1
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Lee SH, Platt S, Lim CH, Ito M, Myung P. The development of hair follicles and nail. Dev Biol 2024; 513:3-11. [PMID: 38759942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The hair follicle and nail unit develop and regenerate through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we review some of the key signals and molecular interactions that regulate mammalian hair follicle and nail formation during embryonic development and how these interactions are reutilized to promote their regeneration during adult homeostasis and in response to skin wounding. Finally, we highlight the role of some of these signals in mediating human hair follicle and nail conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung-Hoon Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Platt
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Moritani Y, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Hongo H, Yimin, Abe M, Yoshino H, Nakanishi K, Maruoka H, Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Takahata M, Iwasaki N, Li M, Tei K, Ohiro Y, Amizuka N. Histochemical assessment of accelerated bone remodeling and reduced mineralization in Il-6 deficient mice. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:410-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med 2022; 20:221. [PMID: 35562828 PMCID: PMC9102262 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is the protein product of the SOST gene and is known for its inhibitory effects on bone formation. The monoclonal antibody against sclerostin has been approved as a novel treatment method for osteoporosis. Oral health is one of the essential aspects of general human health. Hereditary bone dysplasia syndrome caused by sclerostin deficiency is often accompanied by some dental malformations, inspiring the therapeutic exploration of sclerostin in the oral and dental fields. Recent studies have found that sclerostin is expressed in several functional cell types in oral tissues, and the expression level of sclerostin is altered in pathological conditions. Sclerostin not only exerts similar negative outcomes on the formation of alveolar bone and bone-like tissues, including dentin and cementum, but also participates in the development of oral inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis, pulpitis, and peri-implantitis. This review aims to highlight related research progress of sclerostin in oral cavity, propose necessary further research in this field, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for dental indications and regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufang Liao
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Clinical Research Platform for Interdiscipline of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Ekhzaimy AA, Alyusuf EY, Alswailem M, Alzahrani AS. A Novel Mutation in a Gene Causes Sclerosteosis in a Family of Mediterranean Origin. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020202. [PMID: 35208525 PMCID: PMC8878747 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Sclerostin is an SOST gene product that inhibits osteoblast activity and prevents excessive bone formation by antagonizing the Wnt signaling pathway. Sclerosteosis has been linked to loss of function mutations in the SOST gene. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by craniotubular hyperostosis and can lead to fatal cerebellar herniation. Our aim is to describe the clinical and radiological features and the new underlying SOST mutation in a patient with sclerosteosis. Case: A 25-year-old female who was referred to the endocrine clinic for suspected excess growth hormone. The patient complained of headaches, progressive blurred vision, hearing disturbances, increased size of feet, proptosis, and protrusion of the chin. She had normal antenatal history except for syndactyly. Images showed diffuse osseous thickening and high bone mineral density. Biochemical and hormonal tests were normal. Due to progressive compressive optic neuropathy, optic nerve fenestration with decompression hemicraniotomy was performed. Sclerosteosis was suspected due to the predominant craniotubular hyperostosis with syndactyly. Using peripheral leucocyte DNA, genomic sequencing of the SOST gene was performed. This identified a novel deletion homozygous mutation in the SOST gene (c.387delG, p.Asp131ThrfsTer116) which disrupts sclerostin function, causing sclerosteosis. Conclusions: Discovery of the molecular basis of sclerosteosis represents an important advance in the diagnosis and management of this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah A. Ekhzaimy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ebtihal Y. Alyusuf
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Meshael Alswailem
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Ali S. Alzahrani
