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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Njoga EO, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 37508213 PMCID: PMC10376608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) are plasmid-encoded genes that threaten the clinical utility of colistin (COL), one of the highest-priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIAs) used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. For more than six decades, COL has been used largely unregulated in the poultry sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and this has led to the development/spread of mcr gene-containing bacteria (MGCB). The prevalence rates of mcr-positive organisms from the poultry sector in LMICs between January 1970 and May 2023 range between 0.51% and 58.8%. Through horizontal gene transfer, conjugative plasmids possessing insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), transposons (predominantly Tn6330), and integrons have enhanced the spread of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 in the poultry sector in LMICs. These genes are harboured by Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Shigella, Providencia, Aeromonas, Raoultella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter species, belonging to diverse clones. The mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-10 genes have also been integrated into the chromosomes of these bacteria and are mobilizable by ISs and integrative conjugative elements. These bacteria often coexpress mcr with virulence genes and other genes conferring resistance to HP-CIAs, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone, and tigecycline. The transmission routes and dynamics of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs within the One Health triad include contact with poultry birds, feed/drinking water, manure, poultry farmers and their farm workwear, farming equipment, the consumption and sale of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, etc. The use of pre/probiotics and other non-antimicrobial alternatives in the raising of birds, the judicious use of non-critically important antibiotics for therapy, the banning of nontherapeutic COL use, improved vaccination, biosecurity, hand hygiene and sanitization, the development of rapid diagnostic test kits, and the intensified surveillance of mcr genes, among others, could effectively control the spread of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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Vilela FP, Rodrigues DDP, Ferreira JC, Darini ALDC, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis from Brazil reveals a swine gallbladder isolate harboring colistin resistance gene mcr-1.1. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1799-1806. [PMID: 35984599 PMCID: PMC9679059 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) is a swine-adapted serovar associated to invasive infections in humans. In Brazil, data of strains of this serovar are scarce. In the present study, six S. Choleraesuis strains of animal (n = 5) and human (n = 1) origin from Brazil were screened for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance using disk-diffusion assay and using whole-genome sequencing data to search for antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmids, prophages, and Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Its genetic relatedness was evaluated by MLST and SNP analysis. A single isolate from swine gallbladder harbored the colistin resistance gene mcr-1.1 into a IncX4 plasmid. In the six strains analyzed, resistance was found to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, cefazoline, gentamycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and choloramphenicol, along with resistance genes aac(6')-Iaa, aac(3)-IV, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(4)-Ia, aadA1, aph(3')-IIa, blaTEM-1A, floR, sul1, sul2, tet(B), drfA1, erm(B), mph(B), lnu(G), qacE, and gyrA point mutation Serine83 → Tyrosine and parC Threonine57 → Serine. Furthermore, IncF and IncH plasmids, ten SPIs, and seven prophage types were detected. All strains were assigned to ST145 and five belonged to a common SNP cluster of S. Choleraesuis strains from Brazil. The presence of S. Choleraesuis isolated from animals harboring relevant antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence determinants reinforced the urge for enhanced surveillance to avoid its transmission to humans through food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Joseane Cristina Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia da Costa Darini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Marc William Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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The Occurrence and Genomic Characteristics of mcr-1-Harboring Salmonella from Retail Meats and Eggs in Qingdao, China. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233854. [PMID: 36496661 PMCID: PMC9739812 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are widely distributed foodborne pathogens and are often associated with food animal products. Colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 is an increasing threat; however, data on the characteristics of mcr-1-harboring Salmonella among retail foods are still lacking. In this study, retail meats from 24 supermarkets and eggs from nine markets in Qingdao city were investigated to determine the presence and genomic characteristics of mcr-1-harboring Salmonella. We found the retail meats and eggs were highly contaminated by Salmonella, with detection rates of 17.5% (31/177) and 12.3% (16/130), respectively. A total of 76 Salmonella isolates were obtained in this study, and 77.6% showed multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR proportion of egg isolates (97.5%) was significantly higher than that in meat isolates (55.6%) (p < 0.05). The most prevalent Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurium (56.6%) and Enteritidis (17.1%). Of the 76 Salmonella isolates, 40 possessed mcr-1. All 40 mcr-1-positive isolates were ST34 S. Typhimurium and were from eggs of eight brands. Different mcr-1-harboring isolates existed in the same egg, and some isolates from different egg samples or brands showed clonal relationships. The mcr-1 was located on similar IncHI2/HI2A MDR non-conjugative plasmids lacking transfer region, resulting in the failure of conjugation. The phylogenetic tree using genome sequences showed that the mcr-1-positive isolates from eggs clustered together with mcr-1-positive isolates from chicken and humans in China, revealing that mcr-1-positive egg-borne Salmonella might be derived from chicken and could potentially trigger outbreaks in humans. The high occurrence of mcr-1-harboring Salmonella in fresh eggs is alarming, and there is an urgent need to monitor mcr-1-harboring Salmonella in retail meats and eggs. We report for the first time the role of retail eggs in disseminating mcr-1-positive Salmonella and the risk of transmission of these MDR pathogens from retail food to humans should be evaluated comprehensively.
