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Akahane M, Kanagawa Y, Takahata Y, Nakanishi Y, Akahane T, Imamura T. Consumer Awareness of Food Defense Measures at Food Delivery Service Providers and Food Manufacturers: Web-Based Consumer Survey Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e44150. [PMID: 37616047 PMCID: PMC10485718 DOI: 10.2196/44150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various stages of the food chain, from production to processing to distribution, can impact food safety. The concept of "food defense" has emerged as a countermeasure against intentional contamination of food with foreign substances. Although knowledge of food hygiene is common among consumers, there are currently no reports of consumer surveys on food defense. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate consumer awareness of food defense and food safety. We analyzed the results focusing on how consumers behave when they find abnormalities in food to further our knowledge on promoting food defense measures. METHODS Participants completed a web-based questionnaire that included items related to awareness of food safety and food defense, as well as actions to be taken in cases of food abnormalities, such as contamination by foreign substances, the presence of a bad smell in purchased food, and the inclusion of extra items not selected by the individual. The participants were asked to indicate their preference among the 5 suggested actions in each case using a 6-point Likert scale. Data analysis involved aggregating responses into binary values. Stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between selected actions and questionnaire items, such as sex, age, and personality. RESULTS A total of 1442 respondents completed the survey, and the majority of participants placed importance on food safety when making food purchases. The recognition of each term was as follows: 95.2% (n=1373) for "food security and safety," 95.6% (n=1379) for "food hygiene," and 17.1% (n=247) for "food defense." The percentages of those who answered that they would "eat without worrying" in the case of "contamination by foreign substances," "bad smell," or "including unpurchased product" in the frozen food they purchased were 9.1% (n=131), 4.8% (n=69), and 30.7% (n=443), respectively. The results showed that contacting the manufacturer was the most common action when faced with contaminated food or food with a bad smell. Interestingly, a significant percentage of respondents indicated they would upload the issue on social networking sites. Logistic regression analysis revealed that male participants and the younger generation were more likely to choose the option of eating contaminated food without worrying. Additionally, the tendency to upload the issue on social networking sites was higher among respondents who were sociable and brand-conscious. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that if food intentionally contaminated with a foreign substance is sold and delivered to consumers, it is possible consumers may eat it and experience health problems. Therefore, it is crucial for not only food manufacturers but also food delivery service providers to consider food defense measures such as protecting food from intentional contamination. Additionally, promoting consumer education and awareness regarding food defense can contribute to enhancing food safety throughout the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Akahane
- Department of Health and Welfare Services, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kanagawa
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Takahata
- Department of Management, Food Business Course, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakanishi
- Department of Health and Welfare Services, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Imamura
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Goulart DB, Zhang Q, Sahin O. Growth kinetics and fitness of fluoroquinolone resistant and susceptible Campylobacter jejuni strains of cattle origin. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1117975. [PMID: 37143492 PMCID: PMC10151759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1117975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterocolitis is frequently caused by the Gram-negative microaerobic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni. Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are the preferred antibiotics for the treatment of human campylobacteriosis. Rapid emergence of FQ-resistant (FQ-R) Campylobacter during treatment with FQ antimicrobials is well known to occur in poultry. Cattle is also an important reservoir of Campylobacter for humans, and FQ-R Campylobacter from cattle has become highly prevalent in recent years. Even though the selection pressure may have contributed to the expansion of FQ-R Campylobacter, the actual impact of this factor appears to be rather low. