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Lin Y, Yan J, Guo X, Lin H, Ruan C, Dai Y, Wang S, Cao Y, Xiang Q, Yang M, Liu W, Chen L. Effects of Exercise Training Under Hypoxia Versus Normoxia on Cognitive Function in Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 105:975-987. [PMID: 37660776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of exercise training under hypoxia versus normoxia on cognitive function in clinical and non-clinical populations. DATA SOURCES From inception to June 13th, 2022, a systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of exercise under hypoxic vs normoxic on cognition in clinical and non-clinical populations were included. The systematic search generated 14,894 relevant studies, of which 12 were finally included. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data from included studies. Results were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Each included study was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 1.0 (RoB1.0) tool. Finally, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to rate the certainty of evidence for each outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS Overall, 12 studies with a total of 338 participants met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results suggested that hypoxia exercise had a small but not statistically significant positive effect on overall cognitive function (SMD=0.064, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.156-0.284, P=.567, very low-certainty evidence), when compared with normoxic exercise. Regarding the domain-specific cognitive functions, there was a medium and significant positive effect on memory (SMD=0.594, 95% CI: 0.068 to 1.120, P=.027, very low-certainty evidence), while effects on visuospatial function (SMD=0.490, 95% CI: -0.030 to 1.010, P=.065, very low-certainty evidence), attention (SMD=0.037, 95% CI: -0.340 to 0.414, P=.847, very low-certainty evidence), executive function (SMD=0.096, 95% CI: -0.268 to 0.460, P=.605, very low-certainty evidence), and processing speed (SMD=-0.145, 95% CI: -0.528 to 0.239, P=.459, very low-certainty evidence) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The current pooled results revealed that hypoxic exercise was related to improved cognitive performance. Nevertheless, exercise under hypoxia did not have a significant advantage in cognitive promotion when compared with exercise under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jiamin Yan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Xiaoqin Guo
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huawei Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Chendong Ruan
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Sinuo Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Qing Xiang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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Zani A, Crotti N, Marzorati M, Senerchia A, Proverbio AM. Acute hypoxia alters visuospatial attention orienting: an electrical neuroimaging study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22746. [PMID: 38123610 PMCID: PMC10733389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study investigated the effects of hypoxia on visuospatial attention processing during preparation for a single/double-choice motor response. ERPs were recorded in two sessions in which participants breathed either ambient-air or oxygen-impoverished air. During each session, participants performed four cue-target attention orienting and/or alerting tasks. Replicating the classic findings of valid visuospatial attentional orienting modulation, ERPs to pre-target cues elicited both an Anterior directing attention negativity (ADAN)/CNV and a posterior Late directing attention positivity (LDAP)/TP, which in ambient air were larger for attention orienting than for alerting. Hypoxia increased the amplitude of both these potentials in the spatial orienting conditions for the upper visual hemifield, while, for the lower hemifield, it increased ADAN/CNV, but decreased LDAP/TP for the same attention conditions. To these ERP changes corresponded compensatory enhanced activation of right anterior cingulate cortex, left superior parietal lobule and frontal gyrus, as well as detrimental effects of hypoxia on behavioral overt performance. Together, these findings reveal for the first time, to our knowledge, that (1) these reversed alterations of the activation patterns during the time between cue and target occur at a larger extent in hypoxia than in air, and (2) acute normobaric hypoxia alters visuospatial attention orienting shifting in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zani
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58-60, 20132, Milan, MI, Italy.
