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Hayes EK, Gagnon GA. From capture to detection: A critical review of passive sampling techniques for pathogen surveillance in water and wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122024. [PMID: 38986282 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Water quality, critical for human survival and well-being, necessitates rigorous control to mitigate contamination risks, particularly from pathogens amid expanding urbanization. Consequently, the necessity to maintain the microbiological safety of water supplies demands effective surveillance strategies, reliant on the collection of representative samples and precise measurement of contaminants. This review critically examines the advancements of passive sampling techniques for monitoring pathogens in various water systems, including wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. We explore the evolution from conventional materials to innovative adsorbents for pathogen capture and the shift from culture-based to molecular detection methods, underscoring the adaptation of this field to global health challenges. The comparison highlights passive sampling's efficacy over conventional techniques like grab sampling and its potential to overcome existing sampling challenges through the use of innovative materials such as granular activated carbon, thermoplastics, and polymer membranes. By critically evaluating the literature, this work identifies standardization gaps and proposes future research directions to augment passive sampling's efficiency, specificity, and utility in environmental and public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emalie K Hayes
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Bonino MP, Crivelli XB, Petrina JF, Galateo S, Gomes TAT, Navarro A, Cundon C, Broglio A, Sanin M, Bentancor A. Detection and analysis of Shiga toxin producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in cattle from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1257-1266. [PMID: 37041346 PMCID: PMC10235289 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are pathovars that affect mainly infants' health. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC. Uremic hemolytic syndrome and diarrheas can be found at high rates in Tierra del Fuego (TDF). This study aimed to establish the prevalence of STEC and EPEC in cattle at slaughterhouses in TDF and to analyze the isolated strains. Out of 194 samples from two slaughterhouses, STEC prevalence was 15%, and EPEC prevalence was 5%. Twenty-seven STEC strains and one EPEC were isolated. The most prevalent STEC serotypes were O185:H19 (7), O185:H7 (6), and O178:H19 (5). There were no STEC eae + strains (AE-STEC) or serogroup O157 detected in this study. The prevalent genotype was stx2c (10/27) followed by stx1a/stx2hb (4/27). Fourteen percent of the strains presented at least one stx non-typeable subtype (4/27). Shiga toxin production was detected in 25/27 STEC strains. The prevalent module for the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) island was module III (7/27). EPEC strain was categorized as atypical and with the ability to cause A/E lesion. The ehxA gene was present in 16/28 strains, 12 of which were capable of producing hemolysis. No hybrid strains were detected in this work. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that all strains were resistant to ampicillin and 20/28 were resistant to aminoglycosides. No statistical differences could be seen in the detection of STEC or EPEC either by slaughterhouse location or by production system (extensive grass or feedlot). The rate of STEC detection was lower than the one reported for the rest of Argentina. STEC/EPEC relation was 3 to 1. This is the first study on cattle from TDF as reservoir for strains that are potentially pathogenic to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Bonino
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ximena Blanco Crivelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Petrina
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Galateo
- Dirección de Fiscalización Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | | | - Armando Navarro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Cundon
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Broglio
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Sanin
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pérez Terrazzino G, Costa M, López Campo A, Saade C, Moreno Mochi MP, Signorini M, Roge A, Van Der Ploeg C, Leotta G, Jure MÁ. Comprehensive evaluation of abattoirs with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan in Tucumán, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023:S0325-7541(22)00105-5. [PMID: 36842870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the comprehensive study of two provincial transit abattoirs in Tucumán, Argentina, with no Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan. Visits (n=20) were conducted between 2016 and 2018 during the operational and post-operational processes. Risk was estimated and the bacteriological analysis of carcass and environmental samples was performed. Risk estimation showed the predominance of high risk in both abattoirs. The main deviations from the HACCP plan were: deficient building conditions, deficient workflow, lack of sectorization of changing rooms and bathrooms, lack of implementation of Standardized Sanitary Operational Procedures, and no food safety training of workers. The counts of indicator microorganisms from both abattoirs were not significant. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 7.5% carcass and 7.3% environmental samples. The Salmonella serovars identified were Cerro, Corvallis, Havana and Agona. Shiga toxin (stx) genes were detected in 24.4% carcass and 30.9% environmental samples. The isolates were characterized as Escherichia coli O8:H7/stx1, O116:H49/stx2 and O136:H40/stx2. Based on these results, it would be possible to implement an improvement plan in Tucumán abattoirs together with the local health authorities. Still, the need to work jointly with the sanitary authority in search of a unique sanitary standard for Argentina remains unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pérez Terrazzino
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro López Campo
- Dirección de Ganadería de la Provincia de Tucumán, Córdoba 1039 (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carolina Saade
- Dirección de Ganadería de la Provincia de Tucumán, Córdoba 1039 (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Paula Moreno Mochi
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- EEA RAFAELA - Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (CR SANTA FE-CONICET - INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria), Ruta 34 Km 227 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ariel Roge
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Van Der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563 (1281) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Ángela Jure
- Instituto de Microbiología "Dr. Luis C Verna", Cátedra de Bacteriología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Ayacucho 491 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina.