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the fitness of FQ-R Campylobacter may have also played a role in the rise seen in FQ-R Campylobacter isolates by employing a series of in vitro experiments in MH broth and bovine fecal extract. First, it was shown that FQ-R and FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) C. jejuni strains of cattle origin had comparable growth rates when individually cultured in both MH broth and the fecal extract with no antibiotic present. Interestingly, FQ-R strains had small but statistically significant increases over FQ-S strains in growth in competition experiments performed in mixed cultures with no antibiotic present. Lastly, it was observed that FQ-S C. jejuni strains developed resistance to ciprofloxacin more readily at high initial bacterial cell density (107 CFU/mL) and when exposed to low levels of the antibiotic (2-4 μg/mL) compared with that at a low level of initial bacterial cell density (105 CFU/mL) and exposure to a high level of ciprofloxacin (20 μg/mL) in both MH broth and the fecal extract. Altogether, these findings indicate that even though FQ-R C. jejuni of cattle origin may have a slightly higher fitness advantage over the FQ-S population, the emergence of FQ-R mutants from susceptible strains is primarily dictated by the bacterial cell density and the antibiotic concentration exposed under in vitro condition. These observation may also provide plausible explanations for the high prevalence of FQ-R C. jejuni in cattle production due to its overall fit nature in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure and for the paucity of development of FQ-R C. jejuni in the cattle intestine in response to FQ-treatment, as observed in our recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Brito Goulart
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Orhan Sahin,
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Cardinali F, Ferrocino I, Milanović V, Belleggia L, Corvaglia MR, Garofalo C, Foligni R, Mannozzi C, Mozzon M, Cocolin L, Osimani A, Aquilanti L. Microbial communities and volatile profile of Queijo de Azeitão PDO cheese, a traditional Mediterranean thistle-curdled cheese from Portugal. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110537. [PMID: 34399514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of ovine or caprine milk cheeses with thistle rennet is a common practice in the Mediterranean basin. The aim of the present study was to obtain information on bacteria and yeast communities harboured by Queijo de Azeitão PDO cheese through viable counting and, for the first time, via metataxonomic analysis. Moreover, solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique was applied to characterize Queijo de Azeitão PDO cheese volatile compounds. Nine cheese samples were collected from three different artisan producers located in Portugal. The results of physico-chemical analyses showed significant differences between producers, with mean values ranging from 5.40 ± 0.25 (Producer 1) to 6.00 ± 0.22 (Producer 2). As for TTA, Producer 1 showed the highest mean value attesting at 18.04 ± 6.57 mL of 0.1 M NaOH used to reach pH 8.3. Regarding lactic acid concentration, Producer 1 showed the highest mean value attesting at 0.488 ± 0.106 g 100 g-1, whereas, for acetic acid, no significant differences were evidenced among producers with values comprised between 0.141 ± 0.021 g 100 g-1 and 0.245 ± 0.016 g 100 g-1. No significant differences were observed between overall mean values of the three producers for viable counts of presumptive lactococci, thermophilic cocci, presumptive lactobacilli, thermophilic lactobacilli and total mesophilic aerobes with values in the order of 7-8 log cfu g-1. Moreover, no significant differences were evidenced for viable counts of coagulase-negative cocci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. As for eumycetes, cheeses from Producer 1 showed the lowest mean value (2.78 ± 2.42 log cfu g-1) in respect with values detected in cheeses from Producer 2 and 3. Concerning microbiota and mycobiota of the analyzed cheeses, the alpha diversity index did not show any significant difference between the three producers in terms of composition and complexity of the microbial population. A simple composition was apparently shared by the three producers, whose cheese manufactures were dominated by the presence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (37% of the relative frequency in average), Lactococcus lactis (29%), Lacticaseibacillus zeae (4.7%), Lentilactobacillus kefiri (4.4%), Serratia spp. (3.5%), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (2.7%), and Latilactobacillus sakei (2.5%). The mycobiota composition showed the neat dominance of Yarrowia