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Fearington FW, Pumford AD, Awadallah AS, Dey JK. Searching for Signs of Plastic Surgery on the Face: Tracking the Eyes of Where Observers Look. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2024; 26:532-537. [PMID: 38530096 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2023.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective measurement of where observers direct their attention to faces when searching for signs of facial plastic surgery (FPS) is currently lacking. Objective: To compare where laypersons direct their attention on facial photographs using eye-tracking software when they are asked to (1) search for signs of aesthetic facial surgery or (2) allowed to gaze without direction (free-gaze). Methods: Naïve observers either free-gazed or examined faces for signs of FPS (FPS-prompted) for 10 s per face while their gaze was recorded by an eye-tracking system. Faces had no known history or signs/stigmata of FPS and were selected from the FACES and CFD databases with a diverse demographic distribution. Gaze times in nine facial subregions were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. Results: In FPS-prompted observers (n = 50, mean age 32.7 ± 11.3 years, 23/50 (46%) female), the nose, mouth, cheeks, and forehead experienced the most substantial increases (p < 0.001) and a high percentage of overall gaze time (17.9%, 12.5%, 12.0%, 9.6%, respectively) compared to free-gazing observers [n = 57, 35.5 ± 13.9 years, 31/57 (54%) female]. Conclusions: Observers direct attention differently on a face when searching for signs of plastic surgery with increased attention on the nose, mouth, cheeks, and forehead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Pumford
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew S Awadallah
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob K Dey
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Atiyeh B, Emsieh S, Hakim C, Chalhoub R, Habal M. A Narrative Review of Eye-Tracking Assessment of Esthetic Endpoints in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Craniofacial Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:2137-2141. [PMID: 37590000 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reporting of esthetic outcomes in plastic surgery relies classically on ill-defined endpoints and subjective measures very often from the patients' and/or providers' perspectives that are notoriously characterized by subjectivity and questionable solid scientific validation. With the recent trend of increasing demand for all types of esthetic medical and surgical interventions, there is an urgent need for reliable and objective outcome measures to quantitate esthetic outcomes and determine the efficacy of these interventions. The current review is intended to analyze available evidence regarding advantages as well as limitations of eye-tracking (ET) technology in objectively documenting esthetic outcomes of plastic, reconstructive, and craniofacial interventions. Although gaze pattern analysis is gaining more attention, ET data should be interpreted with caution; how a specific visual stimulus directly influences one's sense of esthetics is still not clear. Furthermore, despite its great potentials, it is still too early to confirm or deny ET usefulness. Nevertheless, patient-reported outcomes being most indicative of an esthetic intervention success, measurement of patients' satisfaction by ET technology could offer a major breakthrough in objective assessment of esthetic outcomes that need further in-depth investigation. EVIDENCE LEVEL Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishara Atiyeh
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Boonipat T, Hebel NSD, Shapiro D, Stotland MA. Impact of Surgical Rejuvenation on Visual Processing and Character Attribution of Faces. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5038. [PMID: 37731729 PMCID: PMC10508498 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Background This study considers observers' reflexive responses to the rejuvenated face, and how instinctive responses relate to subjective judgment. We investigated observers' reflexive perception of faces both pre and post surgical intervention during the early stages of visual processing. Subjective character attribution for all test images was also assessed by the same observers. Method Forty frontal facial images of 20 patients portraying the pre- and postoperative high superficial musculoaponeurotic system facelift along with variable concomitant procedures were studied. Nineteen lookzone regions were mapped post hoc onto each image. Forty observers examined the images, whereas an eye-tracking camera recorded their eye movements. Visual fixation data were recorded and analyzed. Observers also rated each image on the basis of five elemental positive character attributes. Results A statistically coherent but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) trend was identified with the surgical intervention resulting in greater attention being paid to the central triangle region of the face with reduction in attention to the facial periphery. Facial rejuvenation significantly increased the subjective character ratings of all five positively valenced attributes tested. Average age estimate of the photos decreased significantly from 54 to 48.6 years (true average age of 57.4 years). Conclusions We provide data illustrating both reflexive and subjective responses to facial rejuvenation. Observers reported a more favorable impression of the treated faces and evaluated them as being younger than their true age. A trend was detected for increased visual fixation of the central facial region following rejuvenation. Interpretation of these findings and indication for further research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanapoom Boonipat
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | | | - Daniel Shapiro
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Mitchell A. Stotland
- Department of Surgery, Weill-Cornell Medical College- Doha, Qatar
