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Ge B, Domesle KJ, Yang Q, Young SR, Rice-Trujillo CL, Bodeis Jones SM, Gaines SA, Keller MW, Li X, Piñeiro SA, Whitney BM, Harbottle HC, Gilbert JM. Effects of low concentrations of erythromycin, penicillin, and virginiamycin on bacterial resistance development in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11017. [PMID: 28887450 PMCID: PMC5591201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Distillers grains are co-products of the corn ethanol industry widely used in animal feed. We examined the effects of erythromycin, penicillin, and virginiamycin at low concentrations reflective of those detected in distillers grains on bacterial resistance selection. At 0.1 µg/ml erythromycin, macrolide-resistant mutants were induced in one Campylobacter coli and one Enterococcus faecium strain, while these strains plus three additional C. coli, one additional E. faecium, and one C. jejuni also developed resistance when exposed to 0.25 µg/ml erythromycin. At 0.5 µg/ml erythromycin, a total of eight strains (four Campylobacter and four Enterococcus) obtained macrolide-resistant mutants, including two strains from each genus that were not selected at lower erythromycin concentrations. For penicillin, three of five E. faecium strains but none of five Enterococcus faecalis strains consistently developed resistance at all three selection concentrations. Virginiamycin at two M1:S1 ratios did not induce resistance development in four out of five E. faecium strains; however, increased resistance was observed in the fifth one under 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml virginiamycin selections. Although not yet tested in vivo, these findings suggest a potential risk of stimulating bacterial resistance development in the animal gut when distillers grains containing certain antibiotic residues are used in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Ge
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA.
| | - Kelly J Domesle
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Qianru Yang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Shenia R Young
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Crystal L Rice-Trujillo
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Sonya M Bodeis Jones
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Stuart A Gaines
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Laurel, Maryland, 20708, USA
| | - Marla W Keller
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Division of Animal Feeds, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Xin Li
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Division of Animal Feeds, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Silvia A Piñeiro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Brooke M Whitney
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Heather C Harbottle
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gilbert
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
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Helke KL, McCrackin MA, Galloway AM, Poole AZ, Salgado CD, Marriott BP. Effects of antimicrobial use in agricultural animals on drug-resistant foodborne salmonellosis in humans: A systematic literature review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:472-488. [PMID: 27602884 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1230088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant meat or dairy-borne non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada, and Denmark from January 2010 to July 2014, 858 articles received title and abstract review, 104 met study criteria for full article review with 68 retained for which data are presented. Antibiotic exposure in both cattle and humans found an increased likelihood of Salmonella colonization, whereas in chickens, animals not exposed to antibiotics (organic) were more likely to be Salmonella positive and those that had antibiotic exposure were more likely to harbor antimicrobial resistant Salmonella organisms. In swine literature, only tylosin exposure was examined and no correlation was found among exposure, Salmonella colonization, or antimicrobial resistance. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - M A McCrackin
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,b Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Department of Research Service , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ashley M Galloway
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ann Z Poole
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Cassandra D Salgado
- d Department of Medicine , Infectious Disease Division, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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3
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Rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for effectiveness of primary production interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Prev Vet Med 2016; 147:213-225. [PMID: 27993401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (hereafter referred to as Salmonella) on beef and pork is an important cause of foodborne illness and death globally. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce Salmonella prevalence or concentration in beef and pork was undertaken. A broad search was conducted in Scopus and CAB abstracts. Each citation was appraised using screening tools tested a priori. Level 1 relevance screening excluded irrelevant citations; level 2 confirmed relevance and categorized studies. Data were then extracted, and intervention categories were descriptively summarized. Meta-analysis was performed to provide a summary estimate of treatment effect where two or more studies investigated the same intervention in comparable populations. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the confidence in the estimated measures of intervention effect for data subgroups.
