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Özkadı T, Demirkan E, Can S, Alagöz I, Demir E. Contribution of motoric and anthropometric components to the fifty-meter four swimming styles: Model approaches. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Effects of Anthropometric Growth and Basketball Experience on Physical Performance in Pre-Adolescent Male Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072196. [PMID: 32218293 PMCID: PMC7178209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During pre-adolescence, several variables connected to growth and weight status could influence physical performance and technical skills. This study aims to assess the influence of growth-related anthropometric changes, weight status, and basketball experience on physical performance in pre-adolescent basketball players. The sample consisted of 50 male basketball players (12.2 ± 0.4 years-old) included in the U-13 category. Anthropometric characteristics were collected using standard procedures. Physical performance was evaluated by 20 m Dash, T-test, squat jump, countermovement jump, and medicine ball throw. In order to assess growth-related changes, we conducted two surveys within a 10-week time span. Student’s t-test was used to compare the data collected in the two surveys and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the effects of growth, weight status, and basketball experience on performance. After 10 weeks there was a significant increase in FFM (Fat-Free Mass) and a significant decrease in fat parameters. Moreover, between the two surveys, all motor tests significantly improved. The results of linear regression models showed that changes in %F (percentage of body fat) were significantly associated with speed and agility, while handgrip strength and weight status were associated with upper limb explosive strength. Basketball experience was a significant predictor of all three motor tests. In conclusion, body composition changes, years of experience, and weight status influenced physical performance and players’ motor skills ability, especially speed, agility, and upper limb explosive strength.
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Pastuszak A, Gajewski J, Buśko K. The impact of skinfolds measurement on somatotype determination in Heath-Carter method. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222100. [PMID: 31491012 PMCID: PMC6730994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aim was to determine if a difference exists in skinfold thickness measured by two interchangeable approaches; (1) supraspinale skinfold recommended in the Heath-Carter method and (2) iliac crest skinfold measurement. The question arises as to whether each approach has a similar or different effect on endomorphy determination, and whether there is a possibility to estimate the supraspinale skinfold based on other skinfold measurements. METHODS A group of 186 male and 161 female students participated in this study. Anthropometric examination included all somatic measurements, as recommended in the Heath-Carter protocol, and the iliac crest skinfold measurement. Estimation of the supraspinale skinfold was performed based on the multiple linear regression procedure. RESULTS Skinfold thickness measured in the supraspinale and iliac crest differed (p<0.001) in both men (5.41±1.65 mm and 9.55±4.05 mm, respectively) and women (8.87±4.08 mm and 15.20±6.85 mm), respectively. Endomorphy was significantly higher (0.46 in men, 0.63 in women) when the iliac crest skinfold was used. Subscapular skinfold and iliac crest skinfolds were included in the linear regression model for supraspinale skinfold estimation (R2 = 0.724, SE = 0.9 mm and R2 = 0.947, SE = 2.3 mm for men and women, respectively). CONCLUSION Two common skinfold approaches produced different measurements between the supraspinale and iliac crest skinfolds, which subsequently affected estimated endomorphy. Regression equations for supraspinale skinfold enabled correction of endomorphy in the case of improperly applied measurement (i.e. iliac crest) and thus, could allow for uniform somatotype estimation according to Carter and Heath approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastuszak
- Team Projects, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Department of Statistics and Information Technology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Performance prediction models based on anthropometric, genetic and psychological traits of Croatian sprinters. Biol Sport 2018; 36:17-23. [PMID: 30899135 PMCID: PMC6413579 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes differ from each other in their characteristics according to their discipline. This study aimed to identify performance predictors in elite Croatian sprinters taking into consideration their anthropometric, psychological and genetic characteristics. One hundred and four elite Croatian sprinters (68 males and 36 females) participated in this study. Of them, 38 are currently competing in the 100-metre dash. The others are former sprinters. The participants underwent direct anthropometric assessment. Participants were also tested by means of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and for ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify the best model for performance prediction. Different models were developed for males and females. Anthropometric traits accounted for 44% of the variance in performance for males, 62% for females. Once other traits (psychological for females) were entered into the model, no additional contribution to the variance was observed. The most significant predictors of higher running velocity were bicristal diameter and foot dimensions in males, and leg length and clean one-repetition maximum in females. The findings suggest that performance in sprinters is associated with anthropometric characteristics, with biomechanical implications that may be used to provide a more complete evaluation of sprinters' performance.