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Whyte MP, Deepak Amalnath S, McAlister WH, Pedapati R, Muthupillai V, Duan S, Huskey M, Bijanki VN, Mumm S. Sclerosteosis: Report of type 1 or 2 in three Indian Tamil families and literature review. Bone 2018; 116:321-332. [PMID: 30077757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis (SOST) refers to two extremely rare yet similar skeletal dysplasias featuring a diffusely radiodense skeleton together with congenital syndactyly. SOST1 is transmitted as an autosomal recessive (AR) trait and to date caused by ten homozygous loss-of-function mutations within the gene SOST that encodes the inhibitor of Wnt-mediated bone formation, sclerostin. SOST2 is transmitted as an autosomal dominant (AD) or AR trait and to date caused by one heterozygous or two homozygous loss-of-function mutation(s), respectively, within the gene LRP4 that encodes the sclerostin interaction protein, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4). Herein, we investigated two teenagers and one middle-aged man with SOST in three families living in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Next generation sequencing of their genomic DNA using our high bone density gene panel revealed SOST1 in the teenagers caused by a unique homozygous nonsense SOST mutation (c.129C > G, p.Tyr43X) and SOST2 in the man caused by homozygosity for one of the two known homozygous missense LRP4 mutations (c.3508C > T, p.Arg1170Trp). He becomes the fourth individual and the first non-European recognized with SOST2. His clinical course was milder than the life-threatening SOST1 demonstrated by the teenagers who suffered blindness, deafness, and raised intracranial pressure, yet his congenital syndactyly was more striking by featuring bony fusion of digits. All three patients were from consanguineous families and heterozygosity for the SOST mutation was documented in the mothers of both teenagers. Thus, on the endogamous genetic background of Indian Tamils, SOST1 from sclerostin deficiency compared to SOST2 from LRP4 deactivation is a more severe and life-threatening disorder featuring complications due to osteosclerosis of especially the skull. In contrast, the syndactyly of SOST2 is particularly striking by involving bony fusion of some digits. Both the SOST and LRP4 mutations in this ethnic population likely reflect genetic founders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - S Deepak Amalnath
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry 605006, India.
| | - William H McAlister
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Radhakrishna Pedapati
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry 605006, India.
| | - Vivekanandan Muthupillai
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry 605006, India.
| | - Shenghui Duan
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Margaret Huskey
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Vinieth N Bijanki
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Steven Mumm
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Sebastian A, Loots GG. Genetics of Sost/SOST in sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease animal models. Metabolism 2018; 80:38-47. [PMID: 29080811 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease (VBD) are two rare autosomal recessive disorders that results from osteoblast hyperactivity, in which progressive bone overgrowth leads to very dense bones, distortion of the face, and entrapment of cranial nerves. Sclerosteosis is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the SOST gene which encodes a secreted glycoprotein, sclerostin. VBD is caused by a noncoding deletion that removes a SOST-specific regulatory element in bone. In bone, SOST is expressed predominantly by osteocytes and sclerostin suppresses bone formation by inhibiting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Here we describe how human genetics studies in sclerosteosis and VBD patients, in combination with the generation of transgenic and knockout mice, has led to a better understanding of the role of sclerostin in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimy Sebastian
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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7
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Shi C, Uda Y, Dedic C, Azab E, Sun N, Hussein AI, Petty CA, Fulzele K, Mitterberger-Vogt MC, Zwerschke W, Pereira R, Wang K, Pajevic PD. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress. FASEB J 2017; 32:440-452. [PMID: 28928248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700485rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are master orchestrators of bone remodeling; they control osteoblast and osteoclast activities both directly via cell-to-cell communication and indirectly via secreted factors, and they are the main postnatal source of sclerostin and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kB ligand), two regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function. Despite progress in understanding osteocyte biology and function, much remains to be elucidated. Recently developed osteocytic cell lines-together with new genome editing tools-has allowed a closer look at the biology and molecular makeup of these cells. By using single-cell cloning, we identified genes that are associated with high Sost/sclerostin expression and analyzed their regulation and function. Unbiased transcriptome analysis of high- vs. low-Sost/sclerostin-expressing cells identified known and novel genes. Dmp1 (dentin matrix protein 1), Dkk1 (Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1), and Phex were among the most up-regulated known genes, whereas Srpx2, Cd200, and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) were identified as novel markers of differentiated osteocytes. Aspn, Enpp2, Robo2, Nov, and Serpina3g were among the transcripts that were most significantly suppressed in high-Sost cells. Considering that CAII was recently identified as being regulated by Sost/sclerostin and capable of controlling mineral homeostasis, we focused our attention on CAIII. Here, we report that CAIII is highly expressed in osteocytes, is regulated by parathyroid hormone both in vitro and in vivo, and protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.-Shi, C., Uda, Y., Dedic, C., Azab, E., Sun, N., Hussein, A. I., Petty, C. A., Fulzele, K., Mitterberger-Vogt, M. C., Zwerschke, W., Pereira, R., Wang, K., Divieti Pajevic, P. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuhei Uda