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Furlan JPR, Dos Santos LDR, Ramos MS, Gallo IFL, Moretto JAS, Stehling EG. Occurrence of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes, including mcr-3 and mcr-7.1, in soil and water from a recreation club. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:819-828. [PMID: 32735122 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1799953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We researched clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in environmental samples from a recreation club in Brazil. A total of 172 amplicons (105 from soil and 67 from water) of 26 ARGs (20 among the soil and water samples; four only in soil samples; two only in water samples) were detected. Nine MGEs were detected, including plasmids and class 1 integron. The absolute abundance of the mcr-3 gene ranged from 1.12 × 102 to 1.81 × 103 copies/mL-1 in water samples. The rapid spread of mcr-like genes in several sources has generated a huge concern to public health. Accordingly, understanding of antimicrobial resistance, carry out surveillance studies may contribute to tackle antimicrobial resistance. As the environmental samples were collected from a popular recreation club in Brazil, this study points out to the risk and exposure to clinically relevant ARGs, especially to mcr-3 and mcr-7.1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - Lucas David Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - Micaela Santana Ramos
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - Inara Fernanda Lage Gallo
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida Silva Moretto
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Departamento De Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
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Portes AB, Rodrigues G, Leitão MP, Ferrari R, Conte Junior CA, Panzenhagen P. Global distribution of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr gene in Salmonella: A systematic review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:872-889. [PMID: 34480840 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review focuses on obtaining the most relevant information from multiple studies that detected a mobilized colistin resistance mcr gene in Salmonella for a better comprehension of its global distribution. A group of strategic and systematic keywords were combined to retrieve research data on the detection frequency of the mcr gene globally from four database platforms (Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scielo). Forty-eight studies attended all the eligibility criteria and were selected. China was the country with the highest frequency of Salmonella strains with the mcr gene, and Europe exhibited a wide diversity of countries with positive mcr strains. In addition, animals and humans carried the highest frequency of positive strains for the mcr gene. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent serovar carrying the mcr gene. Apparently, colistin overuse in animal husbandry has increased the selective pressure of antimicrobial resistance, resulting in the emergence of a plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr gene in China. The mcr-positive Salmonella strains are recently predominant worldwide, which is probably due to the capacity of this gene to be swiftly horizontally transmissible. The transmission ability of mcr-positive Salmonella strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated animal-based food is a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Portes
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Rodrigues
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mylenna Palma Leitão
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ferrari
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Santiago J, Cornejo-Juárez P, Silva-Sánchez J, Garza-Ramos U. Polymyxin resistance in Enterobacterales: overview and epidemiology in the Americas. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106426. [PMID: 34419579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant Enterobacterales represents an urgent public-health threat. However, for most countries in the Americas, the available data are limited, although Latin America has been suggested as a silent spreading reservoir for isolates carrying plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanisms. This work provides an overall update on polymyxin and polymyxin resistance and focuses on uses, availability and susceptibility testing. Moreover, a comprehensive review of the current polymyxin resistance epidemiology in the Americas is provided. We found that reports in the English and Spanish literature show widespread carbapenemase-producing and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Americas determined by the clonal expansion of the pandemic clone ST258 and mgrB-mediated colistin resistance. In addition, widespread IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids carrying mcr-1 in Escherichia coli come mainly from human sources; however, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in the Americas is underreported in the veterinary sector. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for the implementation of polymyxin resistance surveillance in Enterobacterales as well as appropriate regulatory measures for antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Santiago