lipolytica (46.7% of the relative frequency in average), followed by Candida ethanolica (13.6%), Kurtzmaniella zeylanoides (9.4%), Geotrichum candidum (8.8%), Galactomyces geotrichum (8.7%), Kluyveromyces lactis (3.5%), and Geotrichum silvicola (2.7%). The volatile profile analysis allowed 24 different compounds to be identified: 7 acids, 7 esters, 4 alcohols, 3 ketones, 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, and 1 aldehyde. The most represented volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 2-butanone, butanoic acid and hexanoic acid. A positive correlation between Len. kefiri and hexanoic acid and isopentyl isobutyrate was observed (P < 0.05), whereas Y. lipolytica displayed the highest number of positive correlations with 3-methyl-butanal, 2-pentanone and 2-pentanol (P < 0.05). To the authors' knowledge, this is the very first detection of Len. kefiri in a raw ewe's milk cheese coagulated with vegetable rennet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Belleggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Corvaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Foligni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Mannozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Mozzon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
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Zbrun MV, Rossler E, Romero-Scharpen A, Soto LP, Berisvil A, Zimmermann JA, Fusari ML, Signorini ML, Frizzo LS. Worldwide meta-analysis of the prevalence of Campylobacter in animal food products. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:69-77. [PMID: 32521281 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize available information on the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter in different animal food products. A number of multilevel random-effect meta-analysis models were fitted to estimate mean prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter and to compare them among animal food products (cattle, pigs, broiler, hen, goat, sheep). The mean prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in animal food products was 29.6% (95% CI 27.6%-31%), and the mean prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli were 19.3% and 9.7%, respectively. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was higher in products whose sources were broiler meat (p-estimate = 47.8%; 95% CI 44.9%-50.6%). C. jejuni was mainly observed in broiler meat where prevalence estimate (p-estimate) was 33.7% (95% CI 30.7%-36.8%). On the other hand, C. coli was observed in broiler meat (p-estimate = 14.1%; 95% CI 12.3%-16.1%) and sheep meat (p-estimate = 11.0%; 95% CI 3.6%-29.1%). The animal food products with the lowest prevalence of Campylobacter spp. were milk and dairy products (p-estimate = 3.5%; 95% CI 1.8%-6.5%), eggs (p-estimate = 4.0%; 95% CI 1.4%-10.7%), sausage (p-estimate = 9.4%; 95% CI 3.3%-24.0%), This meta-analysis concluding that C. jejuni is the most prevalent species worldwide and broiler meat is the main contamination source for human. The prevalence of Campylobacter species has public health importance and national authorities must monitor the situation in each country with the aim to establish the appropriate risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Zbrun
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - E Rossler
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Romero-Scharpen
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L P Soto
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Berisvil
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - J A Zimmermann
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Fusari
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Signorini
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria - EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L S Frizzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL/CONICET), Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
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5
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Hanson H, Whitfield Y, Lee C, Badiani T, Minielly C, Fenik J, Makrostergios T, Kopko C, Majury A, Hillyer E, Fortuna L, Maki A, Murphy A, Lombos M, Zittermann S, Yu Y, Hill K, Kong A, Sharma D, Warshawsky B. Listeria monocytogenes Associated with Pasteurized Chocolate Milk, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:581-584. [PMID: 30789125 PMCID: PMC6390750 DOI: 10.3201/eid2503.180742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In an investigation of a listeriosis outbreak in Ontario, Canada, during November 2015–June 2016, pasteurized chocolate milk was identified as the source. Because listeriosis outbreaks associated with pasteurized milk are rare in North America, these findings highlight that dairy products can be contaminated after pasteurization.