- Division of Plastic, Craniofacial, and Hand Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Bem-Haja P, Silva A, Rosa C, Queiroz DF, Barroso T, Cerri L, Alves MF, Silva CF, Santos IM. Chronotype and Time of Day Effects on a Famous Face Recognition Task with Dynamic Stimuli. Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) 2023; 16:51-61. [PMID: 38106959 PMCID: PMC10723745 DOI: 10.21500/20112084.6583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronotype and Time of Day (ToD) can modulate several aspects of cognitive performance. However, there is limited evidence about the effect of these variables on face recognition performance, so the aim of the present study is to investigate this influence. For this, 274 participants (82.5% females; age 18-49 years old, mean = 27.2, SD = 1.82) were shown 20 short videoclips, each gradually morphing from a general identity unfamiliar face to a famous face. Participants should press the spacebar to stop each video as soon as they could identify the famous face, and then provide the name or an unequivocal description of the person. Analysis of response times (RT) showed that evening-types recognised the faces faster than morning-types. Considering different ToD windows, the effect of chronotype was only significant in the 13h-17h and in the 21h-6h time-windows. Altogether, results suggest an advantage of evening-types on famous face recognition using dynamic stimuli with morning-types, being particularly slower during their non-optimal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Bem-Haja
- CINTESIS@RISE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - André Silva
- University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Catarina Rosa
- CINTESIS@RISE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Diâner F. Queiroz
- University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Talles Barroso
- University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Luíza Cerri
- University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Miguel F. Alves
- University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Carlos F. Silva
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Isabel M. Santos
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.Universidade de AveiroUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
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Tanaka OM, Cavassin LD, Gasparello GG, Meira TM, Miyoshi CS, Hartmann GC. The Esthetics of the Nasolabial Fold and Age in the Elderly Via Eye-Tracking. Contemp Clin Dent 2023; 14:18-24. [PMID: 37249988 PMCID: PMC10209770 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_539_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial aging is associated with the loss of soft tissue fullness. Perioral signs of facial aging can add years to individuals' appearances and even affect their facial expressions in smiling and nonsmiling images. Aims To evaluate the influence of the nasolabial fold on the visual perception of esthetics and age in the elderly, eye-tracking and a visual analog scale were used. Material and Methods This study applied a cross-sectional study using 40 laypeople. Facial images of an elderly woman were modified to include facial expression lines such as nasolabial folds and marionette lines with no folds, intermediate, and accentuated depths folds. Eye tracking was implemented to measure the average number of fixations. Heat maps and dot maps were generated using eye-tracking software. A visual analog scale of attractiveness and age perception questionnaire were also incorporated into the study. Statistical analysis was performed using a significance of (P<0.05). Results The majority of visual attention was paid to the eye and mouth areas. In the images with no folds, the right eye attracted a greater degree of fixation. In the images in which nasolabial folds were accentuated, the mouth area served as an area of high fixation. No statistical difference was observed between the groups in which smiling images were viewed. Nonsmiling images demonstrated significant differences between groups for variables including time until first fixation, complete fixation time, and number of fixations on the eyes and hemifaces. Old age and diminished attractiveness were associated with attenuated nasolabial folds, especially in nonsmiling images. Conclusion The facial lines and expressions of elderly female individuals were assessed by laypeople using eye-tracking, showing that the deeper one's nasolabial folds, the more aged and less attractive one appears, especially in nonsmiling images. Smiling pictures were perceived to be more attractive and youthful; these perceptions should be considered in the search for improved esthetic results, whether in dental or facial esthetic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Motohiro Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Graduate Dentistry Program in Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- The Center for Advanced Dental Education at Saint Louis University, Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lorenzo Daroit Cavassin
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gil Guilherme Gasparello
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martins Meira
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Dentistry School, Bahia State University (UNEB), Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caio Seiti Miyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Giovani Ceron Hartmann
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Ryan JF, Ishii LE, Dey JK, Boahene KD, Byrne PJ, Ishii M. Visual Attention to Facial Defects Predicts Willingness to Pay for Reconstructive Surgery. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2022; 24:436-442. [DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2021.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa E. Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob K. Dey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kofi D.O. Boahene
