed in both groups of isolates was streptomycin-tetracycline. Overall, more than 96% of the isolates tested possessed invA, spiA, msgA, sipB, prgH, spaN, tolC, lpfC, sifA, sitC, and sopB virulence genes. The prevalence of orgA, pagC, and iroN were 50.2, 74.1, and 91.0%, respectively, whereas isolates carrying cdtB (1.5%), pefA (7.0%), and spvB (14.9%) were identified much less frequently. Furthermore, the prevalence of invA, lpfC, orgA, pagC, and iroN was significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the isolates from the diseased pigs than in isolates from the healthy pigs. Our results demonstrated that, among diseased pigs, there was significantly higher resistance to some antimicrobials and greater prevalence of some virulence genes than in healthy pigs, indicating the role these factors play in pathogenesis. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates that carry virulence-associated genes are potentially more dangerous and constitute a public health concern. Thus, continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in Salmonella is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migma Dorji Tamang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mamata Gurung
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Nam
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Chan Jang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Jung
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Anyang-6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Pornsukarom S, Patchanee P, Erdman M, Cray PF, Wittum T, Lee J, Gebreyes WA. Comparative phenotypic and genotypic analyses of Salmonella Rissen that originated from food animals in Thailand and United States. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:151-8. [PMID: 24931512 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen has been recognized as one of the most common serovar among humans and pork production systems in different parts of the world, especially Asia. In the United States, this serovar caused outbreaks but its epidemiologic significance remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic attributes of Salmonella Rissen isolated in Thailand (Thai) and the United States (US). All the Thai isolates (n = 30) were recovered from swine faecal samples. The US isolates (n = 35) were recovered from swine faecal samples (n = 29), cattle (n = 2), chicken (n = 2), dog (n = 1) and a ready-to-eat product (n = 1). The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genotypic diversity of isolates. All Thai isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with the most frequent antibiotic resistance shown against ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (96.7%), tetracycline (93.3%), streptomycin (90%) and chloramphenicol (30%). About half of the isolates of USA origin were pan-susceptible and roughly 30% were resistant to only tetracycline (R-type: Te). Salmonella Rissen isolated from Thailand and the USA in this study were found to be clonally unrelated. Genotypic analyses indicated that isolates were clustered primarily based on the geographic origin implying the limited clonality among the strains. Clonal relatedness among different host species within the same geography (USA) was found. We found genotypic similarity in Thai and US isolates in few instances but with no epidemiological link. Further studies to assess propensity for increased inter-regional transmission and dissemination is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pornsukarom
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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18
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Lee KE, Lim SI, Choi HW, Lim SK, Song JY, An DJ. Plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (CMY-2) gene in Salmonella typhimurium isolated from diarrheic pigs in South Korea. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:329. [PMID: 24885386 PMCID: PMC4060855 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstracts
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Lim SK, Nam HM, Lee HS, Kim AR, Jang GC, Jung SC, Kim TS. Prevalence and characterization of apramycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolated from healthy and diseased pigs in Korea during 1998 through 2009. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1443-6. [PMID: 23905803 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apramycin resistance was observed in 22.8% (81 of 355) of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates collected from pigs from 1998 through 2009 in Korea. All apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates also were cross-resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin. Among the seven types of aminoglycoside resistance genes tested, only four types were detected in the apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates: aac (3)-IV, aac (3)-II, aac (3)-III, and ant (2'')-I. Although the aac (3)-IV gene was found in all apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, aac (3)-II, aac (3)-III, and ant (2'')-I genes were detected in five (6.2%), two (2.5%), and three (3.7%) isolates, respectively. The apramycin-resistant isolates comprised six phage types, of which PT193 (16 of 81 isolates, 19.8%) was most commonly observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing characteristics of apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates in Korea. Further study is warranted to determine whether apramycin use in animals results in cross-resistance to gentamicin, which may affect public health when gentamicin is required for disease treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Tamang MD, Nam HM, Kim A, Lee HS, Kim TS, Kim MJ, Jang GC, Jung SC, Lim SK. Prevalence and mechanisms of quinolone resistance among selected nontyphoid Salmonella isolated from food animals and humans in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1199-206. [PMID: 21877929 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and mechanism of quinolone resistance among selected nontyphoid Salmonella (NTS) isolates. A total of 1279 NTS isolated from food animals (n=692) and humans (n=587) between 1995 and 2009 were investigated by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, screening for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC by PCR, and DNA sequencing. Three hundred thirty (47.7%) of 692 animal isolates and 177 (30.2%) of 587 human isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Most animal (94.8%, 313/330) and human (99.4%, 176/177) NTS exhibited decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]: 