1
|
Kalia A, Kaur J, Tondey M, Manchanda P, Bindra P, Alghuthaymi MA, Shami A, Abd-Elsalam KA. Differential Antimycotic and Antioxidant Potentials of Chemically Synthesized Zinc-Based Nanoparticles Derived from Different Reducing/Complexing Agents against Pathogenic Fungi of Maize Crop. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:223. [PMID: 33803825 PMCID: PMC8003151 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed for the synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-fungal potentials of zinc-based nanoparticles (ZnNPs) by using different reducing or organic complexing-capping agents. The synthesized ZnNPs exhibited quasi-spherical to hexagonal shapes with average particle sizes ranging from 8 to 210 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy of the prepared ZnNPs showed variation in the appearance of characteristic absorption peak(s) for the various reducing/complexing agents i.e., 210 (NaOH and NaBH4), 220 (albumin, and thiourea), 260 and 330 (starch), and 351 nm (cellulose) for wavelengths spanning over 190-800 nm. The FT-IR spectroscopy of the synthesized ZnNPs depicted the functional chemical group diversity. On comparing the antioxidant potential of these ZnNPs, NaOH as reducing agent, (NaOH (RA)) derived ZnNPs presented significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging potential compared to other ZnNPs. The anti-mycotic potential of the ZnNPs as performed through an agar well diffusion assay exhibited variability in the extent of inhibition of the fungal mycelia with maximum inhibition at the highest concentration (40 mg L-1). The NaOH (RA)-derived ZnNPs showcased maximum mycelial inhibition compared to other ZnNPs. Further, incubation of the total genomic DNA with the most effective NaOH (RA)-derived ZnNPs led to intercalation or disintegration of the DNA of all the three fungal pathogens of maize with maximum DNA degrading effect on Macrophomina phaseolina genomic DNA. This study thus identified that differences in size and surface functionalization with the protein (albumin)/polysaccharides (starch, cellulose) diminishes the anti-oxidant and anti-mycotic potential of the generated ZnNPs. However, the NaOH emerged as the best reducing agent for the generation of uniform nano-scale ZnNPs which possessed comparably greater anti-oxidant and antimycotic activities against the three test maize pathogenic fungal cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Jashanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; (J.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Manisha Tondey
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; (J.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Pooja Manchanda
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India;
| | - Pulkit Bindra
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India;
| | - Mousa A. Alghuthaymi
- Biology Department, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11726, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11617, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valente S, Cometto A, Piombo E, Meloni GR, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L, Spadaro D. Elaborated regulation of griseofulvin biosynthesis in Penicillium griseofulvum and its role on conidiation and virulence. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 328:108687. [PMID: 32474227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Penicilium griseofulvum, the causal agent of apple blue mold, is able to produce in vitro and on apple a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites (SM), including patulin, roquefortine C and griseofulvin. Among them, griseofulvin is known for its antifungal and antiproliferative activity, and has received interest in many sectors, from medicine to agriculture. The biosynthesis of SM is finely regulated by filamentous fungi and can involve global regulators and pathway specific regulators, which are usually encoded by genes present in the same gene cluster as the backbone gene and tailoring enzymes. In the griseofulvin gene cluster, two putative transcription factors were previously identified, encoded by genes gsfR1 and gsfR2, and their role has been investigated in the present work. Analysis of P. griseofulvum knockout mutants lacking either gene suggest that gsfR2 forms part of a different pathway and gsfR1 exhibits many spectra of action, acting as regulator of griseofulvin and patulin biosynthesis and influencing conidia production and virulence on apple. The analysis of gsfR1 promoter revealed that the regulation of griseofulvin biosynthesis is also controlled by global regulators in response to many environmental stimuli, such as carbon and nitrogen. The influence of carbon and nitrogen on griseofulvin production was further investigated and verified, revealing a complex network of response and confirming the central role of gsfR1 in many processes in P. griseofulvum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valente
- Dept. Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Agnese Cometto
- Dept. Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Dept. Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Dept. Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- IATA-CSIC - Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- IATA-CSIC - Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Dept. Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alghuthaymi MA, Abd-Elsalam KA, Shami A, Said-Galive E, Shtykova EV, Naumkin AV. Silver/Chitosan Nanocomposites: Preparation and Characterization and Their Fungicidal Activity against Dairy Cattle Toxicosis Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020051. [PMID: 32325907 PMCID: PMC7345578 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the fungicide activity of chitosan-silver nanocomposites (Ag-Chit-NCs) against Penicillium expansum from feed samples. The physicochemical properties of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological integrity of the nanohybrid was confirmed by electron transmission. By the data of RFA (X-ray fluorescent analysis), the contents of Ag in Ag-chitosan composite were 5.9 w/w%. The size distribution of the Ag nanoparticles incorporated in the chitosan matrix was investigated by SAXS. The main part of the size heterogeneity distribution in the chitosan matrix corresponds to the portion of small particles (3-4 nm). TEM analysis revealed a spherical morphology in the form of non-agglomerated caps, and 72% of the nanoparticles measured up to 4 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of NCs was evaluated in petri dishes. Three different concentrations were tested for antifungal activity against the mycotoxigenic P. expansum strain. Changes in the mycelium structure of P. expansum fungi by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were observed to obtain information about the mode of action of Ag-Chit-NCs. It was shown that NC-Chit-NCs with sizes in the range from 4 to 10 nm have internalized sizes in cells, form agglomerates in the cytoplasm, and bind to cell organelles. Besides, their ability to influence protein and DNA fragmentation was examined in P. expansum. SDS-PAGE explains the apparent cellular protein response to the presence of various Ag-Chit-NCs. The intensity of P. expansum hyphal cell protein lines treated with Ag-Chit-NCs was very thin, indicating that high molecular weight proteins are largely prevented from entering the electrophoretic gel, which reflects cellular protein modification and possible damage caused by the binding of several protein fragments to Ag-Chit-NCs. The current results indicate that Ag-Chit-NCs <10 nm in size have significant antifungal activity against P. expansum, the causative agent of blue mold-contaminated dairy cattle feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa A. Alghuthaymi
- Biology Department, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11726, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
- Correspondence: (K.A.A.-E.); (A.S.); Tel.: +20-10-910-49161 (K.A.A.-E.); +966-11-823-3175 (A.S.)