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Dedic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ehab Azab
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher A Petty
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renata Pereira
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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8
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van Lierop AH, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Papapoulos SE. Sclerostin deficiency in humans. Bone 2017; 96:51-62. [PMID: 27742500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease are two rare bone sclerosing dysplasias caused by genetic defects in the synthesis of sclerostin. In this article we review the demographic, clinical, biochemical, radiological, and histological characteristics of patients with sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease that led to a better understanding of the role of sclerostin in bone metabolism in humans and we discuss the relevance of these findings for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoon H van Lierop
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Niedźwiedzki T, Filipowska J. Bone remodeling in the context of cellular and systemic regulation: the role of osteocytes and the nervous system. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:R23-36. [PMID: 26307562 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes constant remodeling. The appropriate course of this process determines development and regeneration of the skeleton. Tight molecular control of bone remodeling is vital for the maintenance of appropriate physiology and microarchitecture of the bone, providing homeostasis, also at the systemic level. The process of remodeling is regulated by a rich innervation of the skeleton, being the source of various growth factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones regulating function of the bone. Although the course of bone remodeling at the cellular level is mainly associated with the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, recently also osteocytes have gained a growing interest as the principal regulators of bone turnover. Osteocytes play a significant role in the regulation of osteogenesis, releasing sclerostin (SOST), an inhibitor of bone formation. The process of bone turnover, especially osteogenesis, is also modulated by extra-skeletal molecules. Proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts are promoted by the brain-derived serotonin and hypothetically inhibited by its intestinal equivalent. The activity of SOST and serotonin is either directly or indirectly associated with the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the main regulatory pathway of osteoblasts function. The impairment of bone remodeling may lead to many skeletal diseases, such as high bone mass syndrome or osteoporosis. In this paper, we review the most recent data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling control, with particular emphasis on the role of osteocytes and the nervous system in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Niedźwiedzki
- Department of Orthopedics and PhysiotherapyCollegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, PolandDepartment of Cell Biology and ImagingInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Filipowska
- Department of Orthopedics and PhysiotherapyCollegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, PolandDepartment of Cell Biology and ImagingInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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10
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He W, Chen C, Pan C, Zhang M, Yu X, Wang D, Hu S. Sclerosteosis caused by a novel nonsense mutation of
SOST
in a consanguineous family. Clin Genet 2015; 89:205-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Tao He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Chu Pan
- Department of RadiologyTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Mu‐Xun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xue‐Feng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Wuhan P. R. China
| | | | - Shu‐Hong Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Wuhan P. R. China
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11
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Abstract
➤ Osteocytes, derived from osteoblasts, reside within bone and communicate extensively with other bone cell populations to regulate bone metabolism. The mature osteocyte expresses the protein sclerostin, a negative regulator of bone mass.➤ In normal physiologic states, the protein sclerostin acts on osteoblasts at the surface of bone and is differentially expressed in response to mechanical loading, inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandin E2, and hormones such as parathyroid hormone and estrogen.➤ Pathologically, sclerostin dysregulation has been observed in osteoporosis-related fractures, failure of implant osseous integration, metastatic bone disease, and select genetic diseases of bone mass.➤ An antibody that targets sclerostin, decreasing endogenous levels of sclerostin while increasing bone mineral density, is currently in phase-III clinical trials.➤ The osteocyte has emerged as a versatile, indispensable bone cell. Its location within bone, extensive dendritic network, and close communication with systemic circulation and other bone cells produce many opportunities to treat a variety of orthopaedic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn T. Compton
