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Manzini S, Bertozzo TV, Aires IN, Rodrigues NJL, Bertolini AB, Alexandrino M, Steinle JS, de Melo RPB, Mota RA, de Medeiros MIM, Richini-Pereira VB, Curci VCLM, Lucheis SB. Comparison of molecular techniques for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in raw bovine milk from small rural properties in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 409:110466. [PMID: 37925885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to research Toxoplasma gondii DNA in 102 samples of raw bovine milk from expansion tanks, in small properties located in different cities of the Midwest region of São Paulo, Brazil. For this, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with the primers TOX4/TOX5 for cPCR (conventional PCR), TgNP1/TgNP2 gene for nested PCR and the Tg18s58F/Tg18s348R for nested PCR. It was possible to detect T. gondii DNA in 18 (17.65 %) milk samples from the 102 tanks, corresponding to 4.90 % for TOX4/TOX5 primers, 12.74 % for TgNP1/TgNP2 gene and 0.98 % for Tg18s58F/Tg18s348R gene. The results showed that the TgNP1 and TgNP2 genes were more efficient to detect T. gondii DNA, and also indicated the importance of raw bovine milk as a source of human infections caused by this protozoan, being a public health problem. It is important to continue studies involving T. gondii from bovine milk considering the need for proper pasteurization, and for better comprehension regarding the epidemiology of this protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane Manzini
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Thainá Valente Bertozzo
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Neves Aires
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Nássarah Jabur Lot Rodrigues
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Bezerra Bertolini
- Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Alexandrino
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Jackieline Sampaio Steinle
- Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
| | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Simone Baldini Lucheis
- Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis Department, Medical College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil; Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil; São Paulo State Agency for Agribusiness Technology (APTA/SAA), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Holec-Gąsior L, Sołowińska K. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Small Ruminants: Old Problems, and Current Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2696. [PMID: 37684960 PMCID: PMC10487074 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis of veterinary importance, with implications for public health. Toxoplasma gondii infection causes abortion or congenital disease in small ruminants. Moreover, the consumption of infected meat, cured meat products, or unpasteurized milk and dairy products can facilitate zoonotic transmission. Serological studies conducted in various European countries have shown the high seroprevalence of specific anti-T. gondii antibodies in sheep and goats related to the presence of oocysts in the environment, as well as climatic conditions. This article presents the current status of the detection possibilities for T. gondii infection in small ruminants and their milk. Serological testing is considered the most practical method for diagnosing toxoplasmosis; therefore, many studies have shown that recombinant antigens as single proteins, mixtures of various antigens, or chimeric proteins can be successfully used as an alternative to Toxoplasma lysate antigens (TLA). Several assays based on DNA amplification have been developed as alternative diagnostic methods, which are especially useful when serodiagnosis is not possible, e.g., the detection of intrauterine T. gondii infection when the fetus is not immunocompetent. These techniques employ multicopy sequences highly conserved among different strains of T. gondii in conventional, nested, competitive, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Symeonidou I, Sioutas G, Lazou T, Gelasakis AI, Papadopoulos E. A Review of Toxoplasma gondii in Animals in Greece: A FoodBorne Pathogen of Public Health Importance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2530. [PMID: 37570337 PMCID: PMC10416908 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoon with a complex life cycle and the second most important foodborne pathogen in Europe. Surveillance of toxoplasmosis is based on national considerations since there are no mandatory controls along the food chain in the European Union, and underreporting of meat is still a problem in many countries like Greece. The current review provides an overview of T. gondii prevalence, associated risk factors, and surveillance in animals in Greece, focusing on the transmission role of meat and highlighting the control measures that should be adopted by consumers. Sows, wild boars, hares, equines, and cats had lower, while sheep and goats generally had higher seroprevalence than their respective pooled European and global values. Seroprevalence in chickens was similar between Greece and Europe, while there was high variation in cattle studies, with no data regarding dairy products. Though a comprehensive meat safety assurance system is the most effective approach to control the principal biological hazards associated with meat, such as T. gondii, the prerequisite risk categorisation of farms and abattoirs based on EFSA's proposed harmonised epidemiological indicators has not materialised as yet in Greece. Therefore, comprehensive control strategies are still required to ensure food safety and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Georgios Sioutas
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin—Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (G.S.)
