1
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Nelson BE, Meric-Bernstam F. Leveraging TROP2 Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Solid Tumors. Annu Rev Med 2024; 75:31-48. [PMID: 37758237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-071322-065903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become the cornerstone of effective therapeutics in solid and hematological malignancies by harnessing potent cytotoxic payloads with targeted tumoricidal delivery. Since the monumental shift occurred with HER2-targeted ADCs, the discovery of the TROP2 antigen has revolutionized the landscape of ADC development. Moving beyond the traditional ADC design, multiple novel ADCs have successfully shaped and improved survival outcomes in patients with various tumor histologies. Here we review and contrast the clinical impact of the well-known TROP2 ADCs currently in clinical use. We also shed light on upcoming investigational TROP2 ADCs showing promise with novel ADC platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessie Elizabeth Nelson
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA;
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA;
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2
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Tax G, Guay KP, Pantalone L, Ceci M, Soldà T, Hitchman CJ, Hill JC, Vasiljević S, Lia A, Modenutti CP, Straatman KR, Santino A, Molinari M, Zitzmann N, Hebert DN, Roversi P, Trerotola M. Rescue of secretion of rare-disease-associated misfolded mutant glycoproteins in UGGT1 knock-out mammalian cells. Traffic 2024; 25:e12927. [PMID: 38272446 PMCID: PMC10832616 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of misfolded glycoproteins is mediated by the ER-localized eukaryotic glycoprotein secretion checkpoint, UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyl-transferase (UGGT). The enzyme recognizes a misfolded glycoprotein and flags it for ER retention by re-glucosylating one of its N-linked glycans. In the background of a congenital mutation in a secreted glycoprotein gene, UGGT-mediated ER retention can cause rare disease, even if the mutant glycoprotein retains activity ("responsive mutant"). Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we investigated here the subcellular localization of the human Trop-2-Q118E, E227K and L186P mutants, which cause gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (GDLD). Compared with the wild-type Trop-2, which is correctly localized at the plasma membrane, these Trop-2 mutants are retained in the ER. We studied fluorescent chimeras of the Trop-2 Q118E, E227K and L186P mutants in mammalian cells harboring CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inhibition of the UGGT1 and/or UGGT2 genes. The membrane localization of the Trop-2 Q118E, E227K and L186P mutants was successfully rescued in UGGT1-/- cells. UGGT1 also efficiently reglucosylated Trop-2-Q118E-EYFP in cellula. The study supports the hypothesis that UGGT1 modulation would constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pathological conditions associated to misfolded membrane glycoproteins (whenever the mutation impairs but does not abrogate function), and it encourages the testing of modulators of ER glycoprotein folding quality control as broad-spectrum rescue-of-secretion drugs in rare diseases caused by responsive secreted glycoprotein mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tax
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P. Guay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Ludovica Pantalone
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Martina Ceci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Soldà
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, UniversitàdellaSvizzeraItaliana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Charlie J. Hitchman
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
| | - Johan C. Hill
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Snežana Vasiljević
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lia
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlos P. Modenutti
- Departamento de QuímicaBiológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de QuímicaBiológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Kees R. Straatman
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, England, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel N. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
- Institute of AgriculturalBiology and Biotecnology, IBBA-CNR Unit of Milano, via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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3
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Liu X, Li J, Deng J, Zhao J, Zhao G, Zhang T, Jiang H, Liang B, Xing D, Wang J. Targeting Trop2 in solid tumors: a look into structures and novel epitopes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1332489. [PMID: 38179054 PMCID: PMC10765514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1332489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2) exhibits limited expression in normal tissues but is over-expressed across various solid tumors. The effectiveness of anti-Trop2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in managing breast cancer validates Trop2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, excessive toxicity and a low response rate of ADCs pose ongoing challenges. Safer and more effective strategies should be developed for Trop2-positive cancers. The dynamic structural attributes and the oligomeric assembly of Trop2 present formidable obstacles to the progression of innovative targeted therapeutics. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding Trop2's structure and provide an overview of the epitope characteristics of Trop2-targeted agents. Furthermore, we discuss the correlation between anti-Trop2 agents' epitopes and their respective functions, particularly emphasizing their efficacy and specificity in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiyixuan Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Junwen Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
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4
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Alberti S. Targeting Trop-2 as a Cancer Driver. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4688-4692. [PMID: 37549340 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences-BIOMORF, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Guadalupi G, Contini C, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Messana I, Faa G, Onali S, Chessa L, Vitorino R, Amado F, Diaz G, Manconi B, Cabras T, Olianas A. Combined Salivary Proteome Profiling and Machine Learning Analysis Provides Insight into Molecular Signature for Autoimmune Liver Diseases Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12207. [PMID: 37569584 PMCID: PMC10418803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are autoimmune liver diseases that target the liver and have a wide spectrum of presentation. A global overview of quantitative variations on the salivary proteome in presence of these two pathologies is investigated in this study. The acid-insoluble salivary fraction of AIH and PBC patients, and healthy controls (HCs), was analyzed using a gel-based bottom-up proteomic approach combined with a robust machine learning statistical analysis of the dataset. The abundance of Arginase, Junction plakoglobin, Desmoplakin, Hexokinase-3 and Desmocollin-1 decreased, while that of BPI fold-containing family A member 2 increased in AIHp compared to HCs; the abundance of Gelsolin, CD14, Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2, Clusterin, Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1, Cofilin-1 and BPI fold-containing family B member 2 increased in PBCp compared to HCs. The abundance of Hornerin decreased in both AIHp and PBCp with respect to HCs and provided an area under the ROC curve of 0.939. Machine learning analysis confirmed the feasibility of the salivary proteome to discriminate groups of subjects based on AIH or PBC occurrence as previously suggested by our group. The topology-based functional enrichment analysis performed on these potential salivary biomarkers highlights an enrichment of terms mostly related to the immune system, but also with a strong involvement in liver fibrosis process and with antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guadalupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.G.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.G.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gavino Faa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Simona Onali
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED, Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Giacomo Diaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.G.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.G.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (G.G.); (C.C.); (T.C.); (A.O.)
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6
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Relli V, Lattanzio R, Ceci M, Boujnah K, Pantalone L, Di Pietro R, Iezzi M, Tinari N, Alberti S. The 2EF Antibody Targets a Unique N-Terminal Epitope of Trop-2 and Enhances the In Vivo Activity of the Cancer-Selective 2G10 Antibody. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3721. [PMID: 37509383 PMCID: PMC10378344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 proteolytic processing in cancer cells exposes epitopes that were specifically targeted by the 2G10 antibody. We sought additional recognition of Trop-2 within difficult-to-reach, densely packed tumor sites. Trop-2 deletion mutants were employed in immunization and screening procedures, and these led to the recognition of a novel epitope in the N-terminal region of Trop-2, by the 2EF antibody. The 2EF mAb was shown to bind Trop-2 at cell-cell junctions in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and in deeply seated sites in prostate cancer, that were inaccessible to benchmark anti-Trop-2 antibodies. The 2EF antibody was shown to inhibit the growth of HT29 colon tumor cells in vitro, with the highest activity at high cell density. In vivo, 2EF showed anticancer activity against SKOv3 ovarian, Colo205, HT29, HCT116 colon and DU-145 prostate tumors, with the highest impact on densely packed tumor sites, whereby 2EF outcompeted benchmark anti-Trop-2 antibodies. Given the different recognition modes of Trop-2 by 2EF and 2G10, we hypothesized the effective interaction of the two mAb in vivo. The 2EF mAb was indeed demonstrated to enhance the activity of 2G10 against tumor xenotransplants, opening novel avenues for Trop-2-targeted therapy. We humanized 2EF by state-of-the-art CDR grafting/re-modeling, yielding the Hu2EF for therapy of Trop-2-expressing tumors in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Relli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Ceci
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Khouloud Boujnah
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences-BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pantalone
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies and Technnology (CAST), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicola Tinari