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Ryan-Stewart H, Faulkner J, Jobson S. The influence of somatotype on anaerobic performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197761. [PMID: 29787610 PMCID: PMC5963773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between athlete physique and performance in sports is well established. However, a direct link between somatotype three-numeral rating and anaerobic performance has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess the relations between somatotype and anaerobic performance using both singular and multivariate analyses. Thirty-six physically active males (mean ± standard deviation age 26.0 ± 9.8 years; body mass 79.5 ± 12.9 kg; height 1.82 ± 0.07 m) were somatotype-rated using the Heath-Carter method. Subjects were assessed for 3 repetition maximum (3 RM) bench press and back squat, and completed a 30-second maximal sprint cycle test. Positive correlations were observed between mesomorphy and 3 RM bench press (r = 0.560, p < 0.001), mesomorphy and 3 RM back squat (r = 0.550, p = 0.001) and between mesomorphy and minimum power output (r = 0.357, p = 0.033). Negative correlations were observed between ectomorphy and 3 RM bench press (r = -0.381, p = 0.022), and ectomorphy and 3 RM back squat (r = -0.336, p = 0.045). Individual regression analysis indicated that mesomorphy was the best predictor of 3 RM bench press performance, with 31.4% of variance in 3 RM bench press performance accounted for by the mesomorphy rating (p < 0.001). A combination of mesomorphy and ectomorphy best predicted 3 RM back squat performance (R2 = 0.388, p < 0.04). Around one third of strength performance is predicted by somatotype-assessed physique in physically active males. This could have important implications for the identification of those predisposed to perform well in sports containing strength-based movements and prescription of training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ryan-Stewart
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James Faulkner
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Jobson
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom
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Sterkowicz-Przybycien K, Gualdi-Russo E. Evaluation of somatotype in artistic gymnastics competitors: a meta-analytical approach. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:449-455. [PMID: 29619801 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on the anthropometric characteristics of athletes have a long history, but there are no published reviews on the somatotype of artistic gymnasts. Practitioners and professional coaches can gain guidance from improved understanding of the ideal body constitution and the impact of high-intensity training since preadolescence on body build. The present review is designed to provide this information. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Academic Search Complete, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were searched in January 2017. All studies on the body composition of male artistic gymnasts were included. We identified 19 studies assessing somatotype in male gymnasts. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We found high heterogeneity of somatotype components between younger gymnasts (≤18 years) and older gymnasts (>18 years) (1.6±0.3, 5.4±0.8, 3.0±0.6 vs. 1.8±0.4, 5.9±0.6, 2.2±0.4). Four different somatotypes resulted from the literature analysis, and ectomorphic mesomorph was the prevalent somatotype in both younger and older athletes. The main result showed a significant difference in ectomorphy (lower in older gymnasts than in younger gymnasts). CONCLUSIONS Proper interpretation of the literature data may inform future research and enable professional coaches to longitudinally monitor gymnasts' somatotype components during growth and in talent identification. More research is needed to better understand the most suitable somatotype variations related to the different apparatuses used in artistic gymnastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
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Yoon J, Nam J, Leem CH, Kim JY. Body composition and personality traits in so-Yang type males. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:417. [PMID: 28830412 PMCID: PMC5568216 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to examine the body composition of So-Yang type males according to Sasang constitutional medicine, which is popular in Korea. Different Sasang constitutional types are associated with different muscle distributions, body shapes, and disease susceptibilities. We used the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) as a measure of the temperament of each Sasang type. METHODS In total, 953 subjects aged over 20 years were recruited in Korea. We collected anthropometric parameters and bioimpedence information from the subjects and administered the SPQ. A logistic regression was conducted to calculate propensity scores. RESULTS The percentage of skeletal muscle mass in So-Yang (SY) and non-So-Yang (non-SY) males was 45.8 ± 2.7 and 44.2 ± 3.3, respectively, before matching and 45.8 ± 2.6 and 44.9 ± 3.0, respectively, after propensity score matching. The extracellular water (ECW)/intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW)/total body water (TBW) ratios and SPQ scores were significantly different between the SY and non-SY types. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the SY type may be significantly and independently associated with body composition and could be associated with personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yoon
