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Butylina M, Föger-Samwald U, Gelles K, Pietschmann P, Sipos W. Challenges in establishing animal models for studying osteoimmunology of hypoparathyroidism. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1163903. [PMID: 37180074 PMCID: PMC10169642 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare human and veterinary disease characterized by deficient or absent production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is known as a classical regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Nevertheless, the hormone also appears to modulate immune functions. For example, increased CD4:CD8 T-cell ratios and elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A levels were observed in patients with hyperparathyroidism, whereas gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was decreased in patients with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Various immune cell populations are affected differently. So, there is a need for validated animal models for the further characterization of this disease for identifying targeted immune-modulatory therapies. In addition to genetically modified mouse models of hypoparathyroidism, there are surgical rodent models. Parathyroidectomy (PTX) can be well performed in rats-for pharmacological and associated osteoimmunological research and bone mechanical studies, a large animal model could be preferable, however. A major drawback for successfully performing total PTX in large animal species (pigs and sheep) is the presence of accessory glands, thus demanding to develop new approaches for real-time detection of all parathyroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Föger-Samwald
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Burr AM, Zuckerman PC, Castillo AB, Partridge NC, Parekkadan B. Bioactive, full-length parathyroid hormone delivered using an adeno-associated viral vector. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1885-1897. [PMID: 35666091 PMCID: PMC9742744 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221097087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering the parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene has been attempted preclinically in a handful of studies, but delivering full-length PTH (1-84) using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has not. Given the difficulty in achieving therapeutic levels of secreted proteins using gene therapy, this study seeks to determine the feasibility of doing so with PTH. An AAV vector was used to deliver human PTH driven by a strong promoter. We demonstrate the ability to secrete full-length PTH from various cell types in vitro. PTH secretion from hepatocytes was measured over time and a fluorescent marker was used to compare the secretion rate of PTH in various cell types. Potency was measured by the ability of PTH to act on the PTH receptors of osteosarcoma cells and induced proliferation. PTH showed potency in vitro by inducing proliferation in two osteosarcoma cell lines. In vivo, AAV was administered systemically in immunocompromised mice which received xenografts of osteosarcoma cells. Animals that received the highest dose of AAV-PTH had higher liver and plasma concentrations of PTH. All dosing groups achieved measurable plasma concentrations of human PTH that were above the normal range. The high-dose group also had significantly larger tumors compared to control groups on the final day of the study. The tumors also showed dose-dependent differences in morphology. When looking at endocrine signaling and endogenous bone turnover, we observed a significant difference in tibial growth plate width in animals that received the high-dose AAV as well as dose-dependent changes in blood biomarkers related to PTH. This proof-of-concept study shows promise for further exploration of an AAV gene therapy to deliver full-length PTH for hypoparathyroidism. Additional investigation will determine efficacy in a disease model, but data shown establish bioactivity in well-established models of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Burr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pamela Cabahug Zuckerman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 11209, USA
| | - Alesha B Castillo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Development, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 11209, USA
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Farris E, Brown DM, Ramer-Tait AE, Pannier AK. Chitosan-zein nano-in-microparticles capable of mediating in vivo transgene expression following oral delivery. J Control Release 2017; 249:150-161. [PMID: 28153762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is an attractive delivery route for the administration of DNA-based therapeutics, specifically for applications in gene therapy and DNA vaccination. However, oral DNA delivery is complicated by the harsh and variable conditions encountered throughout gastrointestinal (GI) transit, leading to degradation of the delivery vector and DNA cargo, and subsequent inefficient delivery to target cells. In this work, we demonstrate the development and optimization of a hybrid-dual particulate delivery system consisting of two natural biomaterials, zein (ZN) and chitosan (CS), to mediate oral DNA delivery. Chitosan-Zein Nano-in-Microparticles (CS-ZN-NIMs), consisting of core Chitosan/DNA nanoparticles (CS/DNA NPs) prepared by ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), further encapsulated in ZN microparticles, were formulated using a water-in-oil emulsion (W/O). The resulting particles exhibited high CS/DNA NP loading and encapsulation within ZN microparticles. DNA release profiles in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) were improved compared to un-encapsulated CS/DNA NPs. Further, site-specific degradation of the outer ZN matrix and release of transfection competent CS/DNA NPs occurred in simulated intestinal conditions with CS/DNA NP cores successfully mediating transfection in vitro. Finally, CS-ZN-NIMs encoding GFP delivered by oral gavage in vivo induced the production of anti-GFP IgA antibodies, demonstrating in vivo transfection and expression. Together, these results demonstrate the successful formulation of CS-ZN-NIMs and their potential to improve oral gene delivery through improved protection and controlled release of DNA cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Farris