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences-BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Qiu S, Zhang J, Wang Z, Lan H, Hou J, Zhang N, Wang X, Lu H. Targeting Trop-2 in cancer: Recent research progress and clinical application. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188902. [PMID: 37121444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antitumor drugs depends mainly upon targeting tumor cells precisely. Trophoblast surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein involved in Ca2+ signaling in tumor cells. It is highly expressed in various tumor tissues than in normal tissues and represents a novel and promising molecular target for caner targeted therapy. Up to now, the mechanisms and functions associated with Trop-2 have been extensively studied in a variety of solid tumors. According to these findings, Trop-2 plays an important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In addition, Trop-2 related drugs are also being developed widely. There are a number of Trop-2 related ADC drugs that have demonstrated potent antitumor activity and are currently been studied, such as Sacituzumab Govitecan (SG) and Datopotamab Deruxtecan (Dato-Dxd). In this study, we reviewed the progress of Trop-2 research in solid tumors. We also sorted out the composition and rationale of Trop-2 related drugs and summarized the related clinical trials. Finally, we discussed the current status of Trop-2 research and expanded our perspectives on its future research directions. Importantly, we found that Trop-2 targeted ADCs have great potential for combination with other antitumor therapies. Trop-2 targeted ADCs can reprogramme tumor microenvironment through multiple signaling pathways, ultimately activating antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/Lishui Central Hospital and Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Lishui, China
| | - Jili Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, China Coast Guard Hospital of the People's Armed Police Force, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Haiqi Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Guerra E, Di Pietro R, Stati G, Alberti S. A non-mutated TROP2 fingerprint in cancer genetics. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151090. [PMID: 37456256 PMCID: PMC10338868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of high throughput DNA sequencing is providing massive amounts of tumor-associated mutation data. Implicit in these analyses is the assumption that, by acquiring a series of hallmark changes, normal cells evolve along a neoplastic path. However, the lack of correlation between cancer risk and global exposure to mutagenic factors provides arguments against this model. This suggested that additional, non-mutagenic factors are at work in cancer development. A candidate determinant is TROP2, that stands out for its expression in the majority of solid tumors in human, for its impact on the prognosis of most solid cancers and for its role as driver of cancer growth and metastatic diffusion, through overexpression as a wild-type form. The Trop-2 signaling network encompasses CREB1, Jun, NF-κB, Rb, STAT1 and STAT3, through induction of cyclin D1 and MAPK/ERK. Notably, Trop-2-driven pathways vastly overlap with those activated by most functionally relevant/most frequently mutated RAS and TP53, and are co-expressed in a large fraction of individual tumor cases, suggesting functional overlap. Mutated Ras was shown to synergize with the TROP2-CYCLIND1 mRNA chimera in transforming primary cells into tumorigenic ones. Genomic loss of TROP2 was found to promote carcinogenesis in squamous cell carcinomas through modulation of Src and mutated Ras pathways. DNA methylation and TP53 status were shown to cause genome instability and TROP gene amplification, together with Trop-2 protein overexpression. These findings suggest that mutagenic and the TROP2 non-mutagenic pathways deeply intertwine in driving transformed cell growth and malignant progression of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gianmarco Stati
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - Biomedical Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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9
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Tax G, Guay KP, Soldà T, Hitchman CJ, Hill JC, Vasiljević S, Lia A, Modenutti CP, Straatman KR, Santino A, Molinari M, Zitzmann N, Hebert DN, Roversi P, Trerotola M. Rescue of secretion of a rare-disease associated mis-folded mutant glycoprotein in UGGT1 knock-out mammalian cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542711. [PMID: 37398215 PMCID: PMC10312515 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of mis-folded glycoproteins is mediated by the ERlocalised eukaryotic glycoprotein secretion checkpoint, UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyl-transferase (UGGT). The enzyme recognises a mis-folded glycoprotein and flags it for ER retention by reglucosylating one of its N-linked glycans. In the background of a congenital mutation in a secreted glycoprotein gene, UGGT-mediated ER retention can cause rare disease even if the mutant glycoprotein retains activity ("responsive mutant"). Here, we investigated the subcellular localisation of the human Trop-2 Q118E variant, which causes gelatinous droplike corneal dystrophy (GDLD). Compared with the wild type Trop-2, which is correctly localised at the plasma membrane, the Trop-2-Q118E variant is found to be heavily retained in the ER. Using Trop-2-Q118E, we tested UGGT modulation as a rescue-of-secretion therapeutic strategy for congenital rare disease caused by responsive mutations in genes encoding secreted glycoproteins. We investigated secretion of a EYFP-fusion of Trop-2-Q118E by confocal laser scanning microscopy. As a limiting case of UGGT inhibition, mammalian cells harbouring CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inhibition of the UGGT1 and/or UGGT2 gene expressions were used. The membrane localisation of the Trop-2-Q118E-EYFP mutant was successfully rescued in UGGT1-/- and UGGT1/2-/- cells. UGGT1 also efficiently reglucosylated Trop-2-Q118E-EYFP in cellula. The study supports the hypothesis that UGGT1 modulation constitutes a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Trop-2-Q118E associated GDLD, and it encourages the testing of modulators of ER glycoprotein folding Quality Control (ERQC) as broad-spectrum rescueof-secretion drugs in rare diseases caused by responsive secreted glycoprotein mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Tax
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P. Guay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Tatiana Soldà
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Charlie J. Hitchman
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
| | - Johan C. Hill
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Snežana Vasiljević
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lia
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlos P. Modenutti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) e Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Pabellón 2 de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Kees R. Straatman
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, England, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Institute of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel N. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Leicester Institute of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HR, England, United Kingdom
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotecnology, IBBACNR Unit of Milano, via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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10
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TROP2: a potential marker in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms. Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:99-103. [PMID: 35355197 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-02976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The human trophoblast cell surface antigen (TROP-2), a transmembrane glycoprotein, has recently been investigated as a valuable marker of thyroid epithelial neoplasms. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the diagnostic utility of TROP2 in thyroid neoplasms. METHODS A total of 308 cases, including 170 cases of different PTC variants, 50 cases of benign and non-neoplastic lesions, and 86 cases of other neoplasms (NIFT-P, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, Hürthle cell carcinoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma), were included in this study. Only membranous staining with TROP2 was considered positive. RESULTS In PTC, classical (n = 35), tall cell (n = 41), follicular (n = 39), solid (n = 19), hobnail (n = 10), Warthin-like (n = l0), columnar (n = 7), and oncocytic variant (n = 9) were 100%, 97.6%, 5.1%, 42.1%, 90%, 90%, 28.6%, and 33.3% positive, respectively. A negative reaction was observed in all 50 cases of benign and non-neoplastic lesions and also in surrounding normal thyroid tissue in all cases. Negative reactions were observed in 83 (n = 86) of other thyroid neoplasms including NIFT-P (n = 20), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (n = 10), anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (n = 10), follicular thyroid carcinoma (n = 18), Hürthle cell carcinoma (n = 18), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (n = 10). Only focal positivity was observed in three Hürthle cell carcinoma cases. CONCLUSION TROP2 was a helpful marker for differentiating PTC, especially in the classic, tall cell, hobnail, and Warthin-like variants, benign and non-neoplastic lesions, and other neoplasms of the thyroid.
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11
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Zhu J, Wu W, Togashi Y, Taira Nihira N, Johmura Y, Zhu D, Nakanishi M, Miyoshi Y, Ohta T. Alteration of Trop-2 expression in breast cancer cells by clinically used therapeutic agents and acquired tamoxifen resistance. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:1076-1087. [PMID: 35882754 PMCID: PMC9587948 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Sacituzumab govitecan is an antibody–drug conjugate that delivers SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan, to the target molecule, trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop-2). It is a promising drug for triple-negative breast cancer and is anticipated to be effective for luminal breast cancer. The efficacy of the agent relies on the expression of Trop-2 rather than its intracellular function. However, conditions that alter the Trop-2 expression have not been well investigated. Methods We tested a range of clinically related treatments for their effect on Trop-2 expression in cultured breast cancer cell lines. Results The expression level of Trop-2 differed among cell lines, independent of their subtypes, and was highly variable on treatment with kinase inhibitors, tamoxifen, irradiation, and chemotherapeutic agents including irinotecan. While inhibitors of AKT, RSK, and p38 MAPK suppressed the Trop-2 expression, tamoxifen treatment significantly increased Trop-2 expression in luminal cancer cell lines. Notably, luminal cancer cells with acquired resistance to tamoxifen also exhibited higher levels of Trop-2. We identified transcription factor EB (TFEB) as a possible mechanism underlying tamoxifen-induced elevation of Trop-2 expression. Tamoxifen triggers dephosphorylation of TFEB, an active form of TFEB, and the effect of tamoxifen on Trop-2 was prevented by depletion of TFEB. A luciferase reporter assay showed that Trop-2 induction by TFEB was dependent on a tandem E-box motif within the Trop-2 promoter region. Conclusions Overall, these results suggest that the effectiveness of sacituzumab govitecan could be altered by concomitant treatment and that tamoxifen could be a favorable agent for combined therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12282-022-01389-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Breast Medicine, Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Togashi
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoe Taira Nihira
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Department of Cancer and Senescence Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dajiang Zhu
- Department of Breast Medicine, Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyoshi
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohta
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan.