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da Fonseca FM, Sato AP, Becker APBB, da Paz Augusto Pinto GO, de Souza GS, Perotta JH, de Barros Filho IR, Rodriguez MC, Locatelli-Dittrich R. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in milk of dairy cows from southern Brazil. Parasitol Int 2023; 95:102750. [PMID: 36925059 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk may be a transmission route for some pathogenic microorganisms, but there is little information about the risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Blood and milk samples were collected in a paired and random fashion from 106 dairy cows and bulk-tank milk samples were also collected from each of the six farms, in southern Brazil. Serum anti-T.gondii antibodies (IgG) were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with a cutoff point of 1:64. Nested PCR targeting the ITS1 was performed on milk samples to detect the Sarcocystidae family, confirmed to be T.gondii by Sanger sequencing. The occurrence of anti-T.gondii antibodies in the herds was 14.1%, (15/106) with seropositive cows in all herds. Antibody titers in positive samples ranged from 64 to 128. T.gondii DNA was detected in 2.8% (03/106) of the milk samples. The ITS1 sequences generated in this study were ON809793 - ON809794 and the sequencing revealed 98-100% identity with T. gondii DNA sequences deposited in GenBank. All cows PCR positive for T.gondii in milk were negative for IgG antibodies in serum, suggesting that naturally infected cows may shed T. gondii in milk in the acute phase of infection. The results of this study demonstrate that T. gondii DNA may be detected in raw cow's milk, so the potential risks of lactogenic infection should be considered. The presence of T. gondii DNA in milk does not confirm that the protozoa are viable and infective, and further investigations into the role of cow's milk in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Moreira da Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Brenner Busch Becker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Henrique Perotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivan Roque de Barros Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Constanza Rodriguez
- Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Parana State Agency for Agricultural Defense, R. Jaime Balão, 575, 80040-340 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Locatelli-Dittrich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Liu YM, Zhang YY, Wang L, Wang HY, Li CH, Jiang YH, Sun WW. Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Raw Milk and Sera of Cows in China. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101079. [PMID: 36297135 PMCID: PMC9611966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide food-borne protozoa that has harmful influences on animal and human health. Raw milk containing T. gondii has been considered as one of the possible infectious sources for humans. Although China is one of the world’s leading milk consumers, there is still no study to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in raw cow milk in China; especially for cows in rural areas. Thus, we conducted this study to examine the specific anti-T. gondii IgG-antibody in the raw milk and sera of domestic cows in China. In total, 894 cows were randomly selected from rural areas in northeastern China. The positive rate of T. gondii in the milk and serum samples were 6.38% (57/894) and 7.16% (64/894), respectively. Moreover, a history of abortion (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.11–3.72, p = 0.022) was identified as the only risk factor for T. gondii infection in the studied cows. This study investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the raw milk and sera of cows in China; it provided timely and useful data for public health and food safety, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Intelligent Research Center of Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Chun-Hua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Yu-Hang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wu-Wen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence:
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First detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic goat's serum and milk during lactation in China. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105268. [PMID: 34748901 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Goat milk is considered as one of the most suitable substitute for human milk, especially for children, the aged and those with cow milk allergies. Consumption of raw or unpasteurized goat milk has been known to be a potential route of Toxoplasma gondii infection for human beings. However, no studies have been carried out to detect T. gondii in goat milk in China. Thus, this stuy was firstly carried out to detect T. gondii IgG antibody in domestic goat's serum and milk during lactation by a commercial validated ELISA kit in China. In total, 10.49% (66/629) serum samples and 9.70% (61/629) milk samples randomly collected from Shandong and Jilin provinces were seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG, respectively. A high correlation of S/P% value was obtained between serum and milk samples (Spearman's coefficient = 0.891, p-value <0.001 and Kendall's tau = 0.724, p-value < 0.001). Statistical analysis showed that history of abortion, source of water and source of fodder were considered to be highly related to the T. gondii infection in the investigated domestic goats. The present results provide important information for the control and prevention of toxoplasmosis in goats and human beings in China.
