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MacDonald PDM, Endres-Dighe SM, Macoubray AJ, Shorey JM. Majority of Fortune 500 Companies in 2018 Did Not Recognize Risk of Epidemics Such as COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:726987. [PMID: 34858920 PMCID: PMC8630589 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.726987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease threats, like the 2002 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) disease, 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1), and the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pose multisectoral risk with the potential for wide-ranging socioeconomic disruption. In our globally intertwined economy, the impact of such events can elicit economic shock waves that reach far beyond the country of origin. Review of the 2018 Fortune 500 company 10-K filings shows the majority did not document perceived risks associated with epidemics, outbreaks, or pandemics. Enhanced engagement and investment of the public and private sectors in advancing global health security is needed to effectively prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease events and ensure U.S. economic security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia D M MacDonald
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Aaron J Macoubray
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamie M Shorey
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
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2
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Harvey M, Neff J, Knight KR, Mukherjee JS, Shamasunder S, Le PV, Tittle R, Jain Y, Carrasco H, Bernal-Serrano D, Goronga T, Holmes SM. Structural competency and global health education. Glob Public Health 2020; 17:341-362. [PMID: 33351721 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1864751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structural competency is a new curricular framework for training health professionals to recognise and respond to disease and its unequal distribution as the outcome of social structures, such as economic and legal systems, healthcare and taxation policies, and international institutions. While extensive global health research has linked social structures to the disproportionate burden of disease in the Global South, formal attempts to incorporate the structural competency framework into US-based global health education have not been described in the literature. This paper fills this gap by articulating five sub-competencies for structurally competent global health instruction. Authors drew on their experiences developing global health and structural competency curricula-and consulted relevant structural competency, global health, social science, social theory, and social determinants of health literatures. The five sub-competencies include: (1) Describe the role of social structures in producing and maintaining health inequities globally, (2) Identify the ways that structural inequalities are naturalised within the field of global health, (3) Discuss the impact of structures on the practice of global health, (4) Recognise structural interventions for addressing global health inequities, and (5) Apply the concept of structural humility in the context of global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harvey
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Neff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly R Knight
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joia S Mukherjee
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sriram Shamasunder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phuoc V Le
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robin Tittle
- Division of Hospital and Specialty Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Héctor Carrasco
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Mexico
| | - Daniel Bernal-Serrano
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus, Mexico
| | | | - Seth M Holmes
- Division of Society and Environment, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Kostova D, Cassell CH, Redd JT, Williams DE, Singh T, Martel LD, Bunnell RE. Long-distance effects of epidemics: Assessing the link between the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak and U.S. exports and employment. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2019; 28:1248-1261. [PMID: 31464014 PMCID: PMC6852535 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the economic consequences of epidemic outbreaks to affected areas are often well documented, little is known about how these might carry over into the economies of unaffected regions. In the absence of direct pathogen transmission, global trade is one mechanism through which geographically distant epidemics could reverberate to unaffected countries. This study explores the link between global public health events and U.S. economic outcomes by evaluating the role of the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak in U.S. exports and exports-supported U.S. jobs, 2005-2016. Estimates were obtained using difference-in-differences models where sub-Saharan Africa countries were assigned to treatment and comparison groups based on their Ebola transmission status, with controls for observed and unobserved time-variant factors that may independently influence trends in trade. Multiple model specification checks were performed to ensure analytic robustness. The year of peak transmission, 2014, was estimated to result in $1.08 billion relative reduction in U.S. merchandise exports to Ebola-affected countries, whereas estimated losses in exports-supported U.S. jobs exceeded 1,200 in 2014 and 11,000 in 2015. These findings suggest that remote disruptions in health security might play a role in U.S. economic indicators, demonstrating the interconnectedness between global health and aspects of the global economy and informing the relevance of health security efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliana Kostova
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Cynthia H. Cassell
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - John T. Redd
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Desmond E. Williams
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Tushar Singh
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Lise D. Martel
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Rebecca E. Bunnell
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global HealthCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
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Kennedy ED, Morgan J, Knight NW. Global Health Security Implementation: Expanding the Evidence Base. Health Secur 2019; 16:S1-S4. [PMID: 30480503 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Kennedy
- Erin D. Kennedy, DVM, MS, MPH, is Associate Director for Science, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance, and Laboratory Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA
| | - Juliette Morgan
- Juliette Morgan, MD, was Associate Director for Science, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA
| | - Nancy W Knight
- Nancy W. Knight, MD, is a captain in the US Public Health Service and Director, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA
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Bunnell RE, Ahmed Z, Ramsden M, Rapposelli K, Walter-Garcia M, Sharmin E, Knight N. Global Health Security: Protecting the United States in an Interconnected World. Public Health Rep 2018; 134:3-10. [PMID: 30426825 DOI: 10.1177/0033354918808313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Bunnell
- 1 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zara Ahmed
- 1 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Karina Rapposelli
- 3 Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Eshita Sharmin
- 4 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nancy Knight
- 1 Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bambery Z, Cassell CH, Bunnell RE, Roy K, Ahmed Z, Payne RL, Meltzer MI. Impact of a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Outbreak on US Exports and Export-Based Jobs. Health Secur 2018; 16:1-7. [PMID: 29405775 PMCID: PMC5815448 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario in Southeast Asia that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. We used 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic–related World Bank estimates of 3.3% and 16.1% reductions in gross domestic product (GDP). We also used US Department of Commerce job data to calculate export-related jobs at risk to any outbreak-related disruption in US exports. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, we estimated that the illustrative outbreak would cost from approximately $13 million to approximately $64 million (1 country) to $8 billion to $41 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk. Our analysis illustrates how global health security is enhanced, and the US economy is protected, when public health threats are rapidly detected and contained at their source. The authors estimated the impact on the US export economy of an illustrative infectious disease outbreak scenario that has 3 stages starting in 1 country and, if uncontained, spreads to 9 countries. Assuming a direct correlation between GDP reductions and reduced demand for US exports, they estimated that the outbreak would cost from $16 million to $27 million (1 country) to $10 million to $18 billion (9 countries) and place 1,500 to almost 1.4 million export-related US jobs at risk.
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