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - P Cornejo-Juárez
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Silva-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - U Garza-Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Laboratorio de Resistencia Bacteriana, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Carrasco LDDM, Dabul ANG, Boralli CMDS, Righetto GM, Carvalho ISE, Dornelas JV, Martins da Mata CPS, de Araújo CA, Leite EMM, Lincopan N, Camargo ILBDC. Polymyxin Resistance Among XDR ST1 Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clone Expanding in a Teaching Hospital. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622704. [PMID: 33897637 PMCID: PMC8063854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen primarily associated with multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections, for which polymyxins are the last-resort antibiotics. This study investigated carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains exhibiting an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype, including four isolates considered locally pan drug-resistant (LPDR), isolated from inpatients during an outbreak at a teaching hospital in Brazil. ApaI DNA macrorestriction followed by PFGE clustered the strains in three pulsotypes, named A to C, among carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains. Pulsotypes A and B clustered six polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii strains. MLST analysis of representative strains of pulsotypes A, B, and C showed that they belong, respectively, to sequence types ST1 (clonal complex, CC1), ST79 (CC79), and ST903. Genomic analysis of international clones ST1 and ST79 representative strains predicted a wide resistome for β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with blaOXA–23 and blaOXA–72 genes encoding carbapenem resistance. Amino acid substitutions in PmrB (Thr232Ile or Pro170Leu) and PmrC (Arg125His) were responsible for polymyxin resistance. Although colistin MICs were all high (MIC ≥ 128 mg/L), polymyxin B MICs varied; strains with Pro170Leu substitution in PmrB had MICs > 128 mg/L, while those with Thr232Ile had lower MICs (16–64 mg/L), irrespective of the clone. Although the first identified polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii strain belonged to ST79, the ST1 strains were endemic and caused the outbreak most likely due to polymyxin B use. The genome comparison of two ST1 strains from the same patient, but one susceptible and the other resistant to polymyxin, revealed mutations in 28 ORFs in addition to pmrBC. The ORF codifying an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase has gained attention due to its fatty acid breakdown and membrane fluidity involvement. However, the role of these mutations in the polymyxin resistance mechanism remains unknown. To prevent the dissemination of XDR bacteria, the hospital infection control committee implemented the patient bathing practice with a 2% chlorhexidine solution, a higher concentration than all A. baumannii chlorhexidine MICs. In conclusion, we showed the emergence of polymyxin resistance due to mutations in the chromosome of the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii ST1, a high-risk global clone spreading in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrei Nicoli Gebieluca Dabul
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Maria Dos Santos Boralli
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Marinho Righetto
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iago Silva E Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaína Valerini Dornelas
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilana Lopes Baratella da Cunha Camargo
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Moon DC, Kim SJ, Mechesso AF, Kang HY, Song HJ, Choi JH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr- 1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea. Microorganisms 2021; 9:398. [PMID: 33671955 PMCID: PMC7919004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (D.C.M.); (S.-J.K.); (A.F.M.); (H.Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (J.-H.C.); (S.-S.Y.)