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hun Leem
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 43-Gil Olympic-Ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
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Novoa-Vignau M, Salas-Fraire O, Salas-Longoria K, Hernández-Suárez G, Menchaca-Pérez M. A comparison of anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes in a group of elite climbers, recreational climbers and non-climbers. MEDICINA UNIVERSITARIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmu.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Conchola EC, Smith-Ryan AE, Thompson BJ, Sobolewski EJ, Ryan ED. Occupational differences for nutrient intake and physical-activity levels in young and middle-aged men. Work 2016; 55:187-196. [PMID: 27567793 DOI: 10.3233/wor-162371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical demands may vary between white collar and blue collar occupations when evaluating specific physiological differences such as one's weight, body mass index and body fat percentage. OBJECTIVE To explore nutritional, anthropometric, and physical-activity differences between young and middle-aged WC and BC workers. METHODS Ninety-one male participants aged 19-64 that were either WC and/or BC workers completed a 3-day food recall, modified Baecke Questionnaire, and had their height, weight, body mass index and body fat percentage measured. Participants were classified as: young-white-collar, young-blue-collar, middle-white-collar or middle-blue-collar workers. RESULTS No nutritional differences within ages or between occupations were reported. Body mass index and body fat percentage were lower for young vs. middle-aged workers. Lastly, physical-activity at work was higher for young and middle-aged Blue collar workers, while White collar workers participated in more physical activity outside of work. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that the observed increases in body fat percentage and body mass index with age, are independent of occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Conchola
- Department of Wellness, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eric J Sobolewski
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gutnik B, Zuoza A, Zuozienė I, Alekrinskis A, Nash D, Scherbina S. Body physique and dominant somatotype in elite and low-profile athletes with different specializations. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2015; 51:247-52. [PMID: 26424190 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Somatotyping is helpful in sports in which the body shape could influence the resulting performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the somatotype of high profile Lithuanian athletes in kayaking, basketball and football and to compare between disciplines and with low level sportsmen of the same age. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 young male sportsmen aged from 18 to 24 years were divided into three groups (kayakers, basketball and football players). Each group contained almost equal numbers of low level and elite, international level sportsmen. Anthropometric measurements of the players were used to establish somatotypes. RESULTS The greatest difference was observed in the mesomorphic component of elite kayakers compared to the low profile sportsmen. Mesomorphy could also be used to predict sport ability. The range of mesomorphy for elite footballers was from 0 to 4.6, for basketball players from 4.6 to 5.9, and for kayaking, from 5.9 and higher. Individual groups of elite sportsmen displayed different modes of somatotype. The kayakers were predominantly endomorphic; the basketball players mostly endomorphic and the footballers most often ectomorphic. No distinguishable patterns of somatotype were displayed by the low level sportsmen. CONCLUSIONS Morphometric characteristics of the athlete's body and the fractional somatotype can be used as guiders and markers of the chosen sport and method of training. The results emphasize the necessity for a specific somatotype to reach a high profile in the selected area of sport and thus support morphometric oriented studies. Further studies could elucidate differentiation by age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gutnik
- Physiology Department, Russian State Medical Research University by Pyrogov, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aurelijus Zuoza
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Zuozienė
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Derek Nash