| | - N Crotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan (MI), Italy
| | - M Marzorati
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR ITB), Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - A Senerchia
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan (MI), Italy
| | - A M Proverbio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan (MI), Italy
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Bloomfield PM, Fisher JP, Shaw DM, Gant N. Cocoa flavanols protect cognitive function, cerebral oxygenation, and mental fatigue during severe hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:475-484. [PMID: 37471213 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00219.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that ingestion of cocoa flavanols would improve cognition during acute hypoxia equivalent to 5,500 m altitude (partial pressure of end-tidal oxygen = 45 mmHg). Using placebo-controlled double-blind trials, 12 participants ingested 15 mg·kg-1 of cocoa flavanols 90 min before completing cognitive tasks during normoxia and either poikilocapnic or isocapnic hypoxia (partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide uncontrolled or maintained at the baseline value, respectively). Cerebral oxygenation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Overall cognition was impaired by poikilocapnic hypoxia (main effect of hypoxia, P = 0.008). Cocoa flavanols improved a measure of overall cognitive performance by 4% compared with placebo (effect of flavanols, P = 0.033) during hypoxia, indicating a change in performance from "low average" to "average." The hypoxia-induced decrease in cerebral oxygenation was two-fold greater with placebo than with cocoa flavanols (effect of flavanols, P = 0.005). Subjective fatigue was increased by 900% with placebo compared with flavanols during poikilocapnic hypoxia (effect of flavanols, P = 0.004). Overall cognition was impaired by isocapnic hypoxia (effect of hypoxia, P = 0.001) but was not improved by cocoa flavanols (mean improvement = 1%; effect of flavanols, P = 0.72). Reaction time was impaired by 8% with flavanols during normoxia and further impaired by 11% during isocapnic hypoxia (effect of flavanols, P = 0.01). Our findings are the first to show that flavanol-mediated improvements in cognition and mood during normoxia persist during severe oxygen deprivation, conferring a neuroprotective effect.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show for the first time that cocoa flavanols exert a neuroprotective effect during severe hypoxia. Following acute cocoa flavanol ingestion, we observed improvements in cognition, cerebral oxygenation, and subjective fatigue during normoxia and severe poikilocapnic hypoxia. Cocoa flavanols did not improve cognition during severe isocapnic hypoxia, suggesting a possible interaction with carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bloomfield
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Manaaki Mānawa - The Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M Shaw
- Aviation Medicine Unit, Royal New Zealand Air Force Base Auckland, Whenuapai, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Five Days of Tart Cherry Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance in Normobaric Hypoxia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020388. [PMID: 36678258 PMCID: PMC9864878 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown tart cherry (TC) to improve exercise performance in normoxia. The effect of TC on hypoxic exercise performance is unknown. This study investigated the effects of 5 days of tart cherry (TC) or placebo (PL) supplementation on hypoxic exercise performance. Thirteen healthy participants completed an incremental cycle exercise test to exhaustion (TTE) under two conditions: (i) hypoxia (13% O2) with PL and (ii) hypoxia with TC (200 mg anthocyanin per day for 4 days and 100 mg on day 5). Pulmonary gas exchange variables, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in the vastus lateralis muscle were measured at rest and during exercise. Urinary 8-hydro-2′ deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion was evaluated pre-exercise and 1 and 5 h post-exercise. The TTE after TC (940 ± 84 s, mean ± standard deviation) was longer than after PL (912 ± 63 s, p < 0.05). During submaximal hypoxic exercise, HHb was lower and StO2 and SpO2 were higher after TC than PL. Moreover, a significant interaction (supplements × time) in urinary 8-OHdG excretion was found (p < 0.05), whereby 1 h post-exercise increases in urinary 8-OHdG excretion tended to be attenuated after TC. These findings indicate that short-term dietary TC supplementation improved hypoxic exercise tolerance, perhaps due to lower HHb and higher StO2 in the working muscles during submaximal exercise.