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals can lead to increased bacterial resistance. Important information to address this problem can be provided by monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. As part of preliminary activities for the implementation of AMR surveillance in Brazil, a nationwide survey on AMR in Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry meat was conducted. The survey evaluated 146 Salmonella isolates from poultry meat in 2014, and 163 isolates obtained in 2017. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 13 antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution, and isolates were assigned to serotypes by automated ribotyping. High resistance rates were found in 2014 and 2017, in particular to nalidixic acid (84/146, 57.5% and 141/163, 86.5%, respectively), ampicillin (82/146, 56.2% and 125/163, 76.7%), cefotaxime (76/146, 52.1% and 124/163, 76.1%), ceftazidime (73/146, 50.0% and 124/163, 76.1%), ciprofloxacin (83/146, 56.9% and 145/163, 89.0%) and tetracycline (88/146, 60.3% and 135/163, 82.8%). There was a significant increase in resistance to these antibiotics in the second survey period. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg and Salmonella ser. Minnesota were the main serotypes expressing resistance to these antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was found in 50.7% (74/146) of the isolates from 2014, and in 77.3% (126/163) of isolates from 2017 (P < 0.05). None of the isolates was resistant to azithromycin or meropenem. These findings indicate high and increasing rates of resistance among Salmonella from poultry meat in Brazil, mainly associated with Salmonella ser. Heidelberg and Salmonella ser. Minnesota, stressing the importance of continuous monitoring of AMR in the poultry chain.
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Class 1 integron-borne cassettes harboring blaCARB-2 gene in multidrug-resistant and virulent Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strains recovered from clinical human stool samples, United States. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240978. [PMID: 33125394 PMCID: PMC7598458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
International lineages, such as Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 19, are most often associated with foodborne diseases and deaths in humans. In this study, we compared the whole-genome sequences of five S. Typhimurium strains belonging to ST19 recovered from clinical human stool samples in North Carolina, United States. Overall, S. Typhimurium strains displayed multidrug-resistant profile, being resistance to critically and highly important antimicrobials including ampicillin, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, respectively. Interestingly, all S. Typhimurium strains carried class 1 integron (intl1) and we were able to describe two genomic regions surrounding blaCARB-2 gene, size 4,062 bp and 4,422 bp for S. Typhimurium strains (HS5344, HS5437, and HS5478) and (HS5302 and HS5368), respectively. Genomic analysis for antimicrobial resistome confirmed the presence of clinically important genes, including blaCARB-2, aac(6’)-Iaa, aadA2b, sul1, tetG, floR, and biocide resistance genes (qacEΔ1). S. Typhimurium strains harbored IncFIB plasmid containing spvRABCD operon, as well as rck and pef virulence genes, which constitute an important apparatus for spreading the virulence plasmid. In addition, we identified several virulence genes, chromosomally located, while the phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal relatedness among these strains with S. enterica isolated from human and non-human sources obtained in European and Asian countries. Our results provide new insights into this unusual class 1 integron in virulent S. Typhimurium strains that harbors a pool of genes acting as potential hotspots for horizontal gene transfer providing readily adaptation to new surrounds, as well as being crucially required for virulence in vivo. Therefore, continuous genomic surveillance is an important tool for safeguarding human health.