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12
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Trop-2, Na+/K+ ATPase, CD9, PKCα, cofilin assemble a membrane signaling super-complex that drives colorectal cancer growth and invasion. Oncogene 2022; 41:1795-1808. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Trop-2 cleavage by ADAM10 is an activator switch for cancer growth and metastasis. Neoplasia 2021; 23:415-428. [PMID: 33839455 PMCID: PMC8042651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 is a transmembrane signal transducer that can induce cancer growth. Using antibody targeting and N-terminal Edman degradation, we show here that Trop-2 undergoes cleavage in the first thyroglobulin domain loop of its extracellular region, between residues R87 and T88. Molecular modeling indicated that this cleavage induces a profound rearrangement of the Trop-2 structure, which suggested a deep impact on its biological function. No Trop-2 cleavage was detected in normal human tissues, whereas most tumors showed Trop-2 cleavage, including skin, ovary, colon, and breast cancers. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ADAM10 physically interacts with Trop-2. Immunofluorescence/confocal time-lapse microscopy revealed that the two molecules broadly colocalize at the cell membrane. We show that ADAM10 inhibitors, siRNAs and shRNAs abolish the processing of Trop-2, which indicates that ADAM10 is an effector protease. Proteolysis of Trop-2 at R87-T88 triggered cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. A corresponding role was shown for metastatic spreading of colon cancer, as the R87A-T88A Trop-2 mutant abolished xenotransplant metastatic dissemination. Activatory proteolysis of Trop-2 was recapitulated in primary human breast cancers. Together with the prognostic impact of Trop-2 and ADAM10 on cancers of the skin, ovary, colon, lung, and pancreas, these data indicate a driving role of this activatory cleavage of Trop-2 on malignant progression of tumors.
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14
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Establishment of a novel anti-TROP2 monoclonal antibody TrMab-29 for immunohistochemical analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100902. [PMID: 33490649 PMCID: PMC7806523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TROP2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein originally identified in human trophoblast cells that is overexpressed in several types of cancer. To better understand the role of TROP2 in cancer, we herein aimed to develop a sensitive and specific anti-TROP2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) for use in flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry using a Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. Two mice were immunized with N-terminal PA-tagged and C-terminal RAP/MAP-tagged TROP2-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/PA-TROP2-RAP-MAP), and hybridomas showing strong signals from PA-tagged TROP2-overexpressed CHO-K1 cells (CHO/TROP2-PA) and weak-to-no signals from CHO-K1 cells were selected using flow cytometry. We demonstrated using flow cytometry that the established anti-TROP2 mAb, TrMab-29 (mouse IgG1 kappa), detected TROP2 in MCF7 breast cancer cell line as well as CHO/TROP2-PA cells. Western blot analysis showed a 40 kDa band in lysates prepared from both CHO/TROP2-PA and MCF7 cells. Furthermore, TROP2 was strongly detected by immunohistochemical analysis using TrMab-29, indicating that TrMab-29 may be a valuable tool for the detection of TROP2 in cancer.
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Key Words
- ADC, antibody-drug conjugates
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Breast cancer
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell
- CBIS method
- CBIS, Cell-Based Immunization and Screening
- CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- Monoclonal antibody
- P3U1, P3X63Ag8U.1
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PIT, photoimmunotherapy
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIT, radioimmunotherapy
- TROP2
- TROP2, trophoblast cell-surface antigen
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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15
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Sayama Y, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Development and characterization of TrMab‑6, a novel anti‑TROP2 monoclonal antibody for antigen detection in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:92. [PMID: 33300065 PMCID: PMC7723163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed in a number of cancer types, including triple-negative breast cancer. The current study aimed to develop a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting TROP2, which could be used to evaluate TROP2 expression using flow cytometry, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry by employing the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. The established anti-TROP2 mAb, TrMab-6 (mouse IgG2b, κ), detected TROP2 on PA-tagged TROP2-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/TROP2-PA) and breast cancer cell lines, including MCF7 and BT-474 using flow cytometry. Western blot analysis indicated a 40 kDa band in lysates prepared from CHO/TROP2-PA, MCF7 and BT-474 cells. Furthermore, TROP2 in 57/61 (93.4%) of the breast cancer specimens was strongly detected using immunohistochemical analysis with TrMab-6. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that TrMab-6 may be a valuable tool for the detection of TROP2 in a wide variety of breast cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
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16
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Kamble PR, Rane S, Breed AA, Joseph S, Mahale SD, Pathak BR. Proteolytic cleavage of Trop2 at Arg87 is mediated by matriptase and regulated by Val194. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3156-3169. [PMID: 32761920 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing is an important post-translational modification affecting protein activity and stability. In the current study, we investigate the N-terminal cleavage of Trop2, a protein which is overexpressed in many cancers. We demonstrate that Trop2 is cleaved at Arg87 by a transmembrane serine protease, matriptase. Homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids in close proximity to the matriptase cleavage site reveal the importance of Val194 in regulating Trop2 cleavage. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirm that amino acid substitutions at Arg87, Thr88, Lys189, Val194, and His195 do not affect Trop2 dimerization. However, cleavage of wild-type Trop2 by matriptase is inhibited when it is allowed to dimerize with a V194 A mutant monomer, further confirming the role of Val194 in matriptase-mediated N-terminal cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya R Kamble
- Division of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjana Rane
- Division of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Ananya A Breed
- Division of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shaini Joseph
- Genetic Research Center, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Smita D Mahale
- Division of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhakti R Pathak
- Division of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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17
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Zaman S, Jadid H, Denson AC, Gray JE. Targeting Trop-2 in solid tumors: future prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1781-1790. [PMID: 30881031 PMCID: PMC6402435 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s162447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated in all cancer types independent of baseline levels of Trop-2 expression. Trop-2 is an ideal candidate for targeted therapeutics due to it being a transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain overexpressed on a wide variety of tumors as well as its upregulated expression relative to normal cells. As a result, several Trop-2-targeted therapeutics have recently been developed for clinical use, such as anti-Trop-2 antibodies and Trop-2-targeted antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). Subsequently, multiple early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated safety and clinical benefit of Trop-2-based ADCs across multiple tumor types. This includes clinical benefit and tolerability in tumor types with limited treatment options, such as triple-negative breast cancer, platinum-resistant urothelial cancer, and small-cell lung cancer. In this review, we elaborate on all clinical trials involving Trop-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Zaman
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Jadid
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
| | - Aaron C Denson
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA,
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18
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TROP-2 exhibits tumor suppressive functions in cervical cancer by dual inhibition of IGF-1R and ALK signaling. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 152:185-193. [PMID: 30429055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes promotes initiation and progression of cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the tumor suppressive effects of TROP-2 in cervical cancer cells and to explain the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The tumor suppressive functions of TROP-2 in cervical cancer cells were examined by in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic functional assays. Downstream factors of TROP-2 were screened using Human Phospho-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Array. Small molecule inhibitors were applied to HeLa cells to test the TROP-2 effects on the oncogenicity of IGF-1R and ALK. Protein interactions between TROP-2 and the ligands of IGF-1R and ALK were detected via immunoprecipitation assay and protein-protein affinity prediction. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo functional assays showed that overexpression of TROP-2 significantly inhibited the oncogenicity of cervical cancer cells; while knockdown of TROP-2 exhibited opposite effects. Human Phospho-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Array showed that the activity of IGF-1R and ALK was stimulated by TROP-2 knockdown. Small molecule inhibitors AG1024 targeting IGF-1R and Crizotinib targeting ALK were treated to HeLa cells with and without TROP-2 overexpression, and results from cell viability and migration assays indicated that the oncogenicity of vector-transfected cells was repressed to a greater extent by the inhibition of either IGF-1R or ALK than that of the TROP-2-overexpressed cells. Immunoprecipitation assay and protein-protein affinity prediction suggested protein interactions between TROP-2 and the ligands of IGF-1R and ALK. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results support that TROP-2 exhibits tumor suppressor functions in cervical cancer through inhibiting the activity of IGF-1R and ALK.