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Khademi P, Ownagh A, Ataei B, Kazemnia A, Enferadi A, Khalili M, Mardani K. Prevalence of C. burnetii DNA in sheep and goats milk in the northwest of Iran. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 331:108716. [PMID: 32521375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Q fever is a common zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The causative agent of Q fever is Coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative and polymorphic rod bacterium. Sheep and goats are the primary reservoirs of this disease, although a variety of animal species can be infected. The main route of Q fever transmission from animals to humans is the inhalation of contaminated aerosols with C. burnetii. The bacterium is excreted in milk of infected animals and therefore; the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products might be a route of coxiella burnetii transmission from animals to humans. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii in milk samples collected from sheep and goats in west Azerbaijan province, Iran. During 2018, a total number of 420 milk samples were collected from sheep (n = 210) and goats (n = 210) of different regions of the province. All milk samples were subjected to DNA extraction and examined by a highly and specific nested-PCR method. The results showed that 51 (12.1%) (95% CI: 9.3%-15.6%) examined samples [sheep; n = 16 (7.6%) and goat; n = 35 (16.6%)] were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii in goat milk samples was significantly higher than sheep milk samples (P < 0.05). The shedding of C. burnetii in milk was significantly higher in summer (25%) (P < 0.05, 95% CI: 17.7%-34%) than the other seasons. It was concluded that sheep and goat populations in west Azerbaijan play an important role in the epidemiology of Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - A Ownagh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - B Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Kazemnia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - A Enferadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - M Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - K Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran
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Carreiro CC, McIntosh D, dos Santos DJ, de Paula Lopes S, de Jesus VLT. Morphological and molecular characterization of a species of Tetratrichomonas present in feces of Brazilian sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:233-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sroka J, Bilska-Zając E, Wójcik-Fatla A, Zając V, Dutkiewicz J, Karamon J, Piotrowska W, Cencek T. Detection and Molecular Characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Retail Raw Meat Products in Poland. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:195-204. [PMID: 30407082 PMCID: PMC6434587 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw and undercooked meat are regarded as important sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection of people in Europe; however, data concerning this issue in Poland are still insufficient. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii DNA isolated from raw meat products retailed in Poland. The molecular characteristics of detected DNA were also performed. Samples of cured bacon, raw or smoked sausages, ham, and minced meat were examined for the presence of T. gondii DNA. Samples were digested by pepsin solution, followed by the DNA isolation. Nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed based on the amplification of 35-fold-repetitive B1 fragment gene of T. gondii. For selected B1-positive samples, multiplex PCR was performed using SAG1, SAG2 (5'-SAG2 and 3'-SAG2), altSAG2, SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, C29-2, and L358 genetic markers. Amplicons were sequenced and analyzed with NCBI database. Among 3223 examined samples, 175 (5.4%) were PCR positive. The highest percentages of positive results were found for samples originating from south-east regions of Poland-Podkarpackie (17.9%), Małopolskie (12.6%), and Lubelskie (10.8%) (p < 0.001). The percentages of positive results for particular types of meat products-sausages, smoked meat products, ham, and minced meat-ranged from 4.5% to 5.8% and the differences between them were not significant (p > 0.05). Sequence analysis of selected B1-positive samples demonstrated mostly the alleles of clonal type III (49.0%), and less-type II (17.3%), and type I (10.2%) based on nine used genetic markers. The combinations of types I/II or II/III or I/III alleles at different loci were also found in 23.5% of cases. Detection of T. gondii DNA in raw meat products may indicate the potential health threat for consumers in Poland; however, for complete risk assessment of T. gondii infection, the additional studies, including detection of live parasite, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Dutkiewicz