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11
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Rodrigues GL, Panzenhagen P, Ferrari RG, Dos Santos A, Paschoalin VMF, Conte-Junior CA. Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Salmonella From Brazil by in silico Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis: An Overview of the Last Four Decades. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1864. [PMID: 32849452 PMCID: PMC7426471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading human pathogen and a significant public health concern worldwide. Massive food production and distribution have contributed to this pathogen dissemination, which, combined with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), creates new control challenges in food safety. The development of AMR is a natural phenomenon and can occur in the bacterial evolutionary process. However, the overuse and the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in humans and in animals have increased AMR selective pressure. In Brazil, there is an accuracy lack in AMR frequency in Salmonella because too many isolates are under-investigated for genetic and phenotypic AMR by the Brazilian health authorities and the research community. This underreporting situation makes the comprehension of the real level of Salmonella AMR in the country difficult. The present study aimed to use bioinformatics tools for a rapid in silico screening of the genetic antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella through whole-genome sequences (WGS). A total of 930 whole-genome sequences of Salmonella were retrieved from the public database of the National Biotechnology Information Center (NCBI). A total of 65 distinct resistance genes were detected, and the most frequent ones were tet(A), sul2, and fosA7. Nine point mutations were detected in total, and parC at the 57 position (threonine → serine) was the highest frequent substitution (26.7%, 249/930), followed by gyrA at the 83 position (serine → phenylalanine) (20.0%, 186/930) and at the 87 position (aspartic acid → asparagine) (15.7%, 146/930). The in silico prediction of resistance phenotype showed that 58.0% (540/930) of the strains can display a multidrug resistance (MDR) profile. Ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were the antimicrobial drugs with the highest frequency rates of the predicted phenotype resistance among the strains. The temporal analysis through the last four decades showed increased frequency rates of antimicrobial resistance genes and predicted resistance phenotypes in the 2000s and the 2010s when compared with the 1980s and 1990s. The results presented herein contributed significantly to the understanding of the strategic use of WGS associated with in silico analysis and the predictions for the determination of AMR in Salmonella from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Lima Rodrigues
- Nucleus of Food Analysis (NAL), Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Nucleus of Food Analysis (NAL), Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Nucleus of Food Analysis (NAL), Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Dos Santos
- Nucleus of Food Analysis (NAL), Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
- Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Nucleus of Food Analysis (NAL), Laboratory for the Support of Technological Development (LADETEC), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Food Science Graduate Program (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Health Surveillance Graduate Program (PPGVS), National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Dos Santos LDR, Furlan JPR, Ramos MS, Gallo IFL, de Freitas LVP, Stehling EG. Co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7 and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1795-1800. [PMID: 32382766 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria harboring different antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected worldwide. The association of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-like) and other ARGs in bacteria isolated from animals is a huge concern worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of mcr-like genes and clinically relevant ARGs as well as plasmids in samples from a zoo. Fecal and environmental (soil and water) samples were collected from a zoo and the DNA of cultivable aerobic bacteria was extracted. ARGs were screened by PCR and the plasmids were detected using the PCR-based replicon typing method. A total of 74 amplicons from 27 ARGs [mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, blaCTX-M-Gp1, blaCTX-M-Gp2, blaCTX-M-Gp9, blaVEB, blaPER, blaCMY, tetA, tetB, tetC, aadA, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, ant(2'')-Ia, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, mefAE, ermB] and 21 amplicons from eight plasmid families (IncY, ColE-like, IncFrepB, IncFIA, IncFIB, IncHI1, IncFIC, IncP) were detected. These findings reinforce that the zoo acts as a reservoir of clinically relevant ARGs, including mcr-like, and call attention to the monitoring studies in the zoo. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the world of mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-7.1 in environmental samples from the zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas David Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Micaela Santana Ramos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Inara Fernanda Lage Gallo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | | | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil.
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13
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F. Rabello R, R. Bonelli R, A. Penna B, P. Albuquerque J, M. Souza R, M. F. Cerqueira A. Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E552. [PMID: 32224900 PMCID: PMC7222418 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal husbandry, antimicrobial agents have been administered as supplements to increase production over the last 60 years. Large-scale animal production has increased the importance of antibiotic management because it may favor the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and select resistant strains. Brazil is a significant producer and exporter of animal-derived food. Although Brazil is still preparing a national surveillance plan, several changes in legislation and timely programs have been implemented. Thus, Brazilian data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals come from official programs and the scientific community. This review aims to update and discuss the available Brazilian data on this topic, emphasizing legal aspects, incidence, and genetics of the resistance reported by studies published since 2009, focusing on farm animals and derived foods with the most global public health impact. Studies are related to poultry, cattle, and pigs, and mainly concentrate on non-typhoid Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also describe legal aspects of antimicrobial use in this context; and the current occurrence of genetic elements associated with resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and fluoroquinolones, among other antimicrobial agents. Data here presented may be useful to provide a better understanding of the Brazilian status on antimicrobial resistance related to farm animals and animal-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F. Rabello
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Raquel R. Bonelli
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno A. Penna
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Julia P. Albuquerque
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
| | - Rossiane M. Souza
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Niterói 24120-191, Brazil
| | - Aloysio M. F. Cerqueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil (B.A.P.); (J.P.A.)