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Horiuchi M, Dobashi S, Kiuchi M, Fukuoka Y, Koyama K. Hypoxic-induced resting ventilatory and circulatory responses under multistep hypoxia is related to decline in peak aerobic capacity in hypoxia. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:36. [PMID: 36280884 PMCID: PMC9590180 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several factors have been shown to contribute to hypoxic-induced declined in aerobic capacity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of resting hypoxic ventilatory and cardiac responses (HVR and HCR) on hypoxic-induced declines in peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak). Methods Peak oxygen uptakes was measured in normobaric normoxia (room air) and hypoxia (14.1% O2) for 10 young healthy men. The resting HVR and HCR were evaluated at multiple steps of hypoxia (1 h at each of 21, 18, 15 and 12% O2). Arterial desaturation (ΔSaO2) was calculate by the difference between SaO2 at normoxia—at each level of hypoxia (%). HVR was calculate by differences in pulmonary ventilation between normoxia and each level of hypoxia against ΔSaO2 (L min−1 %−1 kg−1). Similarly, HCR was calculated by differences in heart rate between normoxia and each level of hypoxia against ΔSaO2 (beats min−1 %−1). Results \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak significantly decreased in hypoxia by 21% on average (P < 0.001). HVR was not associated with changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak. ΔSaO2 from normoxia to 18% or 15% O2 and HCR between normoxia and 12% O2 were associated with changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{\mathrm V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak (P < 0.05, respectively). The most optimal model using multiple linear regression analysis found that ΔHCR at 12% O2 and ΔSaO2 at 15% O2 were explanatory variables (adjusted R2 = 0.580, P = 0.02). Conclusion These results suggest that arterial desaturation at moderate hypoxia and heart rate responses at severe hypoxia may account for hypoxic-induced declines in peak aerobic capacity, but ventilatory responses may be unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- grid.419589.80000 0001 0725 4036Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Shiromizu town 1, Kanoya city, Kagoshima, 8912393 Japan ,Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Kami-yoshida 5597-1, Fuji-yoshida city, Yamanashi, 4030005 Japan
| | - Shohei Dobashi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School of Education, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Hiraka-gakuendai 1-1, Inzai city, Chiba, 2701695 Japan
| | - Masataka Kiuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- grid.255178.c0000 0001 2185 2753Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Tatara-miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe city, Kyoto, 6100394 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-4-37, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008510 Japan ,grid.444168.b0000 0001 2161 7710Faculty of Sport Science, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Sakaori 2-4-5, Kofu city, Yamanashi, 4008575 Japan
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Sprint Interval Exercise Improves Cognitive Performance Unrelated to Postprandial Glucose Fluctuations at Different Levels of Normobaric Hypoxia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113159. [PMID: 35683546 PMCID: PMC9181000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of our study was to examine cognition response to sprint interval exercise (SIE) against different levels of hypoxia. Research design and methods: 26 recreational active males performed SIE (20 × 6 s of all-out cycling bouts, 15 s of passive recovery) under normoxia (FIO2: 0.209), moderate hypoxia (FIO2: 0.154), and severe hypoxia (FIO2: 0.112) in a single-blinded crossover design. Cognitive function and blood glucose were assessed before and after 0, 10, 30, and 60 min of the SIE. Heart rate (HR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, the Borg 6−20-point scale) during each SIE trial were recorded before and immediately after every five cycling bouts, and after 0, 10, 30, and 60 min of the SIE. Results: All the three SIE trials had a significantly faster overall reaction time in the Stroop test at 10 min after exercise as compared to that of the baseline value (p = 0.003, ƞ2 = 0.606), and returned to normal after 60 min. The congruent RT at 10 min after SIE was significantly shorter than that of the baseline (p < 0.05, ƞ2 = 0.633), while the incongruent RT at both 10 min and 30 min were significantly shorter than that measured at baseline (p < 0.05, ƞ2 = 0.633). No significant differences in terms of accuracy were found across the three trials at any time points (p = 0.446, ƞ2 = 0.415). Blood glucose was significantly reduced at 10 min and was sustained for at least 60 min after SIE when compared to pre-exercise in all trials (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Acute SIE improved cognitive function regardless of oxygen conditions, and the sustained improvement following SIE could last for at least 10−30 min and was unaffected by the altered blood glucose level.
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Intensity-dependent acute aerobic exercise: Effect on reactive control of attentional functions in acclimatized lowlanders at high altitude. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113785. [PMID: 35346735 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human attentional function is sensitive to hypoxia. However, little is known about whether and how attentional function is altered after acute aerobic exercise at high altitude, especially for acclimatized lowlanders. In this study, we used the Attention Network Test (ANT) to measure alerting, orienting, and executive control functions and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) with a different proportion of incongruent trials to investigate proactive and reactive control of executive function. We randomly divided the sample of 160 Tibetan lowlanders who had lived in the highlands for more than two years into four groups. Each of three groups performed 20 min of low-, moderate-, or high-intensity acute aerobic exercise, separately, and a control group watched a 20-min documentary. The ANT and SCWT were conducted before and after exercise or watching the documentary. The results indicated that the executive control effects of the three experimental groups significantly decreased and, in the posttest, the executive control effects of the high-intensity group were lower than those of the low-intensity group. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moderate- and high-intensity groups was increased significantly in the blocks containing 25% incongruent trials of SCWT task. These results suggest that the acute aerobic exercise at high altitude will improve the reactive control of attentional functions in acclimatized lowlanders, and the intensity may play an important role in the exercise-cognition interaction at high altitude.