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6
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Wide but Variable Distribution of a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone in Beef and Dairy Cattle in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01425-17. [PMID: 28970227 PMCID: PMC5717212 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01425-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni clone SA is the major cause of sheep abortion and contributes significantly to foodborne illnesses in the United States. Clone SA is hypervirulent because of its distinct ability to produce systemic infection and its predominant role in clinical sheep abortion. Despite the importance of clone SA, little is known about its distribution and epidemiological features in cattle. Here we describe a prospective study on C. jejuni clone SA prevalence in 35 feedlots in 5 different states in the United States and a retrospective analysis of clone SA in C. jejuni isolates collected by National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) dairy studies in 2002, 2007, and 2014. In feedlot cattle feces, the overall prevalence of Campylobacter organisms was 72.2%, 82.1% of which were C. jejuni. Clone SA accounted for 5.8% of the total C. jejuni isolates, but its prevalence varied by feedlot and state. Interestingly, starlings on the feedlots harbored C. jejuni in feces, including clone SA, suggesting that these birds may play a role in the transmission of Campylobacter. In dairy cattle, the overall prevalence of clone SA was 7.2%, but a significant decrease in the prevalence was observed from 2002 to 2014. Whole-genome sequence analysis of the dairy clone SA isolates revealed that it was genetically stable over the years and most of the isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tet(O) in the chromosome. These findings indicate that clone SA is widely distributed in both beef and dairy cattle and provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology of clone SA in ruminants. IMPORTANCEC. jejuni clone SA is a major cause of small-ruminant abortion and an emerging threat to food safety because of its association with foodborne outbreaks. Cattle appear to serve as a major reservoir for this pathogenic organism, but there is a major gap in our knowledge about the epidemiology of clone SA in beef and dairy cattle. By taking advantage of surveillance studies conducted on a national scale, we found a wide but variable distribution of clone SA in feedlot cattle and dairy cows in the United States. Additionally, the work revealed important genomic features of clone SA isolates from cattle. These findings provide critically needed information for the development of preharvest interventions to control the transmission of this zoonotic pathogen. Control of C. jejuni clone SA will benefit both animal health and public health, as it is a zoonotic pathogen causing disease in both ruminants and humans.
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Tang Y, Sahin O, Pavlovic N, LeJeune J, Carlson J, Wu Z, Dai L, Zhang Q. Rising fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from feedlot cattle in the United States. Sci Rep 2017; 7:494. [PMID: 28356558 PMCID: PMC5428712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, particularly to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, in the major foodborne pathogen Campylobacter is considered a serious threat to public health. Although ruminant animals serve as a significant reservoir for Campylobacter, limited information is available on antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter of bovine origin. Here, we analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 320 C. jejuni and 115 C. coli isolates obtained from feedlot cattle farms in multiple states in the U.S. The results indicate that fluoroquinolone resistance reached to 35.4% in C. jejuni and 74.4% in C. coli, which are significantly higher than those previously reported in the U.S. While all fluoroquinolone resistant (FQR) C. coli isolates examined in this study harbored the single Thr-86-Ile mutation in GyrA, FQRC. jejuni isolates had other mutations in GyrA in addition to the Thr-86-Ile change. Notably, most of the analyzed FQRC. coli isolates had similar PFGE (pulsed field gel electrophoresis) patterns and the same MLST (multilocus sequence typing) sequence type (ST-1068) regardless of their geographic sources and time of isolation, while the analyzed C. jejuni isolates were genetically diverse, suggesting that clonal expansion is involved in dissemination of FQRC. coli but not C. jejuni. These findings reveal the rising prevalence of FQRCampylobacter in the U.S. and provide novel information on the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in the ruminant reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Tang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Nada Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeff LeJeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - James Carlson
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.
