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Cui B, Song L, Wang Q, Li K, He Q, Wu X, Gao F, Liu M, An C, Gao Q, Hu C, Hao X, Dong F, Zhou J, Liu D, Song Z, Yan X, Zhang J, Bai Y, Mao Q, Yang X, Liang Z. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) oncolysis using coxsackievirus B5 and synergistic DNA-damage response inhibitors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:366. [PMID: 37743418 PMCID: PMC10518312 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous in-depth study of the interaction mechanism between viruses and hosts, the virus has become a promising tool in cancer treatment. In fact, many oncolytic viruses with selectivity and effectiveness have been used in cancer therapy. Human enterovirus is one of the most convenient sources to generate oncolytic viruses, however, the high seroprevalence of some enteroviruses limits its application which urges to exploit more oncolytic enteroviruses. In this study, coxsackievirus B5/Faulkner (CV-B5/F) was screened for its potential oncolytic effect against non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) through inducing apoptosis and autophagy. For refractory NSCLCs, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) inhibitors can synergize with CV-B5/F to promote refractory cell death. Here, we showed that viral infection triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related pro-apoptosis and autophagy signals, whereas repair for double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) contributed to cell survival which can be antagonized by inhibitor-induced cell death, manifesting exacerbated DSBs, apoptosis, and autophagy. Mechanistically, PERK pathway was activated by the combination of CV-B5/F and inhibitor, and the irreversible ER stress-induced exacerbated cell death. Furthermore, the degradation of activated STING by ERphagy promoted viral replication. Meanwhile, no treatment-related deaths due to CV-B5/F and/or inhibitors occurred. Conclusively, our study identifies an oncolytic CV-B5/F and the synergistic effects of inhibitors of DNA-PK or ATM, which is a potential therapy for NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bopei Cui
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifang Song
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Kelei Li
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqiang An
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushuang Gao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying Hu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Dong
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Taibang Biologic Group, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dong Liu
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyang Song
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xujia Yan
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, China.
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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Identification of the receptor of oncolytic virus M1 as a therapeutic predictor for multiple solid tumors. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:100. [PMID: 35393389 PMCID: PMC8989880 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has shown its promising potential in tumor treatment. The fact that not every patient can benefit from it highlights the importance for defining biomarkers that help predict patients' responses. As particular self-amplifying biotherapeutics, the anti-tumor effects of OVs are highly dependent on the host factors for viral infection and replication. By using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we found matrix remodeling associated 8 (MXRA8) is positively correlated with the oncolysis induced by oncolytic virus M1 (OVM). Consistently, MXRA8 promotes the oncolytic efficacy of OVM in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the interaction of MXRA8 and OVM studied by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) showed that MXRA8 directly binds to this virus. Therefore, MXRA8 acts as the entry receptor of OVM. Pan-cancer analysis showed that MXRA8 is abundant in most solid tumors and is highly expressed in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal ones. Further study in cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor tissues revealed that the tumor selectivity of OVM is predominantly determined by a combinational effect of the cell membrane receptor MXRA8 and the intracellular factor, zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Taken together, our study may provide a novel dual-biomarker for precision medicine in OVM therapy.
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Kamynina M, Tskhovrebova S, Fares J, Timashev P, Laevskaya A, Ulasov I. Oncolytic Virus-Induced Autophagy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143482. [PMID: 34298694 PMCID: PMC8304501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with an incidence rate of nearly 3.19/100,000. Current therapeutic options fall short in improving the survival of patients with GBM. Various genetic and microenvironmental factors contribute to GBM progression and resistance to therapy. The development of gene therapies using self-replicating oncolytic viruses can advance GBM treatment. Due to GBM heterogeneity, oncolytic viruses have been genetically modified to improve the antiglioma effect in vitro and in vivo. Oncolytic viruses can activate autophagy signaling in GBM upon tumoral infection. Autophagy can be cytoprotective, whereby the GBM cells catabolize damaged organelles to accommodate to virus-induced stress, or cytotoxic, whereby it leads to the destruction of GBM cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control oncolytic virus-induced autophagic signaling in GBM can fuel further development of novel and more effective genetic vectors. Abstract Autophagy is a catabolic process that allows cells to scavenge damaged organelles and produces energy to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is also an effective defense method for cells, which allows them to identify an internalized pathogen and destroy it through the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosomes. Recent reports have demonstrated that various chemotherapeutic agents and viral gene therapeutic vehicles provide therapeutic advantages for patients with glioblastoma as monotherapy or in combination with standards of care. Despite nonstop efforts to develop effective antiglioma therapeutics, tumor-induced autophagy in some studies manifests tumor resistance and glioma progression. Here, we explore the functional link between autophagy regulation mediated by oncolytic viruses and discuss how intracellular interactions control autophagic signaling in glioblastoma. Autophagy induced by oncolytic viruses plays a dual role in cell death and survival. On the one hand, autophagy stimulation has mostly led to an increase in cytotoxicity mediated by the oncolytic virus, but, on the other hand, autophagy is also activated as a cell defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens and modulates antiviral activity through the induction of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Despite the fact that the moment of switch between autophagic prosurvival and prodeath modes remains to be known, in the context of oncolytic virotherapy, cytotoxic autophagy is a crucial mechanism of cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamynina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Salome Tskhovrebova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Laevskaya
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Necroptotic virotherapy of oncolytic alphavirus M1 cooperated with Doxorubicin displays promising therapeutic efficacy in TNBC. Oncogene 2021; 40:4783-4795. [PMID: 34155344 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive molecular subtype among breast tumors and remains a challenge even for the most current therapeutic regimes. Here, we demonstrate that oncolytic alphavirus M1 effectively kills both TNBC and non-TNBC. ER-stress and apoptosis pathways are responsible for the cell death in non-TNBC as reported in other cancer types, yet the cell death in TNBC does not depend on these pathways. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the M1 virus activates necroptosis in TNBC, which can be pharmacologically blocked by necroptosis inhibitors. By screening a library of clinically available compounds commonly used for breast cancer treatment, we find that Doxorubicin enhances the oncolytic effect of the M1 virus by up to 100-fold specifically in TNBC in vitro, and significantly stalls the tumor growth of TNBC in vivo, through promoting intratumoral virus replication and further triggering apoptosis in addition to necroptosis. These findings reveal a novel antitumor mechanism and a new combination regimen of the M1 oncolytic virus in TNBC, and highlight a need to bridge molecular diagnosis with virotherapy.