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Muñoz S, Nazzal C, Jimenez D, Frenz P, Flores P, Alcantara-Zapata D, Marchetti N. Health Effects of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia at a High Altitude among Chilean Miners: Rationale, Design, and Baseline Results of a Longitudinal Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:908-918. [PMID: 34435202 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the health effects on mining workers of exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) at high- and very high-altitude mining compared with similar work at lower altitudes in Chile, and it also aims to constitute the baseline of a 5-year follow-up study. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional study to assess health conditions in 483 miners working at 2 levels of altitude exposure: 336 working at a very high or high altitude (HA; 247 above 3900-4400 m, and 89 at 3000-3900 m), and 147 below 2400 m. Subjects were randomly selected in two stages. First, a selection of mines from a census of mines in each altitude stratum was made. Secondly, workers with less than 2 years of employment at each of the selected mines were recruited. The main outcomes measured at the baseline were mountain sickness, sleep alterations, hypertension, body mass index, and neurocognitive functions. RESULTS Prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was 28.4% in the very high-altitude stratum (P = 0.0001 compared with the low stratum), and 71.7% experienced sleep disturbance (P = 0.02). The adjusted odds ratio for AMS was 9.2 (95% confidence interval: 5.2-16.3) when compared with the very high- and low-altitude groups. Motor processing speed and spatial working memory score were lower for the high-altitude group. Hypertension was lower in the highest-altitude subjects, which may be attributed to preoccupational screening even though this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Despite longer periods of acclimatization to CIH, subjects continue to present AMS and sleep disturbance. Compromise of executive functions was detected, including working memory at HA. Further rigorous research is warranted to understand long-term health impacts of high-altitude mining, and to provide evidence-based policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz
- Department of Public Health-CIGES, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, 01145 Av. Francisco Salazar, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carolina Nazzal
- Program of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 939 Av. Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Jimenez
- Program of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 939 Av. Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Frenz
- Program of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 939 Av. Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Flores
- Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry Department, Catholic University of Chile, 12351 Camino El Alba, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida Vitacura 5951, Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Diana Alcantara-Zapata
- Program of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 939 Av. Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nella Marchetti
- Program of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 939 Av. Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Jung M, Zou L, Yu JJ, Ryu S, Kong Z, Yang L, Kang M, Lin J, Li H, Smith L, Loprinzi PD. Does exercise have a protective effect on cognitive function under hypoxia? A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:562-577. [PMID: 32325144 PMCID: PMC7749263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine (1) the independent effects of hypoxia on cognitive function and (2) the effects of exercise on cognition while under hypoxia. METHODS Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled studies that investigated the effects of chronic or acute exercise on cognition under hypoxia were considered (Aim 2), as were studies investigating the effects of hypoxia on cognition (Aim 1). RESULTS In total, 18 studies met our inclusionary criteria for the systematic review, and 12 studies were meta-analyzed. Exposure to hypoxia impaired attentional ability (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.4), executive function (SMD = -0.18), and memory function (SMD = -0.26), but not information processing (SMD = 0.27). Aggregated results indicated that performing exercise under a hypoxia setting had a significant effect on cognitive improvement (SMD = 0.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.14 - 0.45, I2 = 54%, p < 0.001). Various characteristics (e.g., age, cognitive task type, exercise type, exercise intensity, training type, and hypoxia level) moderated the effects of hypoxia and exercise on cognitive function. CONCLUSION Exercise during exposure to hypoxia improves cognitive function. This association appears to be moderated by individual and exercise/hypoxia-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hong Li