- Center for Orthopaedic Research at Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, Box #480 (J.T.C.), Black Building 1412 (F.Y.L.), New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for J.T. Compton: . E-mail address for F.Y. Lee:
| | - Francis Y. Lee
- Center for Orthopaedic Research at Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, Box #480 (J.T.C.), Black Building 1412 (F.Y.L.), New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for J.T. Compton: . E-mail address for F.Y. Lee:
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12
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Costa AG, Bilezikian JP, Lewiecki EM. Update on romosozumab : a humanized monoclonal antibody to sclerostin. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:697-707. [PMID: 24665957 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.895808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disorders with inactivating mutations of the SOST gene result in reduced or absent expression of sclerostin and are associated with high bone mass. Sclerostin is an important regulator of bone formation due to its inhibitory actions in the osteoanabolic Wnt signaling pathway. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of this signaling molecule have led to the development of a pharmacological inhibitor of sclerostin with potential clinical applications as an osteoanabolic drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. AREAS COVERED Romosozumab is the first humanized monoclonal sclerostin antibody to be tested in clinical trials. Similar to preclinical animal studies with sclerostin antibodies, initial clinical studies show that romosozumab increases bone formation and bone mineral density. EXPERT OPINION Blocking sclerostin action with romosozumab is a promising new therapeutic approach to osteoanabolic therapy of osteoporosis; efficacy and safety data on large controlled studies are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline G Costa
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit , 630 West 168th Street, NY 10032 , USA
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13
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Belkhribchia MR, Collet C, Laplanche JL, Hassani R. Novel SOST gene mutation in a sclerosteosis patient from Morocco: a case report. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:133-7. [PMID: 24594238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis (OMIM 269500) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by increased bone density associated with syndactyly. It is linked to a genetic defect in the SOST gene coding for sclerostin. So far, seven different loss-of-function mutations in SOST have been reported in patients with sclerosteosis. Recently, two mutations in LRP4 gene underlying sclerosteosis were identified, reflecting the genetic heterogeneity of this disease. We report here a 30-years-old Moroccan man presented with typical clinical and radiological features of sclerosteosis who carries a novel homozygous mutation in the SOST gene, characterized as a nonsense mutation (c.79C > T; p.Gln27∗) in exon 1 of the SOST gene. This is to our knowledge the first case of sclerosteosis reported from Morocco and North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Collet
- UF de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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14
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Kuipers AL, Zhang Y, Yu S, Kammerer CM, Nestlerode CS, Chu Y, Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Wheeler VW, Miljkovic I, Zmuda JM. Relative influence of heritability, environment and genetics on serum sclerostin. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:905-12. [PMID: 24136102 PMCID: PMC3948173 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY We determined factors associated with serum sclerostin in 446 Afro-Caribbean family members. Age, weight, sex, diabetes and kidney function were associated with sclerostin. Sclerostin was heritable, and nine SNPs in the SOST gene region were associated with sclerostin. Variation in serum sclerostin is a heritable factor that is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. INTRODUCTION Sclerostin, encoded by the SOST gene, is a Wnt inhibitor that regulates bone mineralization and is a candidate gene locus for osteoporosis. However, little is known about the genetic and non-genetic sources of inter-individual variation in serum sclerostin levels. METHODS Serum sclerostin was measured in 446 Afro-Caribbean men and women aged 18+ from seven large, multigenerational families (mean family size, 64; 3,840 relative pairs). Thirty-six common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped within a 100 kb region encompassing the gene encoding sclerostin (SOST). Genetic and non-genetic factors were tested for association with serum sclerostin. RESULTS Mean serum sclerostin was 41.3 pmol/l and was greater in men than in women (P < 0.05). Factors associated with higher serum sclerostin were increased age and body weight, male sex, diabetes and decreased glomerular filtration rate, which collectively accounted for 25.4 % of its variation. Residual genetic heritability of serum sclerostin was 0.393 (P < 0.0001). Nine SNPs reached nominal significance with sclerostin. Three of those nine SNPs represented independent association signals (rs851056, rs41455049 and rs9909172), which accounted for 7.8 % of the phenotypic variation in sclerostin, although none of these SNPs surpassed a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Serum sclerostin is a heritable trait that is also determined by environmental factors including age, sex, adiposity, diabetes and kidney function. Three independent common SNPs within the SOST region may collectively account for a significant proportion of the variation in serum sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,