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4
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Smith AB, Renter DG, Cernicchiaro N, Shi X, Nagaraja TG. Prevalence and Quinolone Susceptibilities of Salmonella Isolated from the Feces of Preharvest Cattle Within Feedlots that Used a Fluoroquinolone to Treat Bovine Respiratory Disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:303-8. [PMID: 26990393 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen and antimicrobial resistance can be a human health concern. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to (1) determine the prevalence and quinolone susceptibility of Salmonella in feces of preharvest commercial feedlot cattle and (2) determine if the prevalence and susceptibility of Salmonella isolates were associated with previous fluoroquinolone use within pens. Five feedlots in western Kansas and Texas were selected based on their use of a commercially licensed fluoroquinolone for initial treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Twenty pen floor fecal samples were collected from each of 10 pens from each feedlot during early summer of 2012. Salmonella isolation was performed and microbroth dilution was used to determine susceptibility of isolates to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Prior antimicrobial treatment data were retrieved from feedlots' operational data. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess associations between Salmonella prevalence and the number of fluoroquinolone treatments within pens while taking into consideration cattle demographic and management factors, as well as the hierarchical structure of the data. Overall, cumulative fecal prevalence of Salmonella was 38.0% (380/1000), but prevalence varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the five feedlots: 0.5% (1/200), 17.5% (35/200), 37.0% (74/200), 58.5% (117/200), and 76.5% (153/200). Salmonella serogroups included C1 (49.3%), E (36.4%), C2 (13.8%), and D (0.6%). There was no significant association (p = 0.52) between Salmonella prevalence and the frequency of fluoroquinolone treatments within a pen. All Salmonella isolates (n = 380) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, while one isolate exceeded the human breakpoint (≥32 μg/mL) for nalidixic acid. In conclusion, Salmonella fecal prevalence in preharvest cattle was highly variable among feedlots. Nearly all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to quinolones, despite the fact that a fluoroquinolone was used as the primary therapeutic antimicrobial to treat BRD in these feedlot populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Smith
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Bayer Healthcare , LLC, Animal Health Division, Shawnee Mission, Kansas
| | - David G Renter
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Nisbet DJ. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Ecological and dietary impactors of foodborne pathogens and methods to reduce fecal shedding in cattle1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1356-65. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
| | - T. S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
| | - D. J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
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Wells JE, Kim M, Bono JL, Kuehn LA, Benson AK. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM:Escherichia coli O157:H7, diet, and fecal microbiome in beef cattle12. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1345-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Wells
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - M. Kim
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - J. L. Bono
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - L. A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - A. K. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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Edrington TS, Bischoff KM, Loneragan GH, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of feeding distiller's grains, containing virginiamycin, on antimicrobial susceptibilities in fecal isolates of Enterococcus and Escherichia coli and prevalence of resistance genes in cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1144-9. [PMID: 24492576 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried distiller's grains (DG) produced from ethanol fermentations dosed with 0 (control), 2, or 20 mg/kg virginiamycin-based product or spiked with virginiamycin (VM) postfermentation were fed to cattle and effects on antimicrobial susceptibility, and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal bacteria was examined. Biological activity assays of DG (from each fermentation) indicated a concentration of 0, 0.7, and 8.9 mg/kg VM, respectively. Twenty-four crossbred beef steers were fed 1 of 4 diets (containing 8% of each of the different batches of DG) and a fourth using 8% of the control DG (0 mg/kg VM) + 0.025 g/kg V-Max50 (positive control) for 7 wk. Fecal samples were collected weekly throughout the experimental period and cultured for Escherichia coli and Enterococcus, and isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes (vatE, ermB, and msrC in Enterococcus), and integrons (E. coli). No treatment differences (P > 0.05) were observed in antimicrobial susceptibility of the E. coli isolates. Enterococcus isolates were resistant to more antimicrobials; however, this was influenced by the species of Enterococcus and not treatment (P > 0.10). The prevalence of ermB was greater (P < 0.05) in the control isolates after 4 and 6 wk while at wk 7, prevalence was greater (P < 0.01) in the 0.7 and 8.9 mg/kg VM treatments. Taken together, the minor treatment differences observed for the presence of ermB coupled with the lack of effect on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns suggest that feeding DG containing VM residues should have minimal if any impact on prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agriculture Research Center, College Station, TX 77845
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Smith DR. Cattle Production Systems: Ecology of Existing and Emerging Escherichia coli Types Related to Foodborne Illness. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 2:445-68. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly STEC O157, cause rare but potentially serious human infections. Infection with STEC occurs by fecal-oral transmission, most commonly through food. Cattle are the most important reservoir for human STEC exposure, and efforts to control the flow of STEC through beef processing have reduced rates of human illness. However, further reduction in human incidence of STEC may require control of the pathogen in cattle populations. The ecology of STEC in cattle production systems is complex and explained by factors that favor (a) colonization in the gut, (b) survival in the environment, and (c) ingestion by another cattle host. Although nature creates seasonal environmental conditions that do not favor STEC transmission in cattle, human efforts to control STEC by environmental manipulation have not succeeded. Vaccines and direct-fed microbial products have reduced the carriage of STEC by cattle, and other interventions are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Smith
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-6100
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9