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Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Ludwig JB, Shi X, Shridhar PB, Roberts EL, DebRoy C, Phebus RK, Bai J, Nagaraja TG. Multiplex PCR Assays for the Detection of One Hundred and Thirty Seven Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Associated With Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:378. [PMID: 32850480 PMCID: PMC7403468 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli carrying prophage with genes that encode for Shiga toxins are categorized as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathotype. Illnesses caused by STEC in humans, which are often foodborne, range from mild to bloody diarrhea with life-threatening complications of renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death, particularly in children. As many as 158 of the total 187 serogroups of E. coli are known to carry Shiga toxin genes, which makes STEC a major pathotype of E. coli. Seven STEC serogroups, called top-7, which include O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, are responsible for the majority of the STEC-associated human illnesses. The STEC serogroups, other than the top-7, called “non-top-7” have also been associated with human illnesses, more often as sporadic infections. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are principal reservoirs of STEC and harbor the organisms in the hindgut and shed in the feces, which serves as a major source of food and water contaminations. A number of studies have reported on the fecal prevalence of top-7 STEC in cattle feces. However, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of non-top-7 STEC serogroups in cattle feces, generally because of lack of validated detection methods. The objective of our study was to develop and validate 14 sets of multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays targeting serogroup-specific genes to detect 137 non-top-7 STEC serogroups previously reported to be present in cattle feces. Each assay included 7–12 serogroups and primers were designed to amplify the target genes with distinct amplicon sizes for each serogroup that can be readily identified within each assay. The assays were validated with 460 strains of known serogroups. The multiplex PCR assays designed in our study can be readily adapted by most laboratories for rapid identification of strains belonging to the non-top-7 STEC serogroups associated with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Ludwig
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Elisabeth L Roberts
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Chitrita DebRoy
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Randy K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Industry/Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Dong P, Xiao T, Nychas GJE, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Luo X. Occurrence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from Chinese beef processing plants. Meat Sci 2020; 168:108188. [PMID: 32470758 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the prevalence, O serogroup, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in two beef plants in China, a total of 600 samples collected from 6 sites (feces, hide, pre-evisceration carcasses, post-washing carcasses, chilled carcasses and meat, 50 samples per site in each plant) were screened for the existence of Shiga toxin-encoding genes by PCR. STEC strains in positives were isolated and characterized for serogroup and antibiotic sensitivity. The PCR prevalence rate in each site was 45.0%, 31.0%, 14.0%, 13.0%, 9.0% and 18.0%, respectively. Sixteen O serogroups including O157, O146 and O76 which are associated with disease were identified. The existence of both stx1 and stx2 genes was the most common among the isolated strains (42.3%). Among the overall 26 isolates, seven and three were resistant to at least three and ten antibiotics, indicating a high antibiotic resistance in STEC strains isolated from the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Dong
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Tongtong Xiao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Xin Luo
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Paquette SJ, Stanford K, Thomas J, Reuter T. Quantitative surveillance of shiga toxins 1 and 2, Escherichia coli O178 and O157 in feces of western-Canadian slaughter cattle enumerated by droplet digital PCR with a focus on seasonality and slaughterhouse location. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195880. [PMID: 29649278 PMCID: PMC5897018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Often Escherichia coli are harmless and/or beneficial bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and humans. However, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) have been linked to human disease. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC and STEC “super-shedders” are considered to be a major contributor in animal to animal transmission. Among STEC, O157:H7 is the most recognized serotype, but in recent years, non-O157 STEC have been increasingly linked to human disease. In Argentina and Germany, O178 is considered an emerging pathogen. Our objective was to compare populations of E. coli O178, O157, shiga toxin 1 and 2 in western Canadian cattle feces from a sampling pool of ~80,000 beef cattle collected at two slaughterhouses. Conventional PCR was utilized to screen 1,773 samples for presence/absence of E. coli O178. A subset of samples (n = 168) was enumerated using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and proportions of O178, O157 and shiga toxins 1 & 2 specific-fragments were calculated as a proportion of generic E. coli (GEC) specific-fragments. Distribution of stx1 and stx2 was determined by comparing stx1, stx2 and O157 enumerations. Conventional PCR detected the presence of O178 in 873 of 1,773 samples and ddPCR found the average proportion of O178, O157, stx1 and stx2 in the samples 2.8%, 0.6%, 1.4% and 0.5%, respectively. Quantification of stx1 and stx2 revealed more virulence genes than could be exclusively attributed to O157. Our results confirmed the presence of E. coli O178 in western Canadian cattle and ddPCR revealed O178 as a greater proportion of GEC than was O157. Our results suggests: I) O178 may be an emerging subgroup in Canada and II) monitoring virulence genes may be a more relevant target for food-safety STEC surveillance compared to current serogroup screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Paquette