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14
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Rabello RF, Bonelli RR, Penna BA, Albuquerque JP, Souza RM, Cerqueira AMF. Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animals in Brazil: An Update Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 32224900 DOI: 10.3390/ani1004055210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal husbandry, antimicrobial agents have been administered as supplements to increase production over the last 60 years. Large-scale animal production has increased the importance of antibiotic management because it may favor the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and select resistant strains. Brazil is a significant producer and exporter of animal-derived food. Although Brazil is still preparing a national surveillance plan, several changes in legislation and timely programs have been implemented. Thus, Brazilian data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals come from official programs and the scientific community. This review aims to update and discuss the available Brazilian data on this topic, emphasizing legal aspects, incidence, and genetics of the resistance reported by studies published since 2009, focusing on farm animals and derived foods with the most global public health impact. Studies are related to poultry, cattle, and pigs, and mainly concentrate on non-typhoid Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. We also describe legal aspects of antimicrobial use in this context; and the current occurrence of genetic elements associated with resistance to beta-lactams, colistin, and fluoroquinolones, among other antimicrobial agents. Data here presented may be useful to provide a better understanding of the Brazilian status on antimicrobial resistance related to farm animals and animal-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata F Rabello
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Raquel R Bonelli
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Penna
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Julia P Albuquerque
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Rossiane M Souza
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Niterói 24120-191, Brazil
| | - Aloysio M F Cerqueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil
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15
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Shen Y, Zhang R, Schwarz S, Wu C, Shen J, Walsh TR, Wang Y. Farm animals and aquaculture: significant reservoirs of mobile colistin resistance genes. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2469-2484. [PMID: 32114703 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colistin resistance has attracted substantial attention after colistin was considered as a last-resort drug for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant and/or multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria in clinical settings. However, with the discovery of highly mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, colistin resistance has become an increasingly urgent issue worldwide. Despite many reviews, which summarized the prevalence, mechanisms, and structures of these genes in bacteria of human and animal origin, studies on the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance genes in aquaculture and their transmission between animals and humans remain scarce. Herein, we review recent reports on the prevalence of colistin resistance genes in animals, especially wildlife and aquaculture, and their possibility of transmission to humans via the food chain. This review also gives some insights into the routine surveillance, changing policy and replacement of polymyxins by polymyxin derivatives, molecular inhibitors, and traditional Chinese medicine to tackle colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Infection & Immunity, UHW Main Building, Heath Park Hospital, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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16
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Zamparette CP, Schorner M, Campos E, Moura Q, Cerdeira L, Tartari DC, Sereia AFR, Cunha P, Fontana H, de Oliveira LFV, Grisard EC, Lincopan N, Bazzo ML, Sincero TCM. IncX4 Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1.1 in Polymyxin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Outpatients in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1326-1333. [PMID: 32004096 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance has become a global health concern, not only because its dissemination has occurred drastically but also because it has begun to be reported in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. We hereby report microbiological and genomic characteristics of two mcr-1.1-positive polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates identified for the first time in community patients, in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. E. coli strains belonging to ST206 and ST354 and the resistome analysis revealed the presence of clinically important genes responsible for MDR profile. Interestingly, in both polymyxin-resistant E. coli strains, mcr-1.1 genes were carried by IncX4 plasmids, responsible for the worldwide dissemination of mcr-type genes. In this regard, plasmid backbones were almost identical to the first IncX4 plasmid reported in Brazil and sharing more than 99.9% identity to IncX4 plasmids from China, also lacking the ISApl1 insertion sequence upstream of mcr-1. In conclusion, these data confirm the presence of international ST206 and ST354 carrying mcr-1.1 genes and that the IncX4 plasmids have been key vectors contributing to the endemic status of mcr-1.1-positive polymyxin-resistant E. coli in Brazil. Also, we described the first known clinical isolate with the mrc1.1 gene in Santa Catarina state, Brazil, showing that plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance has been affecting humans earlier than has been known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetana P Zamparette
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos Schorner
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Campos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Quézia Moura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Tartari