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19
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Relli V, Trerotola M, Guerra E, Alberti S. Distinct lung cancer subtypes associate to distinct drivers of tumor progression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35528-35540. [PMID: 30473748 PMCID: PMC6238974 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histopathological subtypes are lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC). To identify candidate progression determinants of NSCLC subtypes, we explored the transcriptomic signatures of LUAD versus LUSC. We then investigated the prognostic impact of the identified tumor-associated determinants. This was done utilizing DNA microarray data from 2,437 NSCLC patients. An independent analysis of a case series of 994 NSCLC was conducted by next-generation sequencing, together with gene expression profiling from GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). This work led us to identify 69 distinct tumor prognostic determinants, which impact on LUAD or LUSC clinical outcome. These included key drivers of tumor growth and cell cycle, transcription factors and metabolic determinants. Such disease determinants appeared vastly different in LUAD versus LUSC, and often had opposite impact on clinical outcome. These findings indicate that distinct tumor progression pathways are at work in the two NSCLC subtypes. Notably, most prognostic determinants would go inappropriately assessed or even undetected when globally investigating unselected NSCLC. Hence, differential consideration for NSCLC subtypes should be taken into account in current clinical evaluation procedures for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Relli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuela Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry, Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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20
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Sin STK, Li Y, Liu M, Yuan YF, Ma S, Guan XY. Down-regulation of TROP-2 Predicts Poor Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1408-1414. [PMID: 30411086 PMCID: PMC6211329 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancer types worldwide, especially in Asian countries. Genetic alterations, including hyperactivation of oncogenes and loss of expression of tumor suppressor genes, greatly contribute to the initiation and progression of HCC. Here we report that down-regulation of trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP-2) was frequently detected in HCC. Transcriptome sequencing of non-tumor and HCC patient samples revealed down-regulation of TROP-2 in tumor tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed nearly undetectable levels of TROP-2 in HCC tissues but distinct and strong staining of TROP-2 in adjacent non-tumor tissues. The frequent down-regulation of TROP-2 expression was further confirmed in an in-house cohort of 205 pairs of HCC patient samples and in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Furthermore, the down-regulation of TROP-2 was associated with poor overall survival of HCC patients, severe adjacent organ invasion, and poor differentiation of HCC. Using bisulfite genomic sequencing and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analyses, we show that higher levels of promoter methylation were detected in the DNA samples of HCC tissues (low TROP-2 expression) than that of the non-tumor tissues (high TROP-2 expression). Conclusion: Taken together, our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation contributes to the frequent down-regulation of TROP-2 in HCC, and that TROP-2 down-regulation predicts poor prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T K Sin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biology South University of Science and Technology of China Shenzhen China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Basic Sciences Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
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21
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Abstract
Objectives: Human trophoblast cell-surface marker (TROP-2) has been reported to be overexpressed in various human carcinomas (CAs) and suggested to be a prognostic marker for some CAs. The diagnostic utility of TROP-2 in CAs has not been explored. Methods: Immunohistochemical evaluation of TROP-2 expression on tissue microarray sections of 136 thyroid neoplasms, surgical specimens of 61 atypical thyroid follicular-patterned lesions [including 33 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 17 atypical follicular neoplasms (AFNs), and 11 adenomatoid nodules with focal nuclear atypia (ANFNA)], and 20 benign thyroid lesions, as well as 10 cytology specimens of PTCs was performed. For comparison, immunoassay for Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1), galectin-3, and cytokeratin 19 was performed on the 61 atypical thyroid follicular-patterned lesions. Results: Strong membranous staining with TROP-2 was seen in 94% (33/35) of classic PTCs and 81% (30/37) of confirmed follicular variant PTCs on tissue microarray and routine surgical sections, as well as 100% (10/10) of PTCs on cytology specimens; it was not observed in follicular adenomas (n=51) or CAs (n=37), AFNs or ANFNA (n=28), benign (n=20) or normal (n=15) thyroid tissue. In contrast, the expression of HBME-1 and galectin-3 was identified in 100% (33/33) of surgical cases of PTCs and in 57% (16/28) and 50% (14/28) of AFNs and ANFNA, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that a membranous TROP-2 staining pattern is highly specific for PTC, which may serve as a potential diagnostic marker aiding in the accurate classification of morphologically equivocal thyroid follicular-patterned lesions.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Alberti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Institute for Pharmacology Research Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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23
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Sekhar V, Pollicino T, Diaz G, Engle RE, Alayli F, Melis M, Kabat J, Tice A, Pomerenke A, Altan-Bonnet N, Zamboni F, Lusso P, Emerson SU, Farci P. Infection with hepatitis C virus depends on TACSTD2, a regulator of claudin-1 and occludin highly downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29538454 PMCID: PMC5882150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV) into hepatocytes is a complex process that involves numerous cellular factors, including the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), the tetraspanin CD81, and the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN). Despite expression of all known HCV-entry factors, in vitro models based on hepatoma cell lines do not fully reproduce the in vivo susceptibility of liver cells to primary HCV isolates, implying the existence of additional host factors which are critical for HCV entry and/or replication. Likewise, HCV replication is severely impaired within hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue in vivo, but the mechanisms responsible for this restriction are presently unknown. Here, we identify tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2), one of the most downregulated genes in primary HCC tissue, as a host factor that interacts with CLDN1 and OCLN and regulates their cellular localization. TACSTD2 gene silencing disrupts the typical linear distribution of CLDN1 and OCLN along the cellular membrane in both hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes, recapitulating the pattern observed in vivo in primary HCC tissue. Mechanistic studies suggest that TACSTD2 is involved in the phosphorylation of CLDN1 and OCLN, which is required for their proper cellular localization. Silencing of TACSTD2 dramatically inhibits HCV infection with a pan-genotype effect that occurs at the level of viral entry. Our study identifies TACSTD2 as a novel regulator of two major HCV-entry factors, CLDN1 and OCLN, which is strongly downregulated in malignant hepatocytes. These results provide new insights into the complex process of HCV entry into hepatocytes and may assist in the development of more efficient cellular systems for HCV propagation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sekhar
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Diaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ronald E. Engle
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farah Alayli
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marta Melis
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Facility/Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley Tice
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Pomerenke
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fausto Zamboni
- Liver Transplantation Center, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne U. Emerson
- Molecular Hepatitis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Tripaldi R, Aloisi AL, Simeone P, Sacchetti A, Relli V, D'Amore A, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Alberti S. Trop-2 Induces Tumor Growth Through AKT and Determines Sensitivity to AKT Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4197-205. [PMID: 27022065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of AKT is a key target area for personalized cancer medicine. However, predictive markers of response to AKT inhibitors are lacking. Correspondingly, the AKT-dependent chain of command for tumor growth, which will mediate AKT-dependent therapeutic responses, remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Proteomic profiling was utilized to identify nodal hubs of the Trop-2 cancer growth-driving network. Kinase-specific inhibitors were used to dissect Trop-2-dependent from Trop-2-independent pathways. In vitro assays, in vivo preclinical models, and case series of primary human breast cancers were utilized to define the mechanisms of Trop-2-driven growth and the mode of action of Trop-2-predicted AKT inhibitors. RESULTS Trop-2 and AKT expression was shown to be tightly coordinated in human breast cancers, with virtual overlap with AKT activation profiles at T308 and S473, consistent with functional interaction in vivo AKT allosteric inhibitors were shown to only block the growth of Trop-2-expressing tumor cells, both in vitro and in preclinical models, being ineffective on Trop-2-null cells. Consistently, AKT-targeted siRNA only impacted on Trop-2-expressing cells. Lentiviral downregulation of endogenous Trop-2 abolished tumor response to AKT blockade, indicating Trop-2 as a mandatory activator of AKT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the expression of Trop-2 is a stringent predictor of tumor response to AKT inhibitors. They also support the identification of target-activatory pathways, as efficient predictors of response in precision cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4197-205. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Romina Tripaldi
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Aloisi
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Relli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Amore
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossana La Sorda
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy. Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy. Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, CeSI-MeT, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy. Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Unit of Physiology and Physiopathology, University 'G. d'Annunzio,' Chieti, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
Context
Accurate classification of follicular-patterned thyroid lesions is not always an easy task on routine surgical hematoxylin-eosin–stained or cytologic fine-needle aspiration specimens. The diagnostic challenges are partially due to differential diagnostic criteria that are often subtle and subjective. In the past decades, tremendous advances have been made in molecular gene profiling of tumors and diagnostic immunohistochemistry, aiding in diagnostic accuracy and proper patient management.
Objective
To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the most commonly studied immunomarkers in the field of thyroid pathology by review of the literature, using the database of indexed articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) from 1976–2013.
Data Sources
Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience.
