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Zimmerman O, Holmes AC, Kafai NM, Adams LJ, Diamond MS. Entry receptors - the gateway to alphavirus infection. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e165307. [PMID: 36647825 PMCID: PMC9843064 DOI: 10.1172/jci165307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped, insect-transmitted, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect humans and other animals and cause a range of clinical manifestations, including arthritis, musculoskeletal disease, meningitis, encephalitis, and death. Over the past four years, aided by CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening approaches, intensive research efforts have focused on identifying entry receptors for alphaviruses to better understand the basis for cellular and species tropism. Herein, we review approaches to alphavirus receptor identification and how these were used for discovery. The identification of new receptors advances our understanding of viral pathogenesis, tropism, and evolution and is expected to contribute to the development of novel strategies for prevention and treatment of alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Mangion M, Robert MA, Slivac I, Gilbert R, Gaillet B. Production and Use of Gesicles for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:278-292. [PMID: 34596870 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) in mammalian cells can induce the formation of VSVG-pseudotyped vesicles (named "gesicles") from membrane budding. Its use as a nucleic acid delivery tool is still poorly documented. Naked-plasmid DNA can be delivered in animal cells with gesicles in presence of hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene). However, little is known about gesicle manufacturing process and conditions to obtain successful nucleic acid delivery. In this study, gesicles production process using polyethylenimine (PEI)-transfected HEK293 cells was developed by defining the VSVG-plasmid concentration, the DNA:PEI mass ratio, and the time of gesicle harvest. Furthermore, parameters described in the literature relevant for nucleic acid delivery such as (i) component concentrations in assembly mixture, (ii) component addition order, (iii) incubation time, and (iv) polybrene concentration were tested by assessing the transfection capacity of the gesicles complexed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-coding plasmid. Interestingly, freezing/thawing cycles and storage at + 4 °C, - 20 °C, and - 80 °C did not reduce gesicles' ability to transfer plasmid DNA. Transfection efficiency of 55% and 22% was obtained for HeLa cells and for hard-to-transfect cells such as human myoblasts, respectively. For the first time, gesicles were used for delivery of a large plasmid (18-kb) with 42% of efficiency and for enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene silencing with siRNA (up to 60%). In conclusion, gesicles represent attractive bioreagents with great potential to deliver nucleic acids in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mangion
- Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, Pouliot Building, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada.,PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Vachon Building, local 3403, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,ThéCell: FRQS Cell and Tissue Therapy Network, LOEX, Aile R, local R-125, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marc-André Robert
- Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, Pouliot Building, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada.,PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Vachon Building, local 3403, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,ThéCell: FRQS Cell and Tissue Therapy Network, LOEX, Aile R, local R-125, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Igor Slivac
- Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, Pouliot Building, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada.,PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Vachon Building, local 3403, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,ThéCell: FRQS Cell and Tissue Therapy Network, LOEX, Aile R, local R-125, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- ThéCell: FRQS Cell and Tissue Therapy Network, LOEX, Aile R, local R-125, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.,Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, Pouliot Building, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada. .,PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université Laval, Vachon Building, local 3403, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,ThéCell: FRQS Cell and Tissue Therapy Network, LOEX, Aile R, local R-125, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e rue, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.
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Elmasri Z, Nasal BL, Jose J. Alphavirus-Induced Membrane Rearrangements during Replication, Assembly, and Budding. Pathogens 2021; 10:984. [PMID: 34451448 PMCID: PMC8399458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses mainly transmitted by hematophagous insects that cause moderate to fatal disease in humans and other animals. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antivirals to mitigate alphavirus infections. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of alphavirus-induced structures and their functions in infected cells. Throughout their lifecycle, alphaviruses induce several structural modifications, including replication spherules, type I and type II cytopathic vacuoles, and filopodial extensions. Type I cytopathic vacuoles are replication-induced structures containing replication spherules that are sites of RNA replication on the endosomal and lysosomal limiting membrane. Type II cytopathic vacuoles are assembly induced structures that originate from the Golgi apparatus. Filopodial extensions are induced at the plasma membrane and are involved in budding and cell-to-cell transport of virions. This review provides an overview of the viral and host factors involved in the biogenesis and function of these virus-induced structures. Understanding virus-host interactions in infected cells will lead to the identification of new targets for antiviral discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Elmasri
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Benjamin L. Nasal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Joyce Jose