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Tholpady S, Dodd ZH, Havlik RJ, Fulkerson DH. Cranial Reconstruction for Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension from Sclerosteosis: Case-Based Update. World Neurosurg 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhadada SK, Rastogi A, Steenackers E, Boudin E, Arya A, Dhiman V, Bhansali A, Van Hul W. Novel SOST gene mutation in a sclerosteosis patient and her parents. Bone 2013; 52:707-10. [PMID: 23079137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sclerosteosis (OMIM 269500) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by increased bone density associated with syndactyly. It is linked to a genetic defect in the SOST gene coding for sclerostin. So far, six different loss-of-function mutations in SOST have been reported in patients with sclerosteosis. Our objective was to sequence and identify mutation in the SOST and LRP5 genes which are known to be causal for craniotubular hyperostosis in a patient from India. PATIENT AND METHODS A 22year old woman presented with typical features of sclerosteosis in form of progressive visual and hearing loss, syndactyly and radiographs revealing increased density of bone. Genomic sequencing of the SOST gene as well as exons 2, 3 and 4 of the LRP5 gene was performed. RESULTS We identified a novel homozygous mutation in the (SOST) gene, characterized as one nucleotide insertion resulting in a frame shift mutation and loss of functional sclerostin. Her parents were also found to have a similar but heterozygous mutation in the (SOST) gene. CONCLUSION A novel frame shift mutation in the (SOST) gene causing loss of functional sclerostin was identified in a patient with sclerosteosis and her parents.
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Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the SOST gene cause a reduction in sclerostin levels and are associated with high bone mass. The clinical phenotypes, sclerosteosis and van Buchem's disease, were described in 1950s. Much later, it was learned that both diseases are due to loss-of-function mutations in the SOST gene. As a regulator of an important osteoanabolic pathway, Wnt, inactivation of SOST leads to a stimulation of the pathway it regulates. The high bone mass in patients with either sclerosteosis or van Buchem's disease is associated with unusual skeletal strength; they do not fracture. Knowledge of this molecule and its actions led rather quickly to the development of anti-sclerostin antibodies that lead to marked increases in bone mass in both animals and human subjects. Blocking sclerostin action with anti-sclerostin antibodies is a promising new therapeutic approach to osteoanabolic therapy of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline G Costa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Piters E, de Freitas F, Nielsen TL, Andersen M, Brixen K, Van Hul W. Association study of polymorphisms in the SOST gene region and parameters of bone strength and body composition in both young and elderly men: data from the Odense Androgen Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90:30-9. [PMID: 22076526 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
By means of different genetic association studies the SOST gene, encoding sclerostin, has repeatedly been suggested to regulate bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis susceptibility. This study aimed at a further understanding of the importance of two previously studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the SOST gene, rs10534024 (SRP3) and rs9902563 (SRP9), in the Odense Androgen Study (OAS) cohort. This cohort includes a total of 1,383 Danish men from two different age groups, 20-29 years (n = 783) and 60-74 years (n = 600), and is well characterized. Subjects were phenotyped for BMD at several sites and additionally for body composition and hip geometric parameters. In a combined analysis of the young and the elderly OAS, no associations were found for SRP3 either with BMD or with hip geometry. Instead, we found that this polymorphism had a relatively large effect on weight (-1.149 kg) and body mass index (-0.389 kg/m(2)) (P = 0.021 and 0.006 under a codominant model). For SRP9, a significant association was found for femoral neck BMD (+0.020 g/cm(2), P = 0.020) and a trend toward significance for hip geometry (buckling ratio of the narrow neck) but only when considering a recessive effect of the minor allele (C). No age-specific effects were found for either of the two SNPs. In summary, we are the first to find interesting associations between SRP3 and body composition. For SRP9, we replicated a site-specific association with femoral neck BMD. In addition, we report a novel association for this polymorphism with hip geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Piters