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Tabla R, Gómez A, Simancas A, Rebollo JE, Molina F, Roa I. Enterobacteriaceae species during manufacturing and ripening of semi–hard and soft raw ewe’s milk cheese: Gas production capacity. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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White A, Cronquist A, Bedrick EJ, Scallan E. Food Source Prediction of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Outbreaks Using Demographic and Outbreak Characteristics, United States, 1998–2014. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:527-534. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice White
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alicia Cronquist
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | - Edward J. Bedrick
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Statistics, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Elaine Scallan
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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10
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Maeyashiki A, Akahane M, Sugiura H, Ohkusa Y, Okabe N, Imamura T. Development and Application of an Alert System to Detect Cases of Food Poisoning in Japan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156395. [PMID: 27231884 PMCID: PMC4883778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent public health concerns regarding commercial food products have increased the need to develop an automated method to detect food product-related health events. We developed and verified a method for the early detection of potentially harmful events caused by commercial food products. We collected data from daily internet-based questionnaires examining the presence or absence of symptoms and information about food purchased by the respondents. Using these data, we developed a method to detect possible health concerns regarding commercialized food products. To achieve this, we combined the signal detection method used in the reporting system of adverse effects of pharmaceutical products and the Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS) used by the United States Centers for Disease Control. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), which had odds ratio and Odds(−) of 8.99 and 4.13, respectively, was identified as a possible causative food product for diarrhea and vomiting. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that food distributors can implement post-marketing monitoring of the safety of food products purchased via the internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Maeyashiki
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Manabu Akahane
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiura
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohkusa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Public Health Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Imamura
- Department of Public Health, Health Management and Policy, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
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Pärn T, Hallanvuo S, Salmenlinna S, Pihlajasaari A, Heikkinen S, Telkki-Nykänen H, Hakkinen M, Ollgren J, Huusko S, Rimhanen-Finne R. Outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 infection associated with raw milk consumption, Finland, spring 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30033. [PMID: 26537540 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.40.30033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In March 2014, a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (YP) outbreak was detected by a municipal authority in southern Finland. We conducted epidemiological, microbiological and traceback investigations to identify the source. We defined a case as a person with YP infection notified to the National Infectious Disease Registry between February and April 2014, or their household member, with abdominal pain and fever≥38 °C or erythema nodosum. Healthy household members were used as household-matched controls. We identified 43 cases and 50 controls. The illness was strongly associated with the consumption of raw milk from a single producer. The odds ratio of illness increased with the amount of raw milk consumed. Also previously healthy adults became infected by consuming raw milk. Identical YP strains were identified from cases' stool samples, raw milk sampled from a case's refrigerator and from the milk filter at the producer's farm. The producer fulfilled the legal requirements for raw milk production and voluntarily recalled the raw milk and stopped its production. We advised consumers to heat the raw milk to 72 °C for 15 s. Current legislation for raw milk producers should be reviewed and public awareness of health risks linked to raw milk consumption should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Pärn
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Control, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Is Leptospira able to survive in raw milk? Study on the inactivation at different storage times and temperatures. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:413-6. [PMID: 26888018 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of raw milk is currently increasing due to several beneficial aspects, such as nutritional qualities, taste, and health benefits. However, some authors highlight the potential risk associated with raw milk consumption. In Italy, while the absence of some pathogen microorganisms is set by the regional regulation DGR 381/2007, for other microorganisms, such as Leptospira, no recommendations are provided. Leptospira is not ascribed among classical milk pathogens; however, it can potentially be present in raw milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival in raw milk of six serovars of Leptospira after storage at different temperatures (4 °C ± 2 °C, 20 °C ± 2 °C, and 30 °C ± 2 °C) for different incubation times (20 min, 45 min, 1 h, and 1 h and 30 min), in order to determine the potential risk for consumers. Moreover, the immediate effect of bovine, goat, and donkey raw milk on tested Leptospira serovars was visually evaluated. After incubation, all samples were subcultured in EMJH and incubated aerobically at 30 °C for 3 months. All inoculated media were weekly examined by dark-field microscope in order to assess Leptospira survival. Extemporary observation of strains' behavior in milk allowed to detect an almost immediate motility loss, and no leptospires were detected by microscopic observations carried out weekly during the trial period. According to our results, it could be possible to exclude raw milk as a source of Leptospira infection for consumers.