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Thorley C, Acton B, Armstrong J, Ford S, Gundry M. Are estimates of faces' ages less accurate when they wear sunglasses or face masks and do these disguises make it harder to later recognise the faces when undisguised? Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:17. [PMID: 35171353 PMCID: PMC8850487 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether our ability to accurately estimate unfamiliar faces' ages declines when they are wearing sunglasses or surgical-style face masks and whether these disguises make it harder to later recognise those faces when undisguised. In theory, both disguises should harm age estimation accuracy and later face recognition as they occlude facial information that is used to determine a face's age and identity. To establish whether this is the case, we had participants estimate the age of unfamiliar faces that were pictured wearing no disguises, sunglasses, or face masks. The participants then completed a face recognition test where they had to distinguish between the previously seen faces and new faces. Importantly, none of faces wore disguises in this latter test. Participants' estimates of the undisguised faces' ages were inaccurate by a Median of 5.15 years. Their accuracy barely changed when the faces wore sunglasses but declined by a Median of 1.30 years when they wore face masks. Moreover, subsequent undisguised face recognition was less likely to occur when the faces previously wore sunglasses or face masks, with large effects observed. These findings demonstrate the relative importance of different facial areas when estimating faces' ages and later recognising them. They also have implications for policing as they suggest it may be harder for eyewitnesses to accurately estimate the age of criminals who wear face masks during offences, and it may be harder for them to later recognise criminals in line-ups if the criminals wear sunglasses or face masks during offences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Thorley
- Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4814, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Acton
- Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4814, Australia
| | - Jesse Armstrong
- Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4814, Australia
| | - Shanade Ford
- Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4814, Australia
| | - Margaret Gundry
- Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4814, Australia
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Davis H, Attard‐Johnson J. Your
ID
, please? The effect of Facemasks and Makeup on Perceptions of Age of Young Adult Female Faces. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 36:453-459. [PMID: 35440843 PMCID: PMC9011877 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID‐19 pandemic, wearing facemasks was mandatory in the United Kingdom except for individuals with medical exemptions. Facemasks cover the full lower half of the face; however, the effect of facemasks on age perception is not yet known. The present study examined whether age estimation accuracy of unfamiliar young adult women is impaired when the target is wearing a facemask. This study also examined whether makeup, which has previously been shown to increase error bias, further impairs age estimation accuracy when paired with a facemask. The findings indicate that both facemasks and makeup tend to result in overestimation of the young women's age compared to neutral faces, but the combination of both is not additive. Individual level analysis also revealed large individual differences in age estimation accuracy ranging from estimates within 1 year of the target's actual age, and age estimates which deviated by up to 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Davis
- Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University Poole UK
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Gasparello GG, Júnior SLM, Hartmann GC, Meira TM, Camargo ES, Pithon MM, Tanaka O. The influence of malocclusion on social aspects in adults: study via eye tracking technology and questionnaire. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:4. [PMID: 35067765 PMCID: PMC8784583 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smile esthetics has a strong influence on perception, attractiveness, and personal characteristics. It is unknown how malocclusions may influence the appearance of the individual's smile. This study aimed to investigate whether malocclusion affects the visual perception of esthetics, age, employability, honesty, intelligence and to meet its obligation in time in middle-aged adults. Facial frontal smiling photographs of a male and a female middle-aged adult with 3 different malocclusions were shown to and evaluated by 90 laypeople (non-dentists), divided into groups: young adults (14-44 years), middle-aged adults (45-59 years), and elders (over 60 years). The index of treatment need (IOTN) was used, and IOTN 1, 5, and 8 images were created in Photoshop using the male and female photographs. In total, 6 photographs were evaluated, 3 areas of interest (AOI)-eyes, nose, and mouth-were created for statistical comparison. The Ogama and Eye Tribe tracker were used in conjunction to measure eye tracking. A visual analog scale (VAS) was employed with a questionnaire surveying individuals' perception of age, employability, honesty, intelligence, and ability to meet obligations. Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's-chi-squared, and Pearson correlation test were applied. RESULTS No statistical difference was found in complete fixation time and time until the first fixation for each AOI for eye-tracking. VAS showed statistical differences in the male and female IOTN 1 images when compared with the IOTN 5 and 8 for both models, and there was no difference between genders in the IOTN 1. As the perceived age of the model increased, the chances of getting hired decreased. Employability, honesty, intelligence, and ability to meet obligations showed higher values for IOTN 1. There were significant differences between age ranges; perception of intelligence in the female IOTN 1 model (p = 0.002) and IOTN 8 model (p < 0.001) and honesty between young adults and middle-aged adults in the male IOTN 1 and 8 images (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was a difference between age groups in the perception of honesty and intelligence. A well-balanced and attractive was perceived as more youthful and attractive in both genders and may increase the chance of being selected for a job interview or being hired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thiago Martins Meira
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elisa Souza Camargo
- Graduate Dentistry Program in Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 115, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Diplomate of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics - BBO, Southwest Bahia State University - UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Orlando Tanaka
- Graduate Dentistry Program in Orthodontics, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, R. Imaculada Conceição, 115, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
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