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise and Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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Piotrowicz Z, Chalimoniuk M, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M, Langfort J. Exercise-Induced Elevated BDNF Level Does Not Prevent Cognitive Impairment Due to Acute Exposure to Moderate Hypoxia in Well-Trained Athletes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155569. [PMID: 32759658 PMCID: PMC7432544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acute hypoxia causes a detrimental effect on the brain which is also manifested by a decrease in the ability to perform psychomotor tasks. Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose levels are elevated in response to exercise, is a well-known factor in improving cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the exercise under hypoxic conditions affects psychomotor performance. For this purpose, 11 healthy young athletes performed a graded cycloergometer exercise test to volitional exhaustion under normoxia and acute mild hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.7%). Before, immediately after exercise and after a period of recovery, choice reaction time (CRT) and number of correct reactions (NCR) in relation to changes in serum BDNF were examined. Additionally, other selected factors which may modify BDNF production, i.e., cortisol (C), nitrite, catecholamines (adrenalin-A, noradrenaline-NA, dopamine-DA, serotonin-5-HT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), were also measured. Exercise in hypoxic conditions extended CRT by 13.8% (p < 0.01) and decreased NCR (by 11.5%) compared to rest (p < 0.05). During maximal workload, NCR was lower by 9% in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). BDNF increased immediately after exercise in normoxia (by 29.3%; p < 0.01), as well as in hypoxia (by 50.0%; p < 0.001). There were no differences in BDNF between normoxia and hypoxia. Considering the fact that similar levels of BDNF were seen in both conditions but cognitive performance was suppressed in hypoxia, acute elevation of BDNF did not compensate for hypoxia-induced cognition impairment. Moreover, neither potentially negative effects of C nor positive effects of A, DA and NO on the brain were observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
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11
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Individual chronic mountain sickness symptom is an early warning sign of cognitive impairment. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Ando S, Komiyama T, Sudo M, Higaki Y, Ishida K, Costello JT, Katayama K. The interactive effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance: A narrative review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:384-398. [PMID: 31605635 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute moderate intensity exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance. In contrast, hypoxia is believed to impair cognitive performance. The detrimental effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance are primarily dependent on the severity and duration of exposure. In this review, we describe how acute exercise under hypoxia alters cognitive performance, and propose that the combined effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance are mainly determined by interaction among exercise intensity and duration, the severity of hypoxia, and duration of exposure to hypoxia. We discuss the physiological mechanism(s) of the interaction and suggest that alterations in neurotransmitter function, cerebral blood flow, and possibly cerebral metabolism are the primary candidates that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is combined with hypoxia. Furthermore, acclimatization appears to counteract impaired cognitive performance during prolonged exposure to hypoxia although the precise physiological mechanism(s) responsible for this amelioration remain to be elucidated. This review has implications for sporting, occupational, and recreational activities at terrestrial high altitude where cognitive performance is essential. Further studies are required to understand physiological mechanisms that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is performed in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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De Bels D, Pierrakos C, Bruneteau A, Reul F, Crevecoeur Q, Marrone N, Vissenaeken D, Borgers G, Balestra C, Honoré PM, Theunissen S. Variation of Cognitive Function During a Short Stay at Hypobaric Hypoxia Chamber (Altitude: 3842 M). Front Physiol 2019; 10:806. [PMID: 31316394 PMCID: PMC6611417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the effects of a fast-acute ascent to high altitude on brain cognitive function and transcranial doppler parameters in order to understand the physiological countermeasures of hypoxia. Methods 17 high-altitude-naïve male subjects (mean age was 26.3 ± 8.1 years) participated in the study. We measured Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency (CFFF), blood oxygen saturation, Psychology Experiment Building (PEBL) including three tests (Modified Math Processing Task, Perceptual Vigilance Task, and Time Estimation Task), as well as Cerebral Blood Flow