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13
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Herzig GPD, Aydin M, Dunigan S, Shah P, Jeong KC, Park SH, Ricke SC, Ahn S. Magnetic Bead-Based Immunoassay Coupled with Tyramide Signal Amplification for Detection of S
almonella
in Foods. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gene P. D. Herzig
- Department of Biological Sciences; Arkansas State University; Jonesboro AR
| | - Muhsin Aydin
- Molecular Biosciences Program; Arkansas State University; Jonesboro AR
| | - Samantha Dunigan
- Department of Biological Sciences; Arkansas State University; Jonesboro AR
| | - Parth Shah
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Department; Rutgers University; New Brunswick NJ
| | - Kwang Cheol Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida; Gainesville FL
| | - Si Hong Park
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR
| | - Soohyoun Ahn
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida; Gainesville FL
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14
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Kashoma IP, Kassem II, John J, Kessy BM, Gebreyes W, Kazwala RR, Rajashekara G. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Isolated from Dressed Beef Carcasses and Raw Milk in Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:40-52. [PMID: 26153978 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are commonly transmitted to humans through consumption of contaminated foods such as milk and meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic determinants of resistance of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk and beef carcasses in Tanzania. The antimicrobial resistance genes tested included blaOXA-61 (ampicillin), aph-3-1 (aminoglycoside), tet(O) (tetracycline), and cmeB (multi-drug efflux pump). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 9.5% in beef carcasses and 13.4% in raw milk, respectively. Using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified 58.1% of the isolates as Campylobacter jejuni, 30.7% as Campylobacter coli, and 9.7% as other Campylobacter spp. One isolate (1.6%) was positive for both C. jejuni and C. coli specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion assay and the broth microdilution method showed resistance to: ampicillin (63% and 94.1%), ciprofloxacin (9.3% and 11.8%), erythromycin (53.7% and 70.6%), gentamicin (0% and 15.7%), streptomycin (35.2% and 84.3%), and tetracycline (18.5% and 17.7%), respectively. Resistance to azithromycin (42.6%), nalidixic acid (64.8%), and chloramphenicol (13%) was determined using the disk diffusion assay only, while resistance to tylosin (90.2%) was quantified using the broth microdilution method. The blaOXA-61 (52.6% and 28.1%), cmeB (26.3% and 31.3%), tet(O) (26.3% and 31.3%), and aph-3-1 (5.3% and 3.0%) were detected in C. coli and C. jejuni. These findings highlight the extent of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter occurring in important foods in Tanzania. The potential risks to consumers emphasize the need for adequate control approaches, including the prudent use of antimicrobials to minimize the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Kashoma
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- 3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Julius John
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Beda M Kessy
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- 2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania .,2 VPH-Biotec Global Consortium , Columbus, Ohio.,3 Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
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15
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Fusco V, Quero GM. Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:493-537. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
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16
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Abstract
Sales of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products are still legal in at least 30 states in the United States. Raw milk and milk products from cows, goats, and sheep continue to be a source of bacterial infections attributable to a number of virulent pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and Escherichia coli O157. These infections can occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals, including older adults, infants, young children, and pregnant women and their unborn fetuses, in whom life-threatening infections and fetal miscarriage can occur. Efforts to limit the sale of raw milk products have met with opposition from those who are proponents of the purported health benefits of consuming raw milk products, which contain natural or unprocessed factors not inactivated by pasteurization. However, the benefits of these natural factors have not been clearly demonstrated in evidence-based studies and, therefore, do not outweigh the risks of raw milk consumption. Substantial data suggest that pasteurized milk confers equivalent health benefits compared with raw milk, without the additional risk of bacterial infections. The purpose of this policy statement was to review the risks of raw milk consumption in the United States and to provide evidence of the risks of infectious complications associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products, especially among pregnant women, infants, and children.