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Thomas
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Cundon C, Carbonari CC, Zolezzi G, Rivas M, Bentancor A. Putative virulence factors and clonal relationship of O174 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from human, food and animal sources. Vet Microbiol 2018; 215:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Dewsbury DMA, Renter DG, Shridhar PB, Noll LW, Shi X, Nagaraja TG, Cernicchiaro N. Summer and Winter Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in Feces of Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:726-32. [PMID: 26075548 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service has declared seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) as adulterants in raw, nonintact beef products. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of these seven serogroups and the associated virulence genes (Shiga toxin [stx1, stx2], and intimin [eae]) in cattle feces during summer (June-August 2013) and winter (January-March 2014) months. Twenty-four pen floor fecal samples were collected from each of 24 cattle pens, in both summer and winter months, at a commercial feedlot in the United States. Samples were subjected to culture-based detection methods that included enrichment, serogroup-specific immunomagnetic separation and plating on selective media, followed by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for serogroup confirmation and virulence gene detection. A sample was considered STEC positive if a recovered isolate harbored an O gene, stx1, and/or stx2, and eae genes. All O serogroups of interest were detected in summer months, and model-adjusted prevalence estimates are as follows: O26 (17.8%), O45 (14.6%), O103 (59.9%), O111 (0.2%), O121 (2.0%), O145 (2.7%), and O157 (41.6%); however, most non-O157 isolates did not harbor virulence genes. The cumulative model-adjusted sample-level prevalence estimates of STEC O26, O103, O145, and O157 during summer (n=576) were 1.0, 1.6, 0.8, and 41.4%, respectively; STEC O45, O111, and O121 were not detected during summer months. In winter, serogroups O26 (0.9%), O45 (1.5%), O103 (40.2%), and O121 (0.2%) were isolated; however, no virulence genes were detected in isolates from cattle feces collected during winter (n=576). Statistically significant seasonal differences in prevalence were identified for STEC O103 and O157 (p<0.05), but data on other STEC were sparse. The results of this study indicate that although non-O157 serogroups were present, non-O157 STEC were rarely detected in feces from the feedlot cattle populations tested in summer and winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M A Dewsbury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Lance W Noll
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Duffy G, McCabe E. Veterinary Public Health Approach to Managing Pathogenic Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the Agri-Food Chain. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2. [PMID: 26104349 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0023-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) comprises many diverse serogroups, but seven serogroups, O157, O26, O103, O145, O111, O21, and O45, have been most commonly linked to severe human infections, though illness has also been reported from a range of other VTEC serogroups. This poses challenges in assessing the risk to humans from the diverse range of VTEC strains that may be recovered from animals, the environment, or food. For routine assessment of risk posed by VTEC recovered from the agri-food chain, the concept of seropathotype can be used to rank the human risk potential from a particular VTEC serogroup on the basis of both serotype (top seven serogroups) and the presence of particular virulence genes (vt in combination with eae, or aaiC plus aggR). But for other VTEC serogroups or virulence gene combinations, it is not currently possible to fully assess the risk posed. VTEC is shed in animal feces and can persist in the farm environment for extended periods ranging from several weeks to many months, posing an ongoing reservoir of contamination for grazing animals, water courses, and fresh produce and for people using farmland for recreational purposes. Appropriate handling and treatment of stored animal waste (slurries and manures) will reduce risk from VTEC in the farm environment. Foods of animal origin such as milk and dairy products and meat may be contaminated with VTEC during production and processing, and the pathogen may survive or grow during processing operations, highlighting the need for well-designed and validated Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point management systems. This article focuses on a veterinary public health approach to managing VTEC, highlighting the various routes in the agri-food chain for transmission of human pathogenic VTEC and general approaches to managing the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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Ekiri AB, Landblom D, Doetkott D, Olet S, Shelver WL, Khaitsa ML. Isolation and characterization of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157 shed from range and feedlot cattle from postweaning to slaughter. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1052-61. [PMID: 24988009 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoirs for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. E. coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 are among the STEC serogroups that cause severe foodborne illness and have been declared as adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 in naturally infected beef cows and in steer calves at postweaning, during finishing, and at slaughter and (ii) to test non-O157 STEC isolates for the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and ehlyA. Samples were collected from study animals during multiple sampling periods and included fecal grabs, rectal swabs, and midline sponge samples. Laboratory culture, PCR, and multiplex PCR were performed to recover and identify E. coli and the virulence genes. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC (serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O113, and O145) fecal shedding ranged from 8% (4 of 48 samples) to 39% (15 of 38 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 38% (9 of 24 samples) in steer calves. The prevalence of E. coli O157 fecal shedding ranged from 0% (0 of 38 samples) to 52% (25 of 48 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 31% (15 of 48 samples) in steer calves. In steer calves, the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 was highest at postweaning, at 16% (15 of 96 samples) and 23% (22 of 96 samples), respectively. Among the 208 non-O157 STEC isolates, 79% (164 isolates) had stx1, 79% (165 isolates) had stx2, and 58% (121 isolates) had both stx1 and stx2 genes. The percentage of non-O157 STEC isolates encoding the eaeA gene was low; of the 165 isolates tested, 8 (5%) were positive for eaeA and 135 (82%) were positive for ehlyA. Findings from this study provide further evidence of non-O157 STEC shedding in beef cows and steer calves particularly at the stage of postweaning and before entry into the feedlot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel B Ekiri
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136, USA; Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA
| | - Douglas Landblom
- Dickinson Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, 1041 State Avenue, Dickinson, North Dakota 58601, USA
| | - Dawn Doetkott
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA
| | - Susan Olet
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, USA
| | - Margaret L Khaitsa
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
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Miko A, Rivas M, Bentancor A, Delannoy S, Fach P, Beutin L. Emerging types of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O178 present in cattle, deer, and humans from Argentina and Germany. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:78. [PMID: 24987616 PMCID: PMC4060028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 400 serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated in outbreaks and sporadic human diseases. In recent years STEC strains belonging to serogroup O178 have been commonly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin in South America and Europe. In order to explore the significance of these STEC strains as potential human pathogens, 74 German and Argentinean E. coli O178 strains from animals, food and humans were characterized phenotypically and investigated for their serotypes, stx-genotypes and 43 virulence-associated markers by a real-time PCR-microarray. The majority (n = 66) of the O178 strains belonged to serotype O178:H19. The remaining strains divided into O178:H7 (n = 6), O178:H10 (n = 1), and O178:H16 (n = 1). STEC O178:H19 strains were mainly isolated from cattle and food of bovine origin, but one strain was from a patient with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Genotyping of the STEC O178:H19 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two major clusters of genetically highly related strains which differ in their stx-genotypes and non-Stx putative virulence traits, including adhesins, toxins, and serine-proteases. Cluster A-strains including the HUS-strain (n = 35) carried genes associated with severe disease in humans (stx2a, stx2d, ehxA, saa, subAB1, lpfAO113 , terE combined with stx1a, espP, iha). Cluster B-strains (n = 26) showed a limited repertoire of virulence genes (stx2c, pagC, lpfAO113 , espP, iha). Among O178:H7 strains isolated from deer meat and patients with uncomplicated disease a new STEC variant was detected that is associated with the genotype stx1c/stx2b/ehxA/subAB2/espI/[terE]/espP/iha. None of the STEC O178 strains was positive for locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)- and nle-genes. Results indicate that STEC O178:H19 strains belong to the growing group of LEE-negative STEC that should be considered with respect to their potential to cause diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Miko
- Division of Microbial Toxins, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Safety Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (Anses)Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Food Safety Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health (Anses)Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lothar Beutin
- Division of Microbial Toxins, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)Berlin, Germany
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Durso LM. Primary isolation of shiga toxigenic from environmental sources. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:1295-1307. [PMID: 24216409 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.02.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the time of the first microbe hunters, primary culture and isolation of bacteria has been a foundation of microbiology. Like other microbial methods, bacterial culture and isolation methodologies continue to develop. Although fundamental concepts like selection and enrichment are as relevant today as they were over 100 yr ago, advances in chemistry, molecular biology and bacterial ecology mean that today's culture and isolation techniques serve additional supporting roles. The primary isolation of Shiga toxigenic (STEC) from environmental sources relies on enriching the target while excluding extensive background flora. Due to the complexity of environmental substrates, no single method can be recommended; however, common themes are discussed. Brilliant Green Bile Broth, with or without antibiotics, is one of many broths used successfully for selective STEC enrichment. Stressed cells may require a pre-enrichment recovery step in a nonselective broth such as buffered peptone water. After enrichment, immunomagnetic separation with serotype specific beads drastically increases the chances for recovery of STEC from environmental or insect sources. Some evidence suggests that acid treating the recovered beads can further enhance isolation. Although it is common in human clinical, food safety, and water quality applications to plate the recovered beads on Sorbitol MacConkey Agar, other chromogenic media, such as modified CHROMagar, have proven helpful in field and outbreak applications, allowing the target to be distinguished from the numerous background flora. Optimum conditions for each sample and target must be determined empirically, highlighting the need for a better understanding of STEC ecology.
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