index (CBFi), mean cerebral artery Systolic and diastolic velocities, Cerebral Pulsatility index (CPi), and heart Rate. All were measured at sea level, at least 1 h after arrival at the hypobaric hypoxia equivalent of 3842 m and 1 h after return to sea level. Results Under acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxic conditions, significant decrease in CFFF [42.1 ± 1 vs. 43.5 ± 1.7 Hz at sea level (asl), p < 0.01], CBFi (611 ± 51 vs. 665 ± 71 asl, p < 0.01) and blood oxygen saturation (83 ± 4% vs. 98 ± 1% asl, p < 0.001) as compared to pre-ascent values were observed. Physiological countermeasures to hypoxia could be involved as there was no significant change in neuropsychometric tests, Systolic and Diastolic velocities and CPi. A significant increase in Heart Rate (81 ± 15 bpm vs. 66 ± 15 bpm asl, p < 0.001) was observed. All parameters returned to their basal values 1 h after regaining sea level. Conclusion Hypoxia results in a decrease in CFFF, CBFi and oxygen saturation and in an increase in heart rate. As it decreased, Cerebral Blood Flow index does not seem to be the physiological measurement of choice to hypoxia explaining the maintenance of cognitive performance after acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia and requires further investigation. Cerebral oxygen delivery and extraction could be one of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Bels
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.,Unit of Oxygen Study, Translational Research Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pierrakos
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.,Unit of Oxygen Study, Translational Research Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Bruneteau
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Reul
- Faculty of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Q Crevecoeur
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Marrone
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vissenaeken
- Hypobaric Chamber, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Borgers
- Hypobaric Chamber, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Balestra
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P M Honoré
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Theunissen
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Dobashi S, Koyama Y, Ando D, Koyama K. Impact of work posture on the computer subtraction task performances and forehead hemodynamics: A NIRS study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.68.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Dobashi
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi
- Japan Society for Promotion of Science
| | - Yasufumi Koyama
- Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, University of Yamanashi
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
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15
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The influence of hypoxia and prolonged exercise on attentional performance at high and extreme altitudes: A pilot study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205285. [PMID: 30281651 PMCID: PMC6169942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to hypoxic conditions is reported to impair cognitive performance. Further, moderate physical exercise improves cognitive function, but little is known about the influence of exercise on cognitive function in hypoxia. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the influence of hypoxia (HYP) and prolonged exercise (EX) on attentional performance. Methods A total of 80 participants (female: n = 29; male: n = 51) were assigned to four groups: HYP + EX (n = 15), HYP (n = 25), EX (n = 21) and normoxia (NOR) (n = 21). The Frankfurt Attention Inventory—2 (FAIR-2) was performed at four testing points (day 1, 14, 16 and 18) to assess attentional performance. All groups completed a pretest (D1) and a follow-up test (D18). In HYP + EX conditions, the cognitive task was performed in a hypoxic state after prolonged exercise (D14: 3950 m, D16: 5739 m) during a mountain climb on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Participants in HYP were tested under intermittent hypoxia at rest in a hypoxic chamber (D14: 3500 m, D16: 5800 m), and those in EX were tested under normoxia after prolonged exercise during a 7-day backcountry ski hiking tour. NOR was a control group, and participants completed all tests under normoxia and at rest. Results Hypoxia impaired the attentional functions performance value (PV) and continuity value (CV) for the HYP + EX (p = 0.000) and HYP (L: p = 0.025; K: p = 0.043) groups at 5739 m and 5800 m, respectively, but not the function quality value (QV). In contrast, the EX group did not exhibit changes in attentional function. Conclusion The current results suggest that attentional performance is impaired during extreme normobaric and hypobaric hypoxic exposure. We further conclude that greater cognitive impairment under hypobaric hypoxia during a mountain climb compared with normobaric hypoxia at rest is not caused by prolonged exercise, but may be influenced by other factors (e.g. low temperatures, dehydration, or sleep deprivation) that remain to be verified.