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Cunha
- Neoprospecta Microbiome Technologies, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Department of Microbiology, Imunology and Parasitology, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Thaís C M Sincero
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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17
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Song Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Wang P, Feng C, Liu M, Sun S, Xie Z, Wang F. Prevalence and characteristics of multidrug-resistant mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Tai'an, China. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1117-1123. [PMID: 32029147 PMCID: PMC7587627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis, caused by Escherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial diseases of chickens. The high incidence and considerable economic losses associated with colibacillosis make it a significant concern worldwide. In recent years, the efficacy of colistin has been severely impacted by the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes, especially mcr-1. Therefore, monitoring of antibiotic resistance, particularly colistin resistance, amongst E. coli strains is vitally important to the future growth and sustainability of the poultry industry. In this study, a total of 130 E. coli strains were isolated from the livers of chickens displaying symptoms of colibacillosis in Tai'an, China. Isolates were screened for their susceptibility to various antibiotics and for the presence of mobile colistin resistance genes and other antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 75 (57.7%) isolates showed resistance to colistin and were positive for mcr-1. The mobile colistin resistance genes, mcr-2, -3, and -4, were not detected in this study. Of the 75 mcr-1-positive isolates, all (100%) also carried tetracycline resistance genes, 71 (94.7%) also contained genes associated with β-lactam resistance, 59 (78.7%) contained aminoglycoside resistance genes, and 57 (76%) contained sulfonamide resistance genes. This high prevalence of multidrug resistance among mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates, including the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, is highly concerning. The surveillance findings presented here will be conducive to our understanding of the prevalence and characteristics of multidrug-resistance in E. coli in the Tai'an area and will provide a better scientific basis for the clinical treatment of colibacillosis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Lanping Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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18
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Rau RB, de Lima-Morales D, Wink PL, Ribeiro AR, Barth AL. Salmonella enterica mcr-1 Positive from Food in Brazil: Detection and Characterization. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:202-208. [PMID: 31556704 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mcr-1 gene has been identified in bacterial isolates obtained from humans, animals, environment, and food, including Salmonella spp., which is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of mcr-1 gene in Salmonella spp. from food produced in Brazil and to characterize the isolates harboring this gene. A total of 490 Salmonella spp. isolates from the Brazilian National Program for the Control of Foodborne Pathogens were screened for the presence of mcr-1 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in positive isolates to characterize the sequence type (ST), plasmid families and resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by broth microdilution. Selected isolates were submitted to conjugation experiments using the Escherichia coli J53 as a receptor. We detected eight isolates harboring the mcr-1 gene; seven belonged to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:-, and one belonged to serovar Saintpaul. Seven of the mcr-1 positive isolates displayed a high rate of resistance to other antibiotics in addition to colistin. Analysis of the WGS indicated that the ST 19 was the most common ST among the mcr-1 positive isolates. The mcr-1 gene was located in an IncX4 plasmid of ∼33 kb, with no additional resistance genes and with high identity with a plasmid obtained from a clinical isolate of E. coli mcr-1 positive in Brazil. All plasmids harboring the mcr-1 gene were able to conjugate. Our results suggest the spread of a single plasmid type in Brazil harboring the mcr-1 among Salmonella spp. The horizontal transfer of this mobile element has been contributing to the spread of the colistin resistance in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Batista Rau
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária-RS (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Lima-Morales
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lamb Wink
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aldemir Reginato Ribeiro
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária-RS (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Afonso Luis Barth
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana (LABRESIS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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Mendes Oliveira VR, Paiva MC, Lima WG. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Latin America and Caribbean: A systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 31:101459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Monte DF, Lincopan N, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Landgraf M. Current insights on high priority antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in food and foodstuffs: a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Dalmolin TV, Dias GÁ, de Castro LP, Ávila H, Magagnin CM, Zavascki AP, de Lima-Morales D, Barth AL. Detection of Enterobacterales resistant to polymyxins using Rapid Polymyxins NP test. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:425-428. [PMID: 30859495 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred isolates of Enterobacterales were tested by Rapid Polymyxins NP for the detection of polymyxin resistance and compared to the reference test broth microdilution (BMD). The sensitivity and specificity of the NP test were 98% and the results are faster than the BMD, decreasing from approximately 24 to 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Vendruscolo Dalmolin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Graziela Ávila Dias