- Department of Nursing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ibáñez ME, Mereu E, Buffa R, Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L, Cossu S, Rebato E, Marini E. New specific bioelectrical impedance vector reference values for assessing body composition in the Italian-Spanish young adult population. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:871-6. [PMID: 25892076 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (spBIVA) is a recently proposed technique for the analysis of body composition. The aim of this study was to apply spBIVA to a sample of Italian and Spanish young adults and to define the new bioelectrical references for this Western Mediterranean population. METHODS A sample of 440 individuals (220 from Italy, 220 from Spain; 213 men, 227 women) aged 18-30 years was considered. Anthropometric (height, weight, relaxed upper arm, waist, and calf girths) and bioelectrical (resistance, reactance; 50 kHz, 800 μA) measurements were taken. In order to verify the need for new references, specific bioelectrical values were compared to the reference values for U.S. adults and Italian elderly by tolerance ellipses and Student's t test. RESULTS The mean specific bioelectrical values (resistivity, Rsp, and reactivity, Xcsp, Ohm·cm) were: Rsp (332.7 ± 41.7 Ω·cm), Xcsp (44.4 ± 6.8 Ω·cm), Zsp (335.6 ± 41.9 Ω·cm) and phase (7.6 ± 0.8°) in men; Rsp (388.6 ± 60 Ω·cm), Xcsp (43.7 ± 7.5 Ω·cm), Zsp (391.0 ± 60.3 Ω·cm) and phase (6.4 ± 0.7°) in women. Italo-Spanish bioelectrical vectors were mainly distributed (>90%) in the lower part of the tolerance ellipses for U.S. young adults, due to a shorter impedance (P < 0.001), indicative of a lower percent fat mass. Compared to Italian elders, they were mainly located in the left side (>90%), due to a higher phase (P < 0.001), indicative of higher body cell mass. CONCLUSIONS These population and age-related differences indicate the need for new specific tolerance ellipses that can be used as references for assessing body composition in young adults from Western Mediterranean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Ibáñez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Elena Mereu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042, (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Roberto Buffa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042, (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Stefano Cossu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042, (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Esther Rebato
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042, (Cagliari), Italy
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Zaccagni L, Barbieri D, Cogo A, Gualdi-Russo E. Anthropometric and Body Composition Changes during Expeditions at High Altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 15:176-82. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2013.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Division of Exercise Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Barbieri
- Division of Exercise Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Division of Exercise Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Sport Biomedical Study Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Division of Exercise Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Sport Biomedical Study Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Zaccagni L, Barbieri D, Gualdi-Russo E. Body composition and physical activity in Italian university students. J Transl Med 2014; 12:120. [PMID: 24885945 PMCID: PMC4025557 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased sedentary lifestyle and prevalence of overweight/obesity are common in western countries. The purposes of this study were (i) to assess the main health-related anthropometric characteristics in a sample of students in relation to sex, amount of physical activity and sport discipline, and (ii) to investigate the accuracy of the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-to-Stature Ratio (WSR) as indicators of body fat percentage (%F) in young adults. Methods 734 university students, both sexes, participated in the present research. A self-administered questionnaire acquired socio-demographic information (sex, age) and sport participation (hours/week, sport discipline). Anthropometric measurements and grip strength values were acquired according to standardized procedures. Body composition was assessed by means of the skinfold method. Results Most students had normal BMI, WSR and %F. There were significant statistical differences in all anthropometric traits between the two sexes. One-way ANOVAs within sex showed statistically significant differences in biceps skinfold, waist circumference (WC), WSR, body density (BD), %F and fat mass (FM) among different levels of physical activity in males; and in weight, BMI, arm girths and fat free mass (FFM) in females. One-way ANOVAs within sex showed statistically significant differences in arm girths, grip strength and FFM among different sport disciplines in males, and in height, weight, BMI, WC, relaxed arm girth, grip strength, FM and FFM in females. Despite the significant and positive correlation of BMI and WSR with %F both indices had poor sensitivity. Conclusions Physical activity plays an important role in body composition parameters: the most active males had the least amount of FM and the most active females had the greatest amount of FFM. BMI and WSR are not accurate indices of adiposity in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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