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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Eleftheriadou I, Dieringer M, Poh XY, Sanchez-Garrido J, Gao Y, Sgourou A, Simmons LE, Mazarakis ND. Selective transduction of astrocytic and neuronal CNS subpopulations by lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with Chikungunya virus envelope. Biomaterials 2017; 123:1-14. [PMID: 28152379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are gene delivery vehicles that integrate into the host genome of dividing and non-dividing mammalian cells facilitating long-term transgene expression. Lentiviral vector versatility is greatly increased by incorporating heterologous viral envelope proteins onto the vector particles instead of the native envelope, conferring on these pseudotyped vectors a modified tropism and host range specificity. We investigated the pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors with alphaviral envelope proteins from the Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV-G) and Sindbis Virus (SINV-G). Following vector production optimisation, titres for the CHIKV-G pseudotype were comparable to the VSV-G pseudotype but those for the SINV-G pseudotype were significantly lower. High titre CHIKV-G pseudotyped vector efficiently transduced various human and mouse neural cell lines and normal human astrocytes (NHA) in vitro. Although transduction was broad, tropism for NHAs was observed. In vivo stereotaxic delivery in striatum, thalamus and hippocampus respectively in the adult rat brain revealed localised transduction restricted to striatal astrocytes and hippocampal dentate granule neurons. Transduction of different subtypes of granule neurons from precursor to post-mitotic stages of differentiation was evident in the sub-granular zone and dentate granule cell layer. No significant inflammatory response was observed, but comparable to that of VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Robust long-term expression followed for three months post-transduction along with absence of neuroinflammation, coupled to the selective and unique neuron/glial tropism indicates that these vectors could be useful for modelling and gene therapy studies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dieringer
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Ying Poh
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yunan Gao
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Argyro Sgourou
- Laboratory of Biology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15, 26222 Patra, Greece
| | - Laura E Simmons
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Mazarakis
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Trabalza A, Georgiadis C, Eleftheriadou I, Hislop JN, Ellison SM, Karavassilis ME, Mazarakis ND. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus glycoprotein pseudotyping confers neurotropism to lentiviral vectors. Gene Ther 2012; 20:723-32. [PMID: 23171919 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have produced high-titre HIV-1 green fluorescent protein-expressing lentiviral (LV) vectors pseudotyped with strain 3908 Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus glycoprotein (VEEV-G) and used them to study transduction of: (1) rat embryonic motor neuron (MN) and striatal neuron primary cultures, (2) differentiated MN cell line NSC-34 and (3) adult rat striatum. In primary neuronal cultures, transduction with VEEV-G-pseudotyped LV was more efficient and more neuronal than with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped LV. In NSC-34 cells clear retrograde transport of VEEV-G vector particles was observed. In the striatum at the injection site, transduction with the VEEV-G vectors driven by cytomegalovirus or phosphoglycerate kinase promoters exhibited a distinct neuronal tropism with no microglial and only a minor astroglial component, superior to that obtained with VSV-G-pseudotyped LV, irrespective of the promoter used. Neuronal transduction efficiency increased over time. Distal to the injection site transduction of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb, thalamic neurons and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta was detected. This, together with observations of retrograde axonal trafficking in vitro indicates that these vectors also possess low level of retrograde neuronal transduction capability in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate both strong neurotropism as well as sustainability of expression and minimal host immune response in vivo, making the VEEV-G-pseudotyped LV vectors potentially useful for gene therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trabalza
- Faculty of Medicine, Gene Therapy, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Measles virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors are highly superior to vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotypes for genetic modification of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 2012; 86:5192-203. [PMID: 22345444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06283-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells capable of promoting or regulating innate and adaptive immune responses against non-self antigens. To better understand the DC biology or to use them for immune intervention, a tremendous effort has been made to improve gene transfer in these cells. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have conferred a huge advantage in that they can transduce nondividing cells such as human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) but required high amounts of viral particles and/or accessory proteins such as Vpx or Vpr to achieve sufficient transduction rates. As a consequence, these LVs have been shown to cause dramatic functional modifications, such as the activation or maturation of transduced MDDCs. Taking advantage of new pseudotyped LVs, i.e., with envelope glycoproteins from the measles virus (MV), we demonstrate that MDDCs are transduced very efficiently with these new LVs compared to the classically used vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped LVs and thus allowed to achieve high transduction rates at relatively low multiplicities of infection. Moreover, in this experimental setting, no activation or maturation markers were upregulated, while MV-LV-transduced cells remained able to mature after an appropriate Toll-like receptor stimulation. We then demonstrate that our MV-pseudotyped LVs use DC-SIGN, CD46, and CD150/SLAM as receptors to transduce MDDCs. Altogether, our results show that MV-pseudotyped LVs provide the most accurate and simple viral method for efficiently transferring genes into MDDCs without affecting their activation and/or maturation status.
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