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43B, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Kim SJ, Bieganski T, Sohn YB, Kozlowski K, Semënov M, Okamoto N, Kim CH, Ko AR, Ahn GH, Choi YL, Park SW, Ki CS, Kim OH, Nishimura G, Unger S, Superti-Furga A, Jin DK. Identification of signal peptide domain SOST mutations in autosomal dominant craniodiaphyseal dysplasia. Hum Genet 2011; 129:497-502. [PMID: 21221996 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis and Van Buchem disease are related recessive sclerosing bone dysplasias caused by alterations in the SOST gene. We tested the hypothesis that craniodiaphyseal dysplasia (CDD) (MIM 122860), an extremely rare sclerosing bone dysplasia resulting facial distortion referred to as "leontiasis ossea", could also be caused by SOST mutations. We discovered mutations c.61G>A (Val21Met) and c.61G>T (Val21Leu) two children with CDD. As these mutations are located in the secretion signal of the SOST gene, we tested their effect on secretion by transfecting the mutant constructs into 293E cells. Intriguingly, these mutations greatly reduced the secretion of SOST. We conclude that CDD, the most severe form of sclerotic bone disease, is part of a spectrum of disease caused by mutations in SOST. Unlike the other SOST-related conditions, sclerosteosis and Van Buchem disease that are inherited as recessive traits seem to be caused by a dominant negative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Center for Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Trivedi R, Goswami R, Chattopadhyay N. Investigational anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:995-1005. [PMID: 20629616 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.501077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Anabolic therapy, or stimulating the function of bone-forming osteoblasts, is the preferred pharmacological intervention for osteoporosis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We reviewed bone anabolic agents currently under active investigation. The bone anabolic potential of IGF-I and parathyroid hormone-related protein is discussed in the light of animal data and human studies. We also discuss the use of antagonists of the calcium-sensing receptor (calcilytics) as orally administered small molecules capable of transiently elevating serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). Further, we reviewed novel anabolic agents targeting members of the wingless tail (Wnt) signaling family that regulate bone formation including DKK-1, sclerostin, Thp1, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. We have also followed up on the promise shown by beta-blockers in modulating the activity of sympathetic nervous system, thus affecting bone anabolism. We give critical consideration to neutralizing the activity of activin A, a negative regulator of bone mass by soluble activin receptor IIA, as a strategy to promote bone formation. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Update on various strategies to promote osteoblast function currently under evaluation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In spite of favorable results in experimental models, none of these strategies has yet achieved the ultimate goal of providing an alternative to injectable PTH, the sole anabolic therapy in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Trivedi
- Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Division of Endocrinology, Lucknow, India.
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Moester MJC, Papapoulos SE, Löwik CWGM, van Bezooijen RL. Sclerostin: current knowledge and future perspectives. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:99-107. [PMID: 20473488 PMCID: PMC2903685 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years study of rare human bone disorders has led to the identification of important signaling pathways that regulate bone formation. Such diseases include the bone sclerosing dysplasias sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease, which are due to deficiency of sclerostin, a protein secreted by osteocytes that inhibits bone formation by osteoblasts. The restricted expression pattern of sclerostin in the skeleton and the exclusive bone phenotype of good quality of patients with sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease provide the basis for the design of therapeutics that stimulate bone formation. We review here current knowledge of the regulation of the expression and formation of sclerostin, its mechanism of action, and its potential as a bone-building treatment for patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. C. Moester
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S. E. Papapoulos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C. W. G. M. Löwik
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. L. van Bezooijen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bone morphogenetic protein and growth differentiation factor cytokine families and their protein antagonists. Biochem J 2010; 429:1-12. [PMID: 20545624 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) and the GDFs (growth and differentiation factors) together form a single family of cystine-knot cytokines, sharing the characteristic fold of the TGFbeta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily. Besides the ability to induce bone formation, which gave the BMPs their name, the BMP/GDFs display morphogenetic activities in the development of a wide range of tissues. BMP/GDF homo- and hetero-dimers interact with combinations of type I and type II receptor dimers to produce multiple possible signalling complexes, leading to the activation of one of two competing sets of SMAD transcription factors. BMP/GDFs have highly specific and localized functions. These are regulated in a number of ways, including the developmental restriction of BMP/GDF expression and through the secretion of several specific BMP antagonist proteins that bind with high affinity to the cytokines. Curiously, a number of these antagonists are also members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Finally a number of both the BMP/GDFs and their antagonists interact with the heparan sulphate side chains of cell-surface and extracellular-matrix proteoglycans.
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