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Peres de Castro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Ávila
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cibele Massotti Magagnin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Prehn Zavascki
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Lima-Morales
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Afonso Luís Barth
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana - LABRESIS, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Salmonella enterica: A Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020055. [PMID: 30791454 PMCID: PMC6406434 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is widely used in food-animal production. Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen, which can pass from animal to human microbiota through the consumption of contaminated food, and cause disease, often severe, especially in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Recently, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance was recognised; mcr-like genes are being identified worldwide. Colistin is not an antibiotic used to treat Salmonella infections, but has been increasingly used as one of the last treatment options for carbapenem resistant Enterobacteria in human infections. The finding of mobilizable mcr-like genes became a global concern due to the possibility of horizontal transfer of the plasmid that often carry resistance determinants to beta-lactams and/or quinolones. An understanding of the origin and dissemination of mcr-like genes in zoonotic pathogens such as S. enterica will facilitate the management of colistin use and target interventions to prevent further spread. The main objective of this review was to collect epidemiological data about mobilized colistin resistance in S. enterica, describing the mcr variants, identified serovars, origin of the isolate, country and other resistance genes located in the same genetic platform.
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23
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First report of mcr-1-harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolated from poultry meat in Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 93:376-379. [PMID: 30477952 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian poultry meat samples were screened for colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica. Sixty Salmonella isolates were tested for in vitro colistin resistance and mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3 and mcr-4 genes. Two isolates harbored the mcr-1 gene and whole-genome analysis determined the serovar to be Schwarzengrund, ST96, harboring the IncX4 plasmid. This is the first report of mcr-1-harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund in Brazil.
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24
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Increasing prevalence and dissemination of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella serotype Typhimurium with multidrug resistance in hospitalized patients from southern Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:424-432. [PMID: 30240572 PMCID: PMC9427803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aim Methods Results Conclusion
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
is the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen in most countries. It is widely present in food animal species, and therefore blocking its transmission through the food supply is a prominent focus of food safety activities worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal
Salmonella
arises in large part because of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Tracking resistance in
Salmonella
is required to design targeted interventions to contain or diminish resistance and refine use practices in production. Many countries have established systems to monitor antibiotic resistance in
Salmonella
and other bacteria, the earliest ones appearing the Europe and the US. In this chapter, we compare recent
Salmonella
antibiotic susceptibility data from Europe and the US. In addition, we summarize the state of known resistance genes that have been identified in the genus. The advent of routine whole genome sequencing has made it possible to conduct genomic surveillance of resistance based on DNA sequences alone. This points to a new model of surveillance in the future that will provide more definitive information on the sources of resistant
Salmonella
, the specific types of resistance genes involved, and information on how resistance spreads.
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Genetic and Functional Characterization of an MCR-3-Like Enzyme-Producing Escherichia coli Isolate Recovered from Swine in Brazil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00278-18. [PMID: 29712655 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of 126 pigs was screened for carriage of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a farm in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Out of this collection, eight colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates were recovered, including one from Minas Gerais State producing a new MCR-3 variant (MCR-3.12). Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide revealed that MCR-3.12 had a function similar to that of MCR-1 and MCR-2 as a result of the addition of a phosphoethanolamine group to the lipid A moiety. Genetic analysis showed that the mcr-3.12 gene was carried by an IncA/C2 plasmid and was embedded in an original genetic environment. This study reports the occurrence of the MCR-3-like determinant in South America and is the first to demonstrate the functionality of this group of enzymes as a phosphoethanolamine transferase.
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