Conclusions
The appropriate use of immunohistochemistry by applying a panel of immunomarkers and using a standardized technical and interpretational method may complement the morphologic assessment and aid in the accurate classification of difficult thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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26
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Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Tan AR. Triple-negative breast cancer: molecular subtypes and new targets for therapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e31-e39. [PMID: 25993190 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a molecularly diverse disease. This heterogeneity has limited the success of targeted therapy in unselected patients to date. Recent transcriptional analysis has divided TNBC into transcriptionally similar subtypes that may have different sensitivity to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapy. At present, chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for early-stage and advanced TNBC; however, several actionable targets show promise in preclinical studies. Novel therapeutic strategies are currently being tested in phase II and phase III trials and will likely require patient stratification before therapy. Examples of these tailored approaches include poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for BRCA-mutated TNBC, antiandrogens for androgen receptor (AR)-positive TNBC, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors for TNBC harboring FGFR amplifications, and gamma-secretase inhibitors for TNBC with mutations in the PEST domain of NOTCH proteins. Treatment of TNBC based on molecular subsets represents a potential algorithm for the future. Well-designed clinical trials with incorporation of integrated biomarkers are necessary to advance the development of molecularly targeted therapy for different subgroups of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lehmann
- From the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- From the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC
| | - Antoinette R Tan
- From the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC
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27
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Addati T, Achille G, Centrone M, Petroni S, Popescu O, Russo S, Grammatica L, Simone G. TROP-2 expression in papillary thyroid cancer: a preliminary cyto-histological study. Cytopathology 2014; 26:303-11. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Addati
- Anatomic Pathology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - G. Achille
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - M. Centrone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - S. Petroni
- Anatomic Pathology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - O. Popescu
- Anatomic Pathology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - S. Russo
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - L. Grammatica
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
| | - G. Simone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit; National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’; Bari Italy
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28
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Ambrogi F, Fornili M, Boracchi P, Trerotola M, Relli V, Simeone P, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Querzoli P, Pedriali M, Piantelli M, Biganzoli E, Alberti S. Trop-2 is a determinant of breast cancer survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96993. [PMID: 24824621 PMCID: PMC4019539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 is a calcium signal transducer that drives tumor growth. Anti-Trop-2 antibodies with selective reactivity versus Trop-2 maturation stages allowed to identify two different pools of Trop-2, one localized in the cell membrane and one in the cytoplasm. Of note, membrane-localized/functional Trop-2 was found to be differentially associated with determinants of tumor aggressiveness and distinct breast cancer subgroups. These findings candidated Trop-2 states to having an impact on cancer progression. We tested this model in breast cancer. A large, consecutive human breast cancer case series (702 cases; 8 years median follow-up) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry with anti-Trop-2 antibodies with selective reactivity for cytoplasmic-retained versus functional, membrane-associated Trop-2. We show that membrane localization of Trop-2 is an unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival (1+ versus 0 for all deaths: hazard ratio, 1.63; P = 0.04), whereas intracellular Trop-2 has a favorable impact on prognosis, with an adjusted hazard ratio for all deaths of 0.48 (high versus low; P = 0.003). A corresponding impact of intracellular Trop-2 was found on disease relapse (high versus low: hazard ratio, 0.51; P = 0.004). Altogether, we demonstrate that the Trop-2 activation states are critical determinants of tumor progression and are powerful indicators of breast cancer patients survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ambrogi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics “Giulio A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Fornili
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics “Giulio A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics “Giulio A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Relli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossana La Sorda
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- MediaPharma s.r.l., CeSI, University ‘G. D'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- MediaPharma s.r.l., CeSI, University ‘G. D'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Querzoli
- Section of Surgical Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Pedriali
- Section of Surgical Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- MediaPharma s.r.l., CeSI, University ‘G. D'Annunzio’, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics “Giulio A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and CeSI, Fondazione ‘G. D'Annunzio’, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences – Physiology and Physiopathology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
- Oncoxx Biotech s.r.l., Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bignotti E, Zanotti L, Calza S, Falchetti M, Lonardi S, Ravaggi A, Romani C, Todeschini P, Bandiera E, Tassi RA, Facchetti F, Sartori E, Pecorelli S, Roque DM, Santin AD. Trop-2 protein overexpression is an independent marker for predicting disease recurrence in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:22. [PMID: 23151048 PMCID: PMC3534488 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Trop-2 is a glycoprotein involved in cellular signal transduction and is differentially overexpressed relative to normal tissue in a variety of human adenocarcinomas, including endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC). Trop-2 overexpression has been proposed as a marker for biologically aggressive tumor phenotypes. Methods Trop-2 protein expression was quantified using tissue microarrays consisting of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 118 patients who underwent surgical staging from 2001–9 by laparotomy for EEC. Clinicopathologic characteristics including age, stage, grade, lymphovascular space invasion, and medical comorbidities were correlated with immunostaining score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for overall survival, disease-free survival, and progression-free survival in relation to clinical parameters and Trop-2 protein expression. Results Clinical outcome data were available for 103 patients. Strong Trop-2 immunostaining was significantly associated with higher tumor grade (p=0.02) and cervical involvement (p<0.01). Univariate analyses showed a significant association with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) (p=0.01), and a trend towards significance for overall and progression-free survival (p=0.06 and p=0.05, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed Trop-2 overexpression and advanced FIGO stage to be independent prognostic factors for poor DFS (p=0.04 and p <0.001, respectively). Conclusions Trop-2 protein overexpression is significantly associated with higher tumor grade and serves as an independent prognostic factor for DFS in endometrioid endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Bignotti
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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30
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Aloisi AL, Tripaldi R, Vacca G, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Alberti S. The Trop-2 signalling network in cancer growth. Oncogene 2012; 32:1594-600. [PMID: 22562244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our findings show that upregulation of a wild-type Trop-2 has a key controlling role in human cancer growth, and that tumour development is quantitatively driven by Trop-2 expression levels. However, little is known about the regulation of expression of the TROP2 gene. Hence, we investigated the TROP2 transcription control network. TROP2 expression was shown to depend on a highly interconnected web of transcription factors: TP63/TP53L, ERG, GRHL1/Get-1 (grainyhead-like epithelial transactivator), HNF1A/TCF-1 (T-cell factor), SPI1/PU.1, WT (Wilms' tumour)1, GLIS2, AIRE (autoimmune regulator), FOXM1 (forkhead box M1) and FOXP3, with HNF4A as the major network hub. TROP2 upregulation was shown to subsequently drive the expression and activation of CREB1 (cyclic AMP-responsive-element binding protein), Jun, NF-κB, Rb, STAT1 and STAT3 through induction of the cyclin D1 and ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase)/MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) pathways. Growth-stimulatory signalling through NF-κB, cyclin D1 and ERK was shown to require an intact Trop-2 cytoplasmic tail. Network hubs and interacting partners are co-expressed with Trop-2 in primary human tumours, supporting a role of this signalling network in cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine and CeSI, Foundation University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
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31
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Trop-2 overexpression in poorly differentiated endometrial endometrioid carcinoma: implications for immunotherapy with hRS7, a humanized anti-trop-2 monoclonal antibody. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 21:1613-21. [PMID: 21892093 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e318228f6da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the expression of human trophoblast cell surface marker (Trop-2) in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC) and the potential application of hRS7, a humanized monoclonal anti-Trop-2 antibody, as a therapeutic agent against poorly differentiated EEC. METHODS Trop-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 131 EEC with different degrees of differentiation and 32 normal endometrial controls (NEC). Trop-2 expression was also evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry in 3 primary EEC cell lines derived from patients harboring poorly differentiated EEC. Finally, the sensitivity of grade 3 EEC cell lines to hRS7 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was tested in standard 5-hour Cr release assays. RESULTS Trop-2 expression was detected in 126 (96.2%) of 131 EEC samples. Tumor tissues showed markedly increased Trop-2 positivity compared with NEC (P = 0.001). Trop-2 expression was significantly higher in all grades of EEC versus NEC. Grade 3 tumors displayed significantly stronger Trop-2 immunostaining compared with grade 1 EEC (P = 0.01). High Trop-2 expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry was found in 1 grade 3 EEC primary cell line (EEC-ARK-1). Unlike Trop-2-negative EEC cell lines, EEC-ARK-1 was found highly sensitive to hRS7-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in vitro (range of killing, 33.9%-50.6%; P = 0.004). Human serum did not significantly inhibit hRS7-mediated cytotoxicity against EEC-ARK-1 (P = 0.773). CONCLUSIONS Trop-2 is highly expressed in EEC, and its expression is significantly higher in poorly differentiated EEC when compared with well-differentiated EEC. Primary grade 3 EECs overexpressing Trop-2 are highly sensitive to hRS7-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. hRS7 may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of high-grade EEC refractory to standard treatment modalities.