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Weronika Piotrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in milk in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1345-1355. [PMID: 30746592 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a major zoonotic disease in the world. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in animal milk in Iran. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify eligible studies from January 2008 to June 2016 in English or Farsi (Persian) databases. We extracted the molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in milk from cows, goats, sheep, and camels in Iran. The total prevalence of C. burnetii in cow milk was 15.09% (95% CI 11.08-19.10) by PCR methods. The highest and lowest prevalence of Q fever agent were seen in the East Azerbaijan (25.55%) and Khorasan-Razavi (4.22%) provinces, respectively. The molecular prevalence of C. burnetii in goat milk was 7.80% (95% CI 3.54-12.07%). The provinces of Qom (0%) and Lorestan (44.71%) had the lowest and the highest frequency of C. burnetii infection in goat's milk, respectively. Total prevalence of C. burnetii in sheep milk was 3.79% (95% CI 0.72-6.87%). The highest frequency of C. burnetii in sheep milk was detected in the Khorasan-Razavi province (34.78%). The frequency of C. burnetii in camel milk was 1.43%. High infection of C. burnetii in milk is an important health problem in Iran, amplified by the traditional preparations of dairy products.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cacciò S, Chalmers R, Deplazes P, Devleesschauwer B, Innes E, Romig T, van der Giessen J, Hempen M, Van der Stede Y, Robertson L. Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05495. [PMID: 32625781 PMCID: PMC7009631 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures.
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Catozzi C, Sanchez Bonastre A, Francino O, Lecchi C, De Carlo E, Vecchio D, Martucciello A, Fraulo P, Bronzo V, Cuscó A, D’Andreano S, Ceciliani F. The microbiota of water buffalo milk during mastitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184710. [PMID: 28926595 PMCID: PMC5604978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the microbiota of water buffalo milk during sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, as compared to healthy status, by using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 137 quarter samples were included in the experimental design: 27 samples derived from healthy, culture negative quarters, with a Somatic Cell Count (SCC) of less than 200,000 cells/ml; 27 samples from quarters with clinical mastitis; 83 samples were collected from quarters with subclinical mastitis, with a SCC number greater of 200,000 cells/ml and/or culture positive for udder pathogens, without clinical signs of mastitis. Bacterial DNA was purified and the 16S rRNA genes were individually amplified and sequenced. Significant differences were found in milk samples from healthy quarters and those with sub-clinical and clinical mastitis. The microbiota diversity of milk from healthy quarters was richer as compared to samples with sub-clinical mastitis, whose microbiota diversity was in turn richer as compared to those from clinical mastitis. The core microbiota of water buffalo milk, defined as the asset of microorganisms shared by all healthy milk samples, includes 15 genera, namely Micrococcus, Propionibacterium, 5-7N15, Solibacillus, Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, Facklamia, Trichococcus, Turicibacter, 02d06, SMB53, Clostridium, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter and Pseudomonas. Only two genera (Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas) were present in all the samples from sub-clinical mastitis, and no genus was shared across all in clinical mastitis milk samples. The presence of mastitis was found to be related to the change in the relative abundance of genera, such as Psychrobacter, whose relative abundance decreased from 16.26% in the milk samples from healthy quarters to 3.2% in clinical mastitis. Other genera, such as SMB53 and Solibacillus, were decreased as well. Discriminant analysis presents the evidence that the microbial community of healthy and clinical mastitis could be discriminated on the background of their microbiota profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Catozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, Italy
| | - Armand Sanchez Bonastre
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Vecchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Martucciello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Fraulo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Via delle Calabrie, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cuscó
- Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. PRUAB. Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara D’Andreano
- Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. PRUAB. Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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