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17
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Ruusunen M, Salonen M, Pulkkinen H, Huuskonen M, Hellström S, Revez J, Hänninen ML, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Lindström M. Pathogenic Bacteria in Finnish Bulk Tank Milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:99-106. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Ruusunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marleena Salonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Pulkkinen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianne Huuskonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Hellström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joana Revez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Miller B, Sauer A, Moraru C. Inactivation of Escherichia coli in milk and concentrated milk using pulsed-light treatment. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5597-603. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYCampylobacter is a common but decreasing cause of foodborne infections in the USA. Outbreaks are uncommon and have historically differed from sporadic cases in seasonality and contamination source. We reviewed reported outbreaks of campylobacteriosis. From 1997 to 2008, 262 outbreaks were reported, with 9135 illnesses, 159 hospitalizations, and three deaths. The annual mean was 16 outbreaks for 1997–2002, and 28 outbreaks for 2003–2008. Almost half occurred in warmer months. Foodborne transmission was reported in 225 (86%) outbreaks, water in 24 (9%), and animal contact in seven (3%). Dairy products were implicated in 65 (29%) foodborne outbreaks, poultry in 25 (11%), and produce in 12 (5%). Reported outbreaks increased during a period of declining overall incidence, and seasonality of outbreaks resembled that of sporadic infections. Unlike sporadic illnesses, which are primarily attributed to poultry, dairy products are the most common vehicle identified for outbreaks.
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20
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Stingl K, Knüver MT, Vogt P, Buhler C, Krüger NJ, Alt K, Tenhagen BA, Hartung M, Schroeter A, Ellerbroek L, Appel B, Käsbohrer A. Quo vadis? - Monitoring Campylobacter in Germany. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:88-96. [PMID: 24611125 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a poorly recognized foodborne pathogen, leading the statistics of bacterially caused human diarrhoea in Europe during the last years. In this review, we present qualitative and quantitative German data obtained in the framework of specific monitoring programs and from routine surveillance. These also comprise recent data on antimicrobial resistances of food isolates. Due to the considerable reduction of in vitro growth capabilities of stressed bacteria, there is a clear discrepancy between the detection limit of Campylobacter by cultivation and its infection potential. Moreover, antimicrobial resistances of Campylobacter isolates established during fattening of livestock are alarming, since they constitute an additional threat to human health. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) discusses the establishment of a quantitative limit for Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses in order to achieve an appropriate level of protection for consumers. Currently, a considerable amount of German broiler carcasses would not comply with this future criterion. We recommend Campylobacter reduction strategies to be focussed on the prevention of fecal contamination during slaughter. Decontamination is only a sparse option, since the reduction efficiency is low and its success depends on the initial contamination concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - M-T Knüver
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - P Vogt
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - C Buhler
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - N-J Krüger
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - K Alt
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - B-A Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - M Hartung
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - A Schroeter
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - L Ellerbroek
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - B Appel
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
| | - A Käsbohrer
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin Germany
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21
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Marrero-Ortiz R, Han J, Lynne AM, David DE, Stemper ME, Farmer D, Burkhardt W, Nayak R, Foley SL. Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from dairy cattle in Wisconsin. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Molecular evidence for zoonotic transmission of an emergent, highly pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni clone in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:680-7. [PMID: 22189122 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06167-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major zoonotic pathogen. A highly virulent, tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni clone (clone SA) has recently emerged in ruminant reservoirs and has become the predominant cause of sheep abortion in the United States. To determine whether clone SA is associated with human disease, we compared the clinical isolates of clone SA from sheep abortions with the human isolates of the PulseNet National Campylobacter databases at the CDC and the FDA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and serotyping. The combined SmaI and KpnI PFGE pattern designations of clone SA from sheep were indistinguishable from those of 123 (9.03%) human C. jejuni isolates (total, 1,361) in the CDC database, among which 56 were associated with sporadic infections and 67 were associated with outbreaks that occurred in multiple states from 2003 to 2010. Most of the outbreaks were attributed to raw milk, while the sources for most of the sporadic cases were unknown. All clone SA isolates examined, including PFGE-matched human isolates, belong to sequence type 8 (ST-8) by MLST and serotype HS:1,8, further indicating the clonality of the related isolates from different host species. Additionally, C. jejuni clone SA was identified in raw milk, cattle feces, the feces and bile of healthy sheep, and abortion cases of cattle and goats, indicating the broad distribution of this pathogenic clone in ruminants. These results provide strong molecular and epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission of this emergent clone from ruminants to humans and indicate that C. jejuni clone SA is an important threat to public health.
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