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Sun S, Liu Y, He C, Hu W, Liu W, Huang X, Wu J, Xie F, Chen C, Wang J, Lin Y, Zhu W, Yan G, Cai J, Li S. Combining NanoKnife with M1 oncolytic virus enhances anticancer activity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:9-24. [PMID: 33444691 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NanoKnife, a nonthermal ablation technique also termed irreversible electroporation (IRE), has been adopted in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treatment. However, reversible electroporation (RE) caused by heterogeneous electric field magnitude leads to inadequate ablation and tumor recurrence. Alphavirus M1 has been identified as a novel natural oncolytic virus which is nonpathogenic and with high tumor selectivity. This study evaluated improvements to therapeutic efficacy through combination therapy incorporating NanoKnife and M1 virus. We showed that IRE triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway suppression. When NanoKnife was combined with M1 virus, the therapeutic efficacy was synergistically enhanced. The combinatorial treatment further inhibited tumor proliferation and prolonged the survival of orthotopic pancreatic cancer (PC)-bearing immunocompetent mice. In depth, NanoKnife enhanced the oncolytic effect of M1 by promoting its infection. The combination turned immune-silent tumors into immune-inflamed tumors characterized by T cell activation. Clinicopathologic analysis of specific M1 oncolytic biomarkers indicated the potential of the combination regimen. The combinatorial therapy represents a promising therapeutic efficacy and may ultimately improve the prognosis of patients with LAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Sun
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wanming Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Fengxiao Xie
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Shengping Li
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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6
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Muhuri M, Gao G. Oncolytic Virus Alphavirus M1: A New and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:136-137. [PMID: 33621140 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.29150.mmu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,VIDE Program
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Cai J, Yan G. The Identification and Development of a Novel Oncolytic Virus: Alphavirus M1. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:138-149. [PMID: 33261513 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents an ideal therapeutic platform for cancer in which natural or engineered viruses selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells, whereas sparing normal cells. Oncolytic virotherapy is considered as a key contributor in modern immunotherapy. However, several challenges remain with regard to exploiting the potential of oncolytic viruses, such as the lack of biomarkers for precise treatment, the difficulty of systemic administration because of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to popular oncolytic viral vectors in human serum and the lack of mature lyophilization technology for convenient transport and preservation of viral preparations. The M1 strain, which was isolated on Hainan Island of China in the 1960s, is a member of the alphavirus genus Togaviridae family. It was identified as a novel oncolytic virus in 2014. During the development of M1 virus, many challenges have been overcome: several biomarkers have been identified for precise treatment; systematic administration of M1 is suitable and feasible because of the extremely low percentage of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the general population, and a lyophilized powder that maintains high biological stability has been developed. This review provides an encyclopedia of studies supporting M1 as an oncolytic virus, including the biological characteristics, tumor selectivity and its mechanism, tumor killing mechanism, combination therapy, and nonclinical pharmacokinetics of M1 virus. The future development direction of oncolytic virus M1 is also discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Visualization of the Oncolytic Alphavirus M1 Life Cycle in Cancer Cells. Virol Sin 2021; 36:655-666. [PMID: 33481190 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic alphavirus M1 has been shown to selectively target and kill cancer cells, but cytopathic morphologies induced by M1 virus and the life cycle of the M1 strain in cancer cells remain unclear. Here, we study the key stages of M1 virus infection and replication in the M1 virus-sensitive HepG2 liver cancer cell line by transmission electron microscopy, specifically examining viral entry, assembly, maturation and release. We found that M1 virus induces vacuolization of cancer cells during infection and ultimately nuclear marginalization, a typical indicator of apoptosis. Specifically, our results suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum participates in the assembly of nucleocapsids. In the early and late stage of infection, three kinds of special cytopathic vacuoles are formed and appear to be involved in the replication, maturation and release of the virus. Taken together, our data displayed the process of M1 virus infection of tumor cells and provide the structural basis for the study of M1 virus-host interactions.