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11617, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (K.A.A.-E.); (A.S.); Tel.: +20-10-910-49161 (K.A.A.-E.); +966-11-823-3175 (A.S.)
| | - Ernest Said-Galive
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement compounds (INEOS) of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.-G.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Eleonora V. Shtykova
- V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Naumkin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement compounds (INEOS) of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.-G.); (A.V.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen Y, Nie J, Kuang L, Zhang J, Li H. DNA sequencing, genomes and genetic markers of microbes on fruits and vegetables. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:323-362. [PMID: 32207561 PMCID: PMC7936329 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of DNA sequencing technology has provided an effective method for studying foodborne and phytopathogenic microorganisms on fruits and vegetables (F & V). DNA sequencing has successfully proceeded through three generations, including the tens of operating platforms. These advances have significantly promoted microbial whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA polymorphism research. Based on genomic and regional polymorphisms, genetic markers have been widely obtained. These molecular markers are used as targets for PCR or chip analyses to detect microbes at the genetic level. Furthermore, metagenomic analyses conducted by sequencing the hypervariable regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have revealed comprehensive microbial communities in various studies on F & V. This review highlights the basic principles of three generations of DNA sequencing, and summarizes the WGS studies of and available DNA markers for major bacterial foodborne pathogens and phytopathogenic fungi found on F & V. In addition, rDNA sequencing‐based bacterial and fungal metagenomics are summarized under three topics. These findings deepen the understanding of DNA sequencing and its application in studies of foodborne and phytopathogenic microbes and shed light on strategies for the monitoring of F & V microbes and quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youming Shen
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lixue Kuang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Haifei Li
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Quality Inspection and Test Center for Fruit and Nursery Stocks (Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hashim AF, Youssef K, Abd-Elsalam KA. Ecofriendly nanomaterials for controlling gray mold of table grapes and maintaining postharvest quality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 154:377-388. [DOI: 10.1007/s10658-018-01662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
6
|
Frisvad J. A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A very large number of filamentous fungi has been reported to produce the small lactone mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. Among the 167 reported fungal producers of patulin, only production by 29 species could be confirmed. Patulin is produced by 3 Aspergillus species, 3 Paecilomyces species, 22 Penicillium species from 7 sections of Penicillium, and one Xylaria species. Among 101 reported producers of penicillic acid, 48 species could produce this mycotoxin. Penicillic acid is produced by 23 species in section Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, by Malbranchea aurantiaca and by 24 Penicillium species from 9 sections in Penicillium and one species that does not actually belong to Penicillium (P. megasporum). Among 40 reported producers of moniliformin, five species have been regarded as doubtful producers of this mycotoxin or are now regarded as taxonomic synonyms. Moniliformin is produced by 34 Fusarium species and one Penicillium species. All the accepted producers of patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin were revised according to the new one fungus – one name nomenclatural system, and the most recently accepted taxonomy of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Numerous Penicillium spp. have been associated with postharvest fruit spoilage. This study investigates pathogenicity and aggressiveness of selected Penicillium spp. previously isolated from South African and European Union fruit export chains. Penicillium expansum was the most aggressive and P. crustosum the second most aggressive on all apple cultivars ('Royal Gala', 'Granny Smith', 'Golden Delicious', 'Topred', and 'Cripps Pink') and two pear cultivars ('Packham's Triumph' and 'Forelle') tested. P. digitatum was the most aggressive on 'Beurre Bosc', 'Beurre Hardy', and 'Sempre' ('Rosemarie') pear cultivars and the third most aggressive on Granny Smith and Cripps Pink apple cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report where P. digitatum has been described as aggressive on certain pome fruit cultivars. These pear cultivars are also the most commonly associated with decay on the export markets, resulting in considerable end-market losses. P. brevicompactum was detected as pathogenic on pear but was not further evaluated in the study. P. solitum covered a broader cultivar range, expressed higher disease incidence, and was more aggressive (larger lesions) on pear cultivars than on apple cultivars. This study provides new information on host specificity and the importance of pathogenic Penicillium spp. isolated from various environments in the shipping and marketing channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Petrus Louw
- University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, New Agricultural Building, Lunnon Road, Hillcrest, 0083, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, New Agricultural Building, Lunnon Road, Hillcrest, 0083, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|