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Jung SY, Kim HY, Park HS, Yin XY, Chung SM, Kim HS. Standardization of A Physiologic Hypoparathyroidism Animal Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163911. [PMID: 27695051 PMCID: PMC5047647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal hypoparathyroidism animal models are a prerequisite to developing new treatment modalities for this disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a model whereby rats were parathyroidectomized (PTX) using a fluorescent-identification method and the ideal calcium content of the diet was determined. Thirty male rats were divided into surgical sham (SHAM, n = 5) and PTX plus 0, 0.5, and 2% calcium diet groups (PTX-FC (n = 5), PTX-NC (n = 10), and PTX-HC (n = 10), respectively). Serum parathyroid hormone levels decreased to non-detectable levels in all PTX groups. All animals in the PTX—FC group died within 4 days after the operation. All animals survived when supplied calcium in the diet. However, serum calcium levels were higher in the PTX-HC than the SHAM group. The PTX-NC group demonstrated the most representative modeling of primary hypothyroidism. Serum calcium levels decreased and phosphorus levels increased, and bone volume was increased. All animals survived without further treatment and did not show nephrotoxicity including calcium deposits. These findings demonstrate that PTX animal models produced by using the fluorescent-identification method, and fed a 0.5% calcium diet, are appropriate for hypoparathyroidism treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Yeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Sang Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Xiang Yun Yin
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Min Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Amphiphilic polyallylamine based polymeric micelles for siRNA delivery to the gastrointestinal tract: In vitro investigations. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Liu D, Zhu Y, Yang C, Long J, Yao C, Li J, Wang S. Potential treatment of hypoparathyroidism with recombinant plasmids encoding preproparathyroid hormone. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:479-84. [PMID: 21952560 DOI: 10.3275/7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism cannot be cured by oral or intravenous calcium supplements. Using molecular biology techniques to induce the production of PTH is an ideal option to treat hypoparathyroidism. In this study, we established a recombinant plasmid encoding a mutant preproPTH with a skeletal muscle creatine kinase promoter (pCKM-mPTH). The sequence of the chimeric pCKM-mPTH gene was fully consistent with the DNA sequence reported previously and the site-directed mutagenesis was completed. Overlapping and nested PCR showed that PTH was highly expressed in and secreted from skeletal muscle cells transfected with the pCKM-mPTH plasmid: the PTH concentration in the culture medium 24 h after transfection was 26.37 pg/l. In the rat hypoparathyroidism model, serum PTH level significantly increased after injection with the pCKM-mPTH plasmid, compared with control groups (p<0.01). The effect lasted for about 30 days. Our results indicated that the recombinant mutant pCKM-mPTH plasmid was successfully constructed and was highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells. In vivo, the plasmid was introduced successfully into rat muscles and could express PTH for a decent period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Thyroid and Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People's Republic of China
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O'Neill MJ, Bourre L, Melgar S, O'Driscoll CM. Intestinal delivery of non-viral gene therapeutics: physiological barriers and preclinical models. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:203-18. [PMID: 21262379 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The future of nucleic acid-based therapeutics is dependent on achieving successful delivery. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in delivery via the gastrointestinal tract. Gene therapy via this route has many advantages, including non-invasive access and the versatility to treat local diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, as well as systemic diseases, such as haemophilia. However, the intestine presents several distinct barriers and, therefore, the design of robust non-viral delivery systems is key to future success. Several non-viral delivery strategies have provided evidence of activity in vivo. To facilitate the design of more efficient and safe gene medicines, more physiologically relevant models, at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J O'Neill
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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Adriaansen J, Perez P, Zheng C, Collins MT, Baum BJ. Human parathyroid hormone is secreted primarily into the bloodstream after rat parotid gland gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:84-92. [PMID: 20977345 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a hormone deficiency syndrome that leads to low blood calcium levels and for which current replacement therapy is inadequate. Gene transfer to salivary glands leads to safe and abundant secretion of therapeutic protein into either saliva or the bloodstream. We previously reported the successful transduction of rat submandibular glands with an adenoviral vector encoding human parathyroid hormone (Ad.hPTH), but unfortunately most of the hPTH was secreted into saliva. Because submandibular and parotid glands are morphologically and functionally different, we hypothesized that hPTH sorting might be different in parotid glands. After 2 days, the pattern of hPTH secretion from transduced parotid glands of intact rats was reversed from that of transduced submandibular glands, that is, most transgenic hPTH was detected in serum (5 × 10(10) viral particles per gland; the saliva-to-serum ratio of total hPTH secreted was 0.04). Vector copies were localized to the targeted parotid glands, with none detected in liver or spleen. Ad.hPTH next was administered to parotid glands of parathyroidectomized rats. Two days after delivery no hPTH was detectable in saliva, but high levels were found in serum, leading to normalization of serum calcium and a significant increase in the urinary phosphorus-to-creatinine ratio. This study demonstrates for the first time differential sorting of transgenic hPTH between submandibular and parotid glands, suggesting that hPTH may be a valuable model protein for understanding the molecular basis of transgenic secretory protein sorting in these exocrine glands. We also show the clinical potential of salivary gland hPTH gene therapy for patients with hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adriaansen
- Gene Transfer Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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