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32
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Trerotola M, Cantanelli P, Guerra E, Tripaldi R, Aloisi AL, Bonasera V, Lattanzio R, Lange RD, Weidle UH, Piantelli M, Alberti S. Upregulation of Trop-2 quantitatively stimulates human cancer growth. Oncogene 2012; 32:222-33. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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33
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Varughese J, Cocco E, Bellone S, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Buza N, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Cervical carcinomas overexpress human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) and are highly sensitive to immunotherapy with hRS7, a humanized monoclonal anti-Trop-2 antibody. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:567.e1-7. [PMID: 21889762 PMCID: PMC3224189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the expression of human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) and the potential of hRS7, a humanized monoclonal anti-Trop-2 antibody, against treatment-refractory cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN Trop-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. Sensitivity to hRS7 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity was tested in 5-hour chromium release assays. The effect of interleukin (IL)-2 on hRS7 ADCC was also investigated. RESULTS Membrane Trop-2 expression was observed in 8 of 8 (100%) of the cancer samples tested by immunohistochemistry, but not in normal cervix. High messenger RNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and high Trop-2 surface expression by flow cytometry were detected in 80% of cervical cancers (4 of 5 cell lines). Although these tumors were resistant to natural killer cell-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro (mean killing, 6.0%), Trop-2-positive cell lines showed high sensitivity to hRS7 ADCC (range of killing, 30.6-73.2%). Incubation with IL-2 further increased the level of cytotoxicity against Trop-2-positive tumors. CONCLUSION hRS7 may represent a novel treatment option for patients with cervical cancer refractory to conventional treatment modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Complement System Proteins/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Varughese
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emiliano Cocco
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter E. Schwartz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas J. Rutherford
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Natalia Buza
- Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro D. Santin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
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McDougall ARA, Hooper SB, Zahra VA, Sozo F, Lo CY, Cole TJ, Doran T, Wallace MJ. The oncogene Trop2 regulates fetal lung cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L478-89. [PMID: 21743029 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00063.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors regulating growth of the developing lung are poorly understood, although the degree of fetal lung expansion is critical. The oncogene Trop2 (trophoblast antigen 2) is upregulated during accelerated fetal lung growth, and we hypothesized that it may regulate normal fetal lung growth. We investigated Trop2 expression in the fetal and neonatal sheep lung during accelerated and delayed lung growth induced by alterations in fetal lung expansion, as well as in response to glucocorticoids. Trop2 expression was measured using real-time PCR and localized spatially using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. During normal lung development, Trop2 expression was higher at 90 days gestational age (GA; 4.0 ± 0.8) than at 128 days GA (1.0 ± 0.1), decreased to 0.5 ± 0.1 at 142 days GA (full term ∼147 days GA), and was positively correlated to lung cell proliferation rates (r = 0.953, P < 0.005). Trop2 expression was regulated by fetal lung expansion, but not by glucocorticoids. It was increased nearly threefold by 36 h of increased fetal lung expansion (P < 0.05) and was reduced to ∼55% of control levels by reduced fetal lung expansion (P < 0.05). Trop2 expression was associated with lung cell proliferation during normal and altered lung growth, and the TROP2 protein colocalized with Ki-67-positive cells in the fetal lung. TROP2 was predominantly localized to fibroblasts and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Trop2 small interfering RNA decreased Trop2 expression by ∼75% in cultured fetal rat lung fibroblasts and decreased their proliferation by ∼50%. Cell viability was not affected. This study demonstrates that TROP2 regulates lung cell proliferation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R A McDougall
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Cardillo TM, Govindan SV, Sharkey RM, Trisal P, Goldenberg DM. Humanized anti-Trop-2 IgG-SN-38 conjugate for effective treatment of diverse epithelial cancers: preclinical studies in human cancer xenograft models and monkeys. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3157-69. [PMID: 21372224 PMCID: PMC10766325 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the efficacy of an SN-38-anti-Trop-2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) against several human solid tumor types, and to assess its tolerability in mice and monkeys, the latter with tissue cross-reactivity to hRS7 similar to humans. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two SN-38 derivatives, CL2-SN-38 and CL2A-SN-38, were conjugated to the anti-Trop-2-humanized antibody, hRS7. The immunoconjugates were characterized in vitro for stability, binding, and cytotoxicity. Efficacy was tested in five different human solid tumor-xenograft models that expressed Trop-2 antigen. Toxicity was assessed in mice and in Cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS The hRS7 conjugates of the two SN-38 derivatives were equivalent in drug substitution (∼ 6), cell binding (K(d) ∼ 1.2 nmol/L), cytotoxicity (IC(50) ∼ 2.2 nmol/L), and serum stability in vitro (t/(½) ∼ 20 hours). Exposure of cells to the ADC demonstrated signaling pathways leading to PARP cleavage, but differences versus free SN-38 in p53 and p21 upregulation were noted. Significant antitumor effects were produced by hRS7-SN-38 at nontoxic doses in mice bearing Calu-3 (P ≤ 0.05), Capan-1 (P < 0.018), BxPC-3 (P < 0.005), and COLO 205 tumors (P < 0.033) when compared to nontargeting control ADCs. Mice tolerated a dose of 2 × 12 mg/kg (SN-38 equivalents) with only short-lived elevations in ALT and AST liver enzyme levels. Cynomolgus monkeys infused with 2 × 0.96 mg/kg exhibited only transient decreases in blood counts, although, importantly, the values did not fall below normal ranges. CONCLUSIONS The anti-Trop-2 hRS7-CL2A-SN-38 ADC provides significant and specific antitumor effects against a range of human solid tumor types. It is well tolerated in monkeys, with tissue Trop-2 expression similar to humans, at clinically relevant doses, and warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Cardillo
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ 07950
- Contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Robert M. Sharkey
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, NJ 07109
| | | | - David M. Goldenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, NJ 07109
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Stepan LP, Trueblood ES, Hale K, Babcook J, Borges L, Sutherland CL. Expression of Trop2 cell surface glycoprotein in normal and tumor tissues: potential implications as a cancer therapeutic target. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:701-10. [PMID: 21551320 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411410430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop2 is a cell-surface glycoprotein reported to be overexpressed in various types of adenocarcinomas with minimal expression in normal tissues. Recent findings that Trop2 expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness have increased interest in Trop2 as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. The goal of this study was to extensively evaluate Trop2 expression at the transcript and protein levels in normal and tumor tissues. It was determined that Trop2 is overexpressed on some carcinomas relative to the corresponding normal tissue. However, in human and mouse, Trop2 is highly expressed at both the transcript and protein levels on several essential normal tissues. The findings suggest that the development of therapeutic agents to target Trop2 may require strategies that target Trop2 on malignant tissues in order to minimize potential toxicities to essential normal tissues that also express high levels of Trop2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Stepan
- Department of Oncology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
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Varughese J, Cocco E, Bellone S, Bellone M, Todeschini P, Carrara L, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. High-grade, chemotherapy-resistant primary ovarian carcinoma cell lines overexpress human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) and are highly sensitive to immunotherapy with hRS7, a humanized monoclonal anti-Trop-2 antibody. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122:171-7. [PMID: 21453957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the expression of human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) and the potential of hRS7, a humanized monoclonal anti-Trop-2 antibody, as a therapeutic agent against chemotherapy-resistant ovarian disease. METHODS Trop-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 50 ovarian serous papillary carcinoma specimens. Trop-2 expression was also evaluated by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry in a total of 6 primary ovarian cancer cell lines derived from patients with chemotherapy-resistant disease. Sensitivity to hRS7 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was tested in standard 5-hour ⁵¹Cr-release assays. The effect of serum and interleukin-2 (IL-2) on hRS7-mediated ADCC was also studied. RESULTS Trop-2 expression was found in 41 of 50 (82%) tumor tissues tested by IHC. 83% (5 of 6) of the ovarian cancer cell lines tested by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry demonstrated high Trop-2 expression. All primary ovarian cancer cell lines expressing Trop-2 were highly sensitive to hRS7-mediated ADCC in vitro (range of killing: 19.3% to 40.8%) (p<0.001). Negligible cytotoxicity against chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancers was seen in the absence of hRS7 or in the presence of rituximab control antibody (range of killing: 1.1% to 8.9%). Human serum did not significantly inhibit hRS7-mediated cytotoxicity while incubation with IL-2 in addition to hRS7 further increased the cytotoxic activity (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Trop-2 is highly expressed in chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines at mRNA and protein levels. Primary ovarian carcinoma cell lines are highly sensitive to hRS7-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. hRS7 may represent a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of high-grade, chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Varughese
- Yale University School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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38