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16
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Horiuchi M, Endo J, Dobashi S, Handa Y, Kiuchi M, Koyama K. Muscle oxygenation profiles between active and inactive muscles with nitrate supplementation under hypoxic exercise. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/20/e13475. [PMID: 29066597 PMCID: PMC5661236 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance or not is still controversial. While redistribution of sufficient oxygen from inactive to active muscles is essential for optimal exercise performance, no study investigated the effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation profiles between active and inactive muscles. Nine healthy males performed 25 min of submaximal (heart rate ~140 bpm; EXsub) and incremental cycling (EXmax) until exhaustion under three conditions: (A) normoxia without drink; (B) hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.95%) with placebo (PL); and (c) hypoxia with beetroot juice (BR). PL and BR were provided for 4 days. Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 and HHb) were measured in vastus lateralis (active) and biceps brachii (inactive) muscles, and the oxygen saturation of skeletal muscle (StO2; HbO2/total Hb) were calculated. During EXsub, BR suppressed the HHb increases in active muscles during the last 5 min of exercise. During EXmax, time to exhaustion with BR (513 ± 24 sec) was significantly longer than with PL (490 ± 39 sec, P < 0.05). In active muscles, BR suppressed the HHb increases at moderate work rates during EXmax compared to PL (P < 0.05). In addition, BR supplementation was associated with greater reductions in HbO2 and StO2 at higher work rates in inactive muscles during EXmax. Collectively, these findings indicate that short‐term dietary nitrate supplementation improved hypoxic exercise tolerance, perhaps, due to suppressed increases in HHb in active muscles at moderate work rates. Moreover, nitrate supplementation caused greater reductions in oxygenation in inactive muscle at higher work rates during hypoxic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida, Japan
| | - Junko Endo
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida, Japan
| | - Shohei Dobashi
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yoko Handa
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fuji-yoshida, Japan
| | - Masataka Kiuchi
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
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17
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Andrianopoulos V, Vogiatzis I, Gloeckl R, Bals R, Koczulla RA, Kenn K. Cerebral oxygen availability during exercise in COPD patients with cognitive impairment. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 254:64-72. [PMID: 29729396 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient cerebral blood flow regulation to meet increasing metabolic demand during physical exertion could be associated with cognitive impairment. We compared cerebral oxygen availability during exercise in cognitively impaired (CI) to cognitively normal (CN) COPD patients. Fifty-two patients (FEV1: 51 ± 16%) were classified as CN or CI according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Patients performed cycle-ergometry at 75% peak capacity with continuous measurement of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy frontal-cortex Tissue oxygen Saturation Index (TSI), cerebral haemoglobin indices (oxy/deoxy/total- Hb), transcutaneous carbon-dioxide partial pressure (TcPCO2), and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). Twenty-one patients (40%) presented evidences of CI. During exercise, CN and CI patients exhibited mild to moderate SpO2decline (nadir[Δ]≥ -3 ± 2% and -5 ± 3%, respectively) but preserved baseline frontal-cortex TSI levels, whilst presenting small TcPCO2 perturbations and increased cerebral total-Hb (post [Δ]≥ 2.0 ± 3 μM sec-1). CI patients preserve the capacity to adequately maintain cerebral oxygen availability during submaximal exercise. Therefore, rehabilitative exercise training in CI patients with COPD exhibiting mild to moderate exercise-induced SpO2 decline does not appear to lead to reduced cerebral oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Andrianopoulos
- Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany.
| | - Ioannis Vogiatzis
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, United Kingdom; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Rainer Gloeckl
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Exercise Therapy, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; Department for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Rembert A Koczulla
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Exercise Therapy, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Giessen-Marburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kenn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Exercise Therapy, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Giessen-Marburg, Germany.
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18
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Karinen HM, Tuomisto MT. Performance, Mood, and Anxiety During a Climb of Mount Everest. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:400-410. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heikki M. Karinen
- Unit for Occupational Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti T. Tuomisto
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Psychology), University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
Acute exercise has been demonstrated to improve cognitive function. In contrast, severe hypoxia can impair cognitive function. Hence, cognitive function during exercise under severe hypoxia may be determined by the balance between the beneficial effects of exercise and the detrimental effects of severe hypoxia. However, the physiological factors that determine cognitive function during exercise under hypoxia remain unclear. Here, we examined the combined effects of acute exercise and severe hypoxia on cognitive function and identified physiological factors that determine cognitive function during exercise under severe hypoxia. The participants completed cognitive tasks at rest and during moderate exercise under either normoxic or severe hypoxic conditions. Peripheral oxygen saturation, cerebral oxygenation, and middle cerebral artery velocity were continuously monitored. Cerebral oxygen delivery was calculated as the product of estimated arterial oxygen content and cerebral blood flow. On average, cognitive performance improved during exercise under both normoxia and hypoxia, without sacrificing accuracy. However, under hypoxia, cognitive improvements were attenuated for individuals exhibiting a greater decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation. Cognitive performance was not associated with other physiological parameters. Taken together, the present results suggest that arterial desaturation attenuates cognitive improvements during exercise under hypoxia.
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