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Liu Y, Li K, Zhu WB, Zhang H, Huang WT, Liu XC, Lin Y, Cai J, Yan GM, Qiu JG, Peng L, Liang JK, Hu C. Suppression of CCDC6 sensitizes tumor to oncolytic virus M1. Neoplasia 2020; 23:158-168. [PMID: 33338804 PMCID: PMC7749300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus is an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, which exploits natural or manipulated viruses to selectively target and kill cancer cells. However, the innate antiviral system of cancer cells may resistant to the treatment of oncolytic virus. M1 virus is a newly identified oncolytic virus belonging to alphavirus species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer activity are largely unknown. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. RNA seq analysis was used to analyze the gene alternation after M1 virus infection. Small interfering RNAs transfection for gene knockdown was used for gene functional tests. Caspase-3/7 activity was detected by Caspase-Glo Assay Systems. A mice model of orthotopic bladder tumor was established to determine the oncolytic effectiveness of the M1 virus. The expression of cleaved-Caspase 3 as well as Ki-67 in tumor cells were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. To further define the molecular factors involved in M1 virus-mediated biological function, we knocked down genes related to alphavirus’ activity and found that CCDC6 plays an important role in the oncolytic activity of M1 virus. Moreover, knocked down of CCDC6 augments the reproduction of M1 virus and resulted in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo orthotopic bladder cancer model. Our research provides a rational new target for developing new compounds to promote the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Cheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Mei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guang Qiu
- Department of Urology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Kai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cai J, Lin K, Cai W, Lin Y, Liu X, Guo L, Zhang J, Xu W, Lin Z, Wong CW, Sander M, Hu J, Yan G, Zhu W, Liang J. Tumors driven by RAS signaling harbor a natural vulnerability to oncolytic virus M1. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3153-3168. [PMID: 33037696 PMCID: PMC7718955 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are potent anticancer agents that replicate within and kill cancer cells rather than normal cells, and their selectivity is largely determined by oncogenic mutations. M1, a novel oncolytic virus strain, has been shown to target cancer cells, but the relationship between its cancer selectivity and oncogenic signaling pathways is poorly understood. Here, we report that RAS mutation promotes the replication and oncolytic effect of M1 in cancer, and we further provide evidence that the inhibition of the RAS/RAF/MEK signaling axis suppresses M1 infection and the subsequent cytopathic effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inhibition of RAS signaling upregulates the type I interferon antiviral response, and further RNA interference screen identified CDKN1A as a key downstream factor that inhibits viral infection. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments confirmed that CDKN1A inhibited the replication and oncolytic effect of M1 virus. Subsequent TCGA data mining and tissue microarray (TMA) analysis revealed that CDKN1A is commonly deficient in human cancers, suggesting extensive clinical application prospects for M1. Our report indicates that virotherapy is feasible for treating undruggable RAS-driven cancers and provides reliable biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kaiying Lin
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Guo
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jifu Zhang
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Chun Wa Wong
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Max Sander
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.GuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of PharmacologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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11
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Cai J, Zhu W, Lin Y, Hu J, Liu X, Xu W, Liu Y, Hu C, He S, Gong S, Yan G, Liang J. Lonidamine potentiates the oncolytic efficiency of M1 virus independent of hexokinase 2 but via inhibition of antiviral immunity. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:532. [PMID: 33292203 PMCID: PMC7607643 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on host cells to provide the energy and molecular precursors necessary for successful infection. The main component of virus-induced metabolic reprogramming is the activation of glycolysis, which provides biomolecular resources for viral replication. However, little is known about the crosstalk between oncolytic viruses and host glycolytic processes. Methods A MTT assay was used to detect M1 virus-induced cell killing. Flow cytometry was used to monitor infection of M1 virus expressing the GFP reporter gene. qPCR and western blotting were used to detect gene expression. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate gene expression under different drug treatments. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Caspase activity was detected. Last, a mouse xenograft model was established to evaluate the antitumor effect in vivo. Most data were analyzed with a two-tailed Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test for pairwise comparisons. Tumor volumes were analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare nonnormally distributed data. Results Here, we showed that the glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) inhibited infection by M1 virus, which we identified as a novel type of oncolytic virus, and decreased its oncolytic effect, indicating the dependence of M1 replication on glycolysis. In contrast, lonidamine, a reported hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor, enhanced the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus independent of HK2. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that downregulation of the antiviral immune response contributes to the lonidamine-mediated potentiation of the infection and oncolytic effect of M1 virus, and that MYC is the key factor in the pool of antiviral immune response factors inhibited by lonidamine. Moreover, lonidamine potentiated the irreversible ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by M1 virus. Enhancement of M1′s oncolytic effect by lonidamine was also identified in vivo. Conclusions This research demonstrated the dependence of M1 virus on glycolysis and identified a candidate synergist for M1 virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Songmin He
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Shoufang Gong
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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12
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 PMCID: PMC6279343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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