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Varughese J, Cocco E, Bellone S, de Leon M, Bellone M, Todeschini P, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Uterine serous papillary carcinomas overexpress human trophoblast-cell-surface marker (Trop-2) and are highly sensitive to immunotherapy with hRS7, a humanized anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody. Cancer 2011; 117:3163-72. [PMID: 21246534 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC) was an aggressive and chemotherapy resistant variant of endometrial cancer. The authors evaluated the expression of human trophoblast-cell-surface-marker (Trop-2) and the potential of hRS7, a humanized anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody, as a novel therapeutic strategy against USPC. METHODS Trop-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a total of 23 USPC. Six primary USPC cell lines were assessed by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Trop-2 expression. Sensitivity to hRS7 (Immunomedics, Inc.) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity was tested in standard 5-hour ⁵¹Cr-release assays against primary USPC cell lines. RESULTS Expression of Trop-2 was found in 15 of 23 (65%) of the tumor tissues tested by IHC and in 50% (3 of 6) of the USPC cell lines tested by real-time PCR and flow-cytometry (Trop-2 expression in USPC versus normal endometrial cells; P < .005). USPC cell lines overexpressing Trop-2, regardless of their intrinsic resistance to natural killer cytotoxicity, were highly sensitive to hRS7-mediated ADCC in vitro (range of killing, 28.2% to 64.4%) (P < .001). Negligible cytotoxicity against USPC was seen in the absence of hRS7 or in the presence of rituximab control antibody (range of killing, 1.1% to 12.4%). Incubation with interleukin-2 (50 IU/mL) in addition to hRS7 further increased the cytotoxic activity against USPC cell lines overexpressing Trop-2 (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS Trop-2 was highly expressed in uterine serous carcinoma at mRNA and protein levels. Primary USPC cell lines are highly sensitivity to hRS7-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. hRS7 may represent a novel therapeutic agent for USPC refractory to standard treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Varughese
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Nakatsukasa M, Kawasaki S, Yamasaki K, Fukuoka H, Matsuda A, Tsujikawa M, Tanioka H, Nagata-Takaoka M, Hamuro J, Kinoshita S. Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 is required for the proper subcellular localization of claudin 1 and 7: implications in the pathogenesis of gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1344-55. [PMID: 20651236 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinous drop-like dystrophy (GDLD) is a rare autosomal recessive form of corneal dystrophy characterized by subepithelial amyloid depositions on the cornea. Previous clinical and laboratory observations have strongly suggested that epithelial barrier function is significantly decreased in GDLD. Despite the decade-old identification of the tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2) gene as a causative gene for GDLD, the mechanism by which the loss of function of this causative gene leads to the pathological consequence of this disease remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional relationship between the TACSTD2 gene and epithelial barrier function. Through the use of immunoprecipitation and a proximity ligation assay, we obtained evidence that the TACSTD2 protein directly binds to claudin 1 and 7 proteins. In addition, the loss of function of the TACSTD2 gene leads to decreased expression and change in the subcellular localization of tight junction-related proteins, including claudin 1, 4, 7, and ZO1 and occludin, both in diseased cornea and cultured corneal epithelial cells. These results indicate that loss of function of the TACSTD2 gene impairs epithelial barrier function through decreased expression and altered subcellular localization of tight junction-related proteins in GDLD corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nakatsukasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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Elevated expressions of MMP7, TROP2, and survivin are associated with survival, disease recurrence, and liver metastasis of colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2009; 24:875-84. [PMID: 19421758 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-009-0725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. We tested the hypothesis that differences in the expression of certain molecular markers of colon cancer may account for different clinical outcomes. METHODS Tissue microarray technology was used to assay the expression of 17 biological markers [beta-catenin, CD44v7, c-myc, cyclin D1, estrogen receptor beta, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, maspin, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), p53, Pin1, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma, survivin, T cell transcription factor 4 (TCF4), transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFbetaR II), TGFbeta, TROP2, and Wnt] by immunohistochemistry in 620 colon cancer patients. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to analyze the lifetime data, including time to death, time to recurrence, and time to liver metastasis. RESULTS All the markers were present at significantly higher expression levels in tumor specimens than in normal colonic specimens. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high expression of TROP2, MMP7, and survivin were related to decreased survival; TCF4 and TROP2 were related to disease recurrence; and CD44v7, cyclin D1, MMP7, p53, survivin, and TCF4 were related to liver metastasis. However, the results of the multivariate analysis only showed that expression of MMP7, survivin, and TROP2 were significant predictors of lower patient survival, while TROP2 and MMP7 were significantly related to disease recurrence and liver metastasis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that elevated survivin, MMP7, and TROP2 expression levels are related to decreased survival. In addition, elevated MMP7 and TROP2 expression levels are predictors of disease recurrence and liver metastasis, respectively.
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Dell' Arciprete R, Bonasera V, Palombo B, El-Sewedy T, Ciccimarra T, Crescenzi C, Lorenzini F, Rossi C, Vacca G, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Alberti S. A bicistronic CYCLIN D1-TROP2 mRNA chimera demonstrates a novel oncogenic mechanism in human cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8113-21. [PMID: 18829570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric CYCLIN D1-TROP2 mRNA was isolated from human ovarian and mammary cancer cells. The CYCLIN D1-TROP2 mRNA was shown to be a potent oncogene as it transforms naïve, primary cells in vitro and induces aggressive tumor growth in vivo in cooperation with activated RAS. Silencing of the chimeric mRNA inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells. The CYCLIN D1-TROP2 mRNA was expressed by a large fraction of the human gastrointestinal, ovarian, and endometrial tumors analyzed. It is most frequently detected in intestinal cell aneuploid cancers and it is coexpressed with activated RAS oncogenes, consistent with a cooperative transforming activity in human cancers. The chimeric mRNA is a bicistronic transcript of post transcriptional origin that independently translates the Cyclin D1 and Trop-2 proteins. This is a novel mechanism of CYCLIN D1 activation that achieves the truncation of the CYCLIN D1 mRNA in the absence of chromosomal rearrangements. This leads to a higher CYCLIN D1 mRNA stability, with inappropriate expression during the cell cycle. The stabilized CYCLIN D1 mRNA cooperates with TROP2 in stimulating the growth of the expressing cells. These findings show a novel epigenetic, oncogenic mechanism, which seems to be widespread in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences and CeSI, Unit of Cancer Pathology, University G d' Annunzio Foundation, Chieti Scalo, Italy
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is by far the most common type of cancer of the oral cavity, representing more than 90% of all oral cancers. Despite refinement of surgical techniques and adjuvant therapies, the prognosis for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poor. Identification of prognostic factors related to tumor biology might improve this assessment. Recently, the human trophoblast cell-surface antigen TROP2 was found to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer, correlating with aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate TROP2 expression and its prognostic impact in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. TROP2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in a series of 90 patients on a tissue microarray of paraffin-embedded specimens. Survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Parameters found to be of prognostic significance in univariate analysis were verified in a multivariate Cox regression model. TROP2 overexpression was observed in 52 (58%) of the tumor samples. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that TROP2 overexpression was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (P<0.01). Overall survival gradually worsened with increasing TROP2 scores. By univariate analyses, no correlation with conventional clinicopathological features was found. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed TROP2 overexpression to be an independent factor predictive of poor disease outcome (P<0.01). These results demonstrate that TROP2 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. TROP2 overexpression was detectable in 58% of the tumor samples, indicating it to be a potential novel therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
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Ohmachi T, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Inoue H, Yanaga K, Mori M. Clinical significance of TROP2 expression in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3057-63. [PMID: 16707602 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify cancer-related genes, the expression profiles of colorectal cancer cells and normal epithelial cells were examined and compared using laser microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis. From these combined techniques, several cancer-related genes, including TROP2, were identified. TROP2 is known as a calcium signal transducer and is highly expressed in several types of tumors. However, no studies have investigated the significance of TROP2 expression in colorectal cancer. Thus, the expression status of TROP2 was investigated in 74 colorectal cancer samples by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Laser microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis showed that there were 84 overexpressed genes in cancer cells. One of the highly overexpressed genes was TROP2. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that TROP2 expression in cancer samples was significantly higher than in normal samples (P < 0.001). The samples were divided into high (n = 26) and low (n = 48) TROP2 expression groups. The cases with high TROP2 expression showed a higher frequency of liver metastasis (P = 0.005) and more cancer-related death (P = 0.046). Those cases also had an inclination of deeper depth of invasion (P = 0.064) and more lymph node metastasis (P = 0.125). Interestingly, the patients with high TROP2 expression tumors had poorer prognosis (P = 0.0036). Multivariate analysis showed that TROP2 expression status was an independent prognostic factor (relative risk, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-4.74; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION TROP2 is one of the cancer-related genes that correlates with biological aggressiveness and poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Thus, TROP2 is a possible candidate gene for diagnosis and molecular target therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohmachi
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Tsurumihara, Beppu, Japan