0.125-2 mg/L). None of them carried qnr or qepA gene. However, aac(6')-Ib was identified in six animal isolates, of which four carried aac(6')-Ib-cr gene. Based on antimicrobial resistance profile, year of isolation, MIC for quinolones and fluoroquinolones, and isolation frequency of serotype, 114 animal and 83 human isolates were tested for QRDR mutations. All contained a single mutation within the QRDR of gyrA at either codon 87 or 83, and 41 of them contained an additional mutation in parC. The most prevalent mutation was Asp87-Tyr (n=107), followed by Asp87-Gly (n=28), Asp87-Asn (n=26), Ser83-Tyr (n=22), and Ser83-Phe (n=14). Point mutations in parC were observed outside the QRDR, which included 40 isolates with Thr57-Ser substitution and 1 Salmonella Typhimurium with a novel Glu51-Lys substitution. In conclusion, a point mutation within the QRDR of gyrA was primarily responsible for quinolone resistance and reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in NTS in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of aac(6')-Ib-cr gene among NTS in Korea. The spread of NTS carrying aac(6')-Ib-cr is of serious concern and should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migma Dorji Tamang
- Division of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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21
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Emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14)-producing nontyphoid Salmonella with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among food animals and humans in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2671-5. [PMID: 21613434 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00754-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty of 1,279 nontyphoid Salmonella strains isolated from food animals and humans produced CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase. All expressed CTX-M-15, except two which coexpressed CTX-M-14 and TEM-1. Insertion sequence ISEcp1 was identified upstream of bla(CTX-M) genes. The bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CTX-M-14) genes were disseminated by large conjugative IncFIIs and IncI1-Iγ plasmids, respectively.
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22
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Gorski L, Parker CT, Liang A, Cooley MB, Jay-Russell MT, Gordus AG, Atwill ER, Mandrell RE. Prevalence, distribution, and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of California. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2734-48. [PMID: 21378057 PMCID: PMC3126348 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02321-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in the environment in and around Monterey County, CA, a major agriculture region of the United States. Trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of S. enterica. A multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray was employed to identify a subset of samples that might contain Salmonella in order to test various culture methods to survey a larger number of samples. Fifty-five of 2,401 (2.3%) samples yielded Salmonella, representing samples obtained from 20 different locations in Monterey and San Benito Counties. Water had the highest percentage of positives (7.1%) among sample types. Wildlife yielded 20 positive samples, the highest number among sample types, with positive samples from birds (n = 105), coyotes (n = 40), deer (n = 104), elk (n = 39), wild pig (n = 41), and skunk (n = 13). Only 16 (2.6%) of the soil/sediment samples tested positive, and none of the produce samples had detectable Salmonella. Sixteen different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including S. enterica serotypes Give, Typhimurium, Montevideo, and Infantis. Fifty-four strains were sensitive to 12 tested antibiotics; one S. Montevideo strain was resistant to streptomycin and gentamicin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the isolates revealed over 40 different pulsotypes. Several strains were isolated from water, wildlife, or soil over a period of several months, suggesting that they were persistent in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Choi MJ, Lim SK, Nam HM, Kim AR, Jung SC, Kim MN. Apramycin and Gentamicin Resistances in Indicator and Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates from Farm Animals in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:119-23. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Choi
- Department of Biology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Nam
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Jung
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mal-Nam Kim
- Department of Biology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hyeon JY, Chon JW, Hwang IG, Kwak HS, Kim MS, Kim SK, Choi IS, Song CS, Park C, Seo KH. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meat products. J Food Prot 2011; 74:161-6. [PMID: 21219782 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Salmonella was determined in chicken meat (n = 26), beef (n = 49), and pork (n = 56) collected from wholesale markets, retail stores, and traditional markets in Seoul, South Korea, in 2009. Antibiotic resistance was assessed, and the molecular subtypes of Salmonella isolates were ascertained using an automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) system (DiversiLab). A total of 18 Salmonella strains were isolated from 17 of 131 samples: 16 strains from each of 16 samples and 2 strains from the same pork sample. The prevalence of Salmonella from the retail meats was 2.0% in beef, 8.9% in pork, and 42.3% in chicken meat. Among 10 different serotypes, Salmonella enterica Panama was recovered from a beef sample, and Salmonella London and Salmonella Montevideo were the predominant serotypes from pork and chicken meat, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance observed was to erythromycin (100%) followed by streptomycin (22.2%) and tetracycline and chloramphenicol (16.7%). Of the 18 isolates, 5 (27.8%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics, and 1 isolate from chicken meat was resistant to eight antibiotics, including cephalosporins. Differentiation between all of the Salmonella isolates except between Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella London was successfully performed with the automated rep-PCR system, indicating that it can be added to the toolbox for source tracking of foodborne pathogens associated with outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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