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Thomas DE, Elliott EJ. Interventions for preventing diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:799. [PMID: 24007265 PMCID: PMC3844431 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) may follow infection with Shiga-toxin-producing organisms, principally E. coli O157: H7 (STEC), causing high morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to identify interventions to prevent diarrhea-associated HUS. METHODS Systematic search of the literature for relevant systematic reviews (SRs), randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and public health guidelines. RESULTS Of 1097 animal and 762 human studies, 18 animal studies (2 SRs, 2 reviews, plus 14 RCTs) and 6 human studies (3 SRs, plus 3 RCTs) met inclusion criteria. E. coli O157: H7 Type III secreted protein vaccination decreased fecal E. coli O157 shedding in cattle (P = 0.002). E. coli O157: H7 siderophore receptor and porin proteins (SRP) vaccines reduced fecal shedding in cows (OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.73) and increased anti-E. coli 0157: H7 SRP antibodies in their calves (P < 0.001). Bacterin vaccines had no effect. Probiotic or sodium chlorate additives in feeds reduced fecal E. coli O157 load as did improved farm hygiene (P < 0.05). Solarization of soil reduced E. coli O157: H7 contamination in the soil (P < 0.05). In an RCT examining the role of antibiotic treatment of E. coli O157: H7 diarrhea, HUS rates were similar in children treated with Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and controls (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.11 to 2.81). In another RCT, HUS rates were similar in children receiving Synsorb-Pk and placebo (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.39 to 2.22). In one SR, hand washing reduced diarrhea by 39% in institutions (IRR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.92) and 32% in community settings (IRR 0.68; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.90) compared to controls. Guidelines contained recommendations to prevent STEC transmission from animals and environments to humans, including appropriate food preparation, personal hygiene, community education, and control of environmental contamination, food and water quality. CONCLUSIONS Animal carriage of STEC is decreased by vaccination and improved farm practices. Treatment of STEC diarrhea with antibiotics and toxin-binders did not prevent HUS. Public health interventions are the key to preventing STEC-associated diarrhea and HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Thomas
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Evidence Based Paediatrics Gastroenterology and Nutrition (CEBPGAN), The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Kids Research Institute, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Elliott
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Evidence Based Paediatrics Gastroenterology and Nutrition (CEBPGAN), The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Kids Research Institute, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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Fink RC, Popowski JM, Anderson JE, Dahlberg JL, Kalyanikutty S, Crawford GI, DiCostanzo A, Cox RB, Diez-Gonzalez F. Impact of Management Practices and Distillers' Grains Feeding on the Prevalence ofEscherichia coliO157 in Feedlot Cattle in Minnesota. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:559-65. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fink
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jackie M. Popowski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jon E. Anderson
- Division of Mathematics and Science, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota
| | - Johanna L. Dahlberg
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sudha Kalyanikutty
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Grant I. Crawford
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Alfredo DiCostanzo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Ryan B. Cox
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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11
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Compart DMP, Carlson AM, Crawford GI, Fink RC, Diez-Gonzalez F, Dicostanzo A, Shurson GC. Presence and biological activity of antibiotics used in fuel ethanol and corn co-product production. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2395-404. [PMID: 23463564 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are used in ethanol production to control bacteria from competing with yeast for nutrients during starch fermentation. However, there is no published scientific information on whether antibiotic residues are present in distillers grains (DG), co-products from ethanol production, or whether they retain their biological activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify concentrations of various antibiotic residues in DG and determine whether residues were biologically active. Twenty distillers wet grains and 20 distillers dried grains samples were collected quarterly from 9 states and 43 ethanol plants in the United States. Samples were analyzed for DM, CP, NDF, crude fat, S, P, and pH to describe the nutritional characteristics of the samples evaluated. Samples were also analyzed for the presence of erythromycin, penicillin G, tetracycline, tylosin, and virginiamycin M1, using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Additionally, virginiamycin residues were determined, using a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved bioassay method. Samples were extracted and further analyzed for biological activity by exposing the sample extracts to 10(4) to 10(7) CFU/mL concentrations of sentinel bacterial strains Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Extracts that inhibited bacterial growth were considered to have biological activity. Physiochemical characteristics varied among samples but were consistent with previous findings. Thirteen percent of all samples contained low (≤1.12 mg/kg) antibiotic concentrations. Only 1 sample extract inhibited growth of Escherichia coli at 10(4) CFU/mL, but this sample contained no detectable concentrations of antibiotic residues. No extracts inhibited Listeria monocytogenes growth. These data indicate that the likelihood of detectable concentrations of antibiotic residues in DG is low; and if detected, they are found in very low concentrations. The inhibition in only 1 DG sample by sentinel bacteria suggests that antibiotic residues in DG were inactivated during the production process or are present in sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Paulus Compart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Hallewell J, Barbieri LR, Thomas JE, Stanford K, McAllister TA. Fecal shedding in cattle inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fed corn or wheat distillers' dried grain with solubles. J Food Prot 2013; 76:114-8. [PMID: 23317865 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding corn dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) has been linked to increased fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. A study was conducted to compare the impact of three diets containing (dry matter basis) 40% corn DDGS, 40% wheat DDGS, or 20% corn and 20% wheat mixed DDGS to a standard barley grain finishing diet on fecal shedding in cattle challenged with a 10(10) CFU mixture of four nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains. Rectal grab samples (n = 544) were collected over 70 days and screened for E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating and immunomagnetic bead separation. Feeding diets containing DDGS had no effect (P > 0.05) on the intensity or duration of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared with the standard barley grain finishing diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallewell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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13
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Doyle MP, Erickson MC. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Olmstead J, Wallinga D. Antimicrobial Alternatives: Public Health Risks Call into Question Continued Antibiotic Use in Ethanol Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:871. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Olmstead
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Wallinga
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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