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Ma D, Nutt CL, Shanehsaz P, Peng X, Louis DN, Kaetzel DM. Autocrine platelet-derived growth factor-dependent gene expression in glioblastoma cells is mediated largely by activation of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein and is associated with altered genotype and patient survival in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5523-34. [PMID: 15994924 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A complex profile of gene expression elicited by autocrine platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling was identified in U87 MG glioblastoma cells by microarray analysis. The most striking pattern observed was a PDGF-dependent activation of at least 25 genes involved with biosynthesis and/or uptake of cholesterol and isoprenoids, including mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, and low-density lipoprotein receptor. Activity of the HMG-CoA synthase promoter was induced by autocrine PDGF activity as indicated by significant reductions following forced expression of dominant-negative PDGF-A (88%) or treatment with the PDGF receptor antagonist CT52923 (50%). Induction of the HMG-CoA synthase promoter required a binding site for sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SRE-BP), consistent with a key role for these transcription factors in the induction of this gene network. Neither proteolytic activation nor nuclear localization of SRE-BP was affected by disruption of the PDGF autocrine loop, indicating that PDGF signaling is required for other signaling events involved in activation of SRE-BP target genes. Analysis of an expression databank derived from human glial tumors (n = 77) identified a subgroup exhibiting a profile consistent with PDGF dependence, including increased expression of SRE-BP target genes. This subgroup displayed an absence of epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification, decreased incidence of allelic loss of 10q, increased frequency of TP53 mutations and allelic losses of 1p and 19q, and longer patient survival. This study identifies genes associated with oncogenic activity of PDGF and provides important insights into biomarkers and therapeutic targets in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqin Ma
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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Seo EY, Lee WH, Piao YJ, Kim KH, Lee KM, Ahn KS, Yang JM, Seo YJ, Kim CD, Park JK, Lee JH. Identification of calcium-inducible genes in primary keratinocytes using suppression-subtractive hybridization. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:163-9. [PMID: 14987256 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.0144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes involves major biochemical changes including the expression of many new differentiation-specific genes. To further understand this process, we performed suppression-subtractive hybridization of keratinocytes cultured under high-calcium condition, known to induce differentiation in vitro. We randomly isolated 300 clones representing 90 different genes. By reverse Northern blot analyses, 20 different genes were found to be overexpressed, of which 13 were confirmed as differentially expressed genes during keratinocyte differentiation by Northern blot analysis. Of those, five genes, transglutaminase 1, keratin 6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, kallikrein 7, and heat shock protein 27, are known to be up-regulated during epidermal differentiation. Six genes, ferritin-L chain, ribosomal protein S6, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2, neuroendocrine secretory protein 55, phosphoserine aminotransferase, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, heretofore were not known to be up-regulated during keratinocyte differentiation. We also identified two novel genes. One of these maps to chromosome 1q21 of the epidermal differentiation complex, and its expression level was strongly increased in differentiating keratinocytes. These differentially expressed genes may provide significant opportunities for further understanding of the epidermal keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Mangino G, Grazia Capri M, Barnaba V, Alberti S. Presentation of native TROP-2 tumor antigens to human cytotoxic T lymphocytes by engineered antigen-presenting cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:353-9. [PMID: 12209960 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), e.g. dendritic cells, express immuno-proteasome components and process proteins for MHC presentation differently from non-immune cells. Thus, they induce reactivities against sets of peptides that do not overlap with those generated by non-professional APC, i.e., tumor cells, and stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that may not recognize them. The goal of this work was to establish a system for antigen presentation and in vitro stimulation of human CTL using "tumor-cell-like" engineered APC. Murine fibroblasts were transfected with human HLA Class I alleles, together with the B7.1, ICAM-1 and germ-line TROP2 genes. The last encodes a cell surface glycoprotein widely expressed by human cancers. Unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA Class I-matched individuals were stimulated in vitro by the engineered APC. These efficiently induced the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific HLA-restricted CTL lines and clones. The Trop-2-specific CTL demonstrated high specific cytotoxicity against the appropriate transfected target cells. They also efficiently lysed MCF-7 human tumor cells expressing endogenous HLA-A2.1, Trop-2 together with ICAM-1. These results demonstrate that Trop-2 is a target molecule recognized by human CTL. Moreover, they demonstrate that non-immune engineered APC efficiently process and present native tumor-specific proteins in the context of human MHC Class I, and stimulate the growth and cytotoxicity of specific anti-tumor CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mangino
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
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Terrinoni A, Dell'Arciprete R, Fornaro M, Stella M, Alberti S. Cyclin D1 gene contains a cryptic promoter that is functional in human cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 31:209-20. [PMID: 11391791 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cyclin D1 (CCND1)-TROP2 fusion oncogene has been isolated from human cancer cells. Unexpectedly, the chimeric cDNA was found to express TROP2 in the absence of exogenous promoters. Mutagenesis of the TROP2 and CCND1 sequences and in vitro transcription/translation show that a cryptic promoter is present in the 3' coding region of CCND1. The CCND1 cryptic promoter is functional in luciferase assays, where it augments the basal expression levels by eightfold and efficiently cooperates with an SV-40 enhancer. The transcription start sites of the cryptic promoter map at bases 797 and 935 of CCND1, as determined by RNase protection assays. The cryptic promoter possesses canonical binding sites for ubiquitous transcription factors and W/S, X1, and CAAT/Y boxes that are characteristic of major histocompatibility complex class II gene promoters. Remarkably, the cryptic CCND1 promoter is active in human cancer cells and generates a truncated transcript that contains CCND1 instability sequences. Thus, this novel CCND1 transcription unit may play a role in the regulation of the expression of cyclin D1 and in tumor cell growth.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- COS Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, bcl-1/genetics
- Humans
- L Cells
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Templates, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terrinoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto Mario Negri-Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Polishchuk RS, Polishchuk EV, Marra P, Alberti S, Buccione R, Luini A, Mironov AA. Correlative light-electron microscopy reveals the tubular-saccular ultrastructure of carriers operating between Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:45-58. [PMID: 10629217 PMCID: PMC2156208 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport intermediates (TIs) have a central role in intracellular traffic, and much effort has been directed towards defining their molecular organization. Unfortunately, major uncertainties remain regarding their true structure in living cells. To address this question, we have developed an approach based on the combination of the green fluorescent protein technology and correlative light-electron microscopy, by which it is possible to monitor an individual carrier in vivo and then take a picture of its ultrastructure at any moment of its life-cycle. We have applied this technique to define the structure of TIs operating from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, whose in vivo dynamics have been characterized recently by light microscopy. We find that these carriers are large (ranging from 0.3-1.7 microm in maximum diameter, nearly half the size of a Golgi cisterna), comprise almost exclusively tubular-saccular structures, and fuse directly with the plasma membrane, sometimes minutes after docking to the fusion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Elena V. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marra
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Roberto Buccione
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 S. Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Abstract
Trop-2/EGP-1/GA733-1 is a recently identified cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed by human carcinomas. The cytoplasmic tail of Trop-2 possesses potential serine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites and a phosphatidyl-inositol binding consensus sequence. Thus, we investigated whether Trop-2 might be a functional signaling molecule. Using the fluorescent probe Fura-2, we assayed the cytoplasmic calcium levels in human cancer cells stimulated with anti-Trop-2 or control antibodies. Three anti-Trop-2 MAbs, Rs7-7G11, MOv16 and 162-46.2 specifically induced a transient intracellular calcium level increment in up to 40% of the experiments performed. Polyclonal antisera recognizing recombinant Trop-2 molecules possessed a much lower stimulation efficiency. The average latency of antibody-induced Ca2+ rise for OvCa-432 cells was 64+/-26 sec. Internal Ca2+ concentrations reached peaks of 190+/-24 nM vs. basal levels of 61+/-4 nM and returned to baseline within 193+/-37 sec. Similar values were obtained in MCF-7 cells. For comparison, stimulation of P2-purinergic receptors on MCF-7 and OvCa-432 cells induced a Ca2+ rise in most cases, leading to average internal Ca2+ concentrations of 297+/-41 and 391+/-39 nM, respectively. Our findings show that Trop-2 transduces an intracellular calcium signal, are consistent with the hypothesis that it acts as a cell surface receptor and support a search for a physiological ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ripani
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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50
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Abstract
Trop-2/EGP-1/GA733-1 is a recently identified cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed by human carcinomas. The cytoplasmic tail of Trop-2 possesses potential serine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites and a phosphatidyl-inositol binding consensus sequence. Thus, we investigated whether Trop-2 might be a functional signaling molecule. Using the fluorescent probe Fura-2, we assayed the cytoplasmic calcium levels in human cancer cells stimulated with anti-Trop-2 or control antibodies. Three anti-Trop-2 MAbs, Rs7-7G11, MOv16 and 162-46.2 specifically induced a transient intracellular calcium level increment in up to 40% of the experiments performed. Polyclonal antisera recognizing recombinant Trop-2 molecules possessed a much lower stimulation efficiency. The average latency of antibody-induced Ca2+ rise for OvCa-432 cells was 64+/-26 sec. Internal Ca2+ concentrations reached peaks of 190+/-24 nM vs. basal levels of 61+/-4 nM and returned to baseline within 193+/-37 sec. Similar values were obtained in MCF-7 cells. For comparison, stimulation of P2-purinergic receptors on MCF-7 and OvCa-432 cells induced a Ca2+ rise in most cases, leading to average internal Ca2+ concentrations of 297+/-41 and 391+/-39 nM, respectively. Our findings show that Trop-2 transduces an intracellular calcium signal, are consistent with the hypothesis that it acts as a cell surface receptor and support a search for a physiological ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ripani
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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