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Can Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Be a Good Model for the Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diet in Humans? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010036. [PMID: 33466327 PMCID: PMC7824757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical, low-grade, inflammation is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the majority of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Several methodological approaches have been applied for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of nutrition, however, their impact in human body remains uncertain, because of the fact that the majority of the studies reporting anti-inflammatory effect of dietary patterns, have been performed under laboratory settings and/or in animal models. Thus, the extrapolation of these results to humans is risky. It is therefore obvious that the development of an inflammatory model in humans, by which we could induce inflammatory responses to humans in a regulated, specific, and non-harmful way, could greatly facilitate the estimation of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in a more physiological way and mechanistically relevant way. We believe that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) could serve as such a model, either in studies investigating the homeostatic responses of individuals under inflammatory stimuli or for the estimation of the anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential of dietary patterns, foods, supplements, nutrients, or phytochemicals. Thus, in this review we discuss the possibility of exercise-induced muscle damage being an inflammation model suitable for the assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of diet in humans.
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Stožer A, Vodopivc P, Križančić Bombek L. Pathophysiology of exercise-induced muscle damage and its structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical consequences. Physiol Res 2020; 69:565-598. [PMID: 32672048 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme or unaccustomed eccentric exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage, characterized by structural changes involving sarcomere, cytoskeletal, and membrane damage, with an increased permeability of sarcolemma for proteins. From a functional point of view, disrupted force transmission, altered calcium homeostasis, disruption of excitation-contraction coupling, as well as metabolic changes bring about loss of strength. Importantly, the trauma also invokes an inflammatory response and clinically presents itself by swelling, decreased range of motion, increased passive tension, soreness, and a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity. While being damaging and influencing heavily the ability to perform repeated bouts of exercise, changes produced by exercise-induced muscle damage seem to play a crucial role in myofibrillar adaptation. Additionally, eccentric exercise yields greater hypertrophy than isometric or concentric contractions and requires less in terms of metabolic energy and cardiovascular stress, making it especially suitable for the elderly and people with chronic diseases. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced muscle damage, their dependence on genetic background, as well as their consequences at the structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical level. A comprehensive understanding of these is a prerequisite for proper inclusion of eccentric training in health promotion, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia.
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Yu X, Xue Y, Bian B, Wu X, Wang Z, Huang J, Huang L, Sun Y. NLR-A Simple Indicator of Inflammation for the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Hypertension. Int Heart J 2020; 61:373-379. [PMID: 32173694 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.19-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertension. METHODS This study included 386 patients with hypertension. Mann-Whitney U test and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the relationship between NLR, CRP, BNP, and LVH in patients with hypertension, as well as compare the levels of NLR, CRP, and BNP in the four configurations. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the diagnostic efficacy of NLR, CRP, and BNP on LVH. RESULTS The NLR and CRP and BNP levels of the LVH group were significantly higher than those of the non-LVH group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, NLR as well as age, BMI, and SBP were associated with LVH. In addition, in patients with eccentric and concentric hypertrophy, the NLR and CRP and BNP levels were higher than those of the normal left ventricular geometry and concentric remodeling groups. The cutoff values of NLR, CRP, and BNP obtained by ROC curve were 2.185, 2.205, and 283.45, respectively, for the prediction of LVH. CONCLUSIONS NLR is independently associated with LVH in patients with hypertension, and this is consistent with the diagnostic efficacy of CRP and BNP, which may be a simple and convenient indicator for judging LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Yuchen Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Bo Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Xianming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Zhuoqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Yuemin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
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Papargyri P, Zapanti E, Salakos N, Papargyris L, Bargiota A, Mastorakos G. Links between HPA axis and adipokines: clinical implications in paradigms of stress-related disorders. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:317-332. [PMID: 30422016 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1543585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the human organism, a constant interplay exists between the stress system [which includes the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the adipose tissue. This interplay is mediated by hormones of the HPA axis such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GCs) and adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue. AREAS COVERED In this critical review, the bi-directional interactions between HPA axis and the most studied adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, as well as the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL) 6 are presented. Furthermore, these interactions are described in normalcy as well as in specific clinical paradigms of stress-related disorders such as eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and stress-related endogenous hypercortisolism states. Wherever new therapeutic strategies emerge, they are presented accordingly. EXPERT COMMENTARY Additional research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the interplay between the HPA axis and the adipose tissue. Research should be focused, in particular, on the development of new therapeutic means targeting dysfunctional adipose tissue in stress-related situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papargyri
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelia Zapanti
- b Department of Endocrinology , Alexandra Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nicolaos Salakos
- c Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- d CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers , Angers , France
- e LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," , Angers , France
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- f Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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The Effects of Ex Vivo Administration of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Endotoxin on Cytokine Release of Whole Blood Are Determined by Priming Conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9834512. [PMID: 29387728 PMCID: PMC5745690 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9834512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion in critically ill patients can be considered as a measure of immune responsiveness. It can be enhanced by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We investigated the effect of GM-CSF on ex vivo stimulated cytokine production using various preincubation regimens in healthy donors and patients with sepsis. Results The maxima for the stimuli occurred 3 hours after stimulation. In donors, there was an increase (p < 0.001) of LPS-induced TNFα levels following incubation with GM-CSF. The simultaneous incubation with GM-CSF and LPS caused an inhibition of TNFα production (p < 0.001). Postincubation with GM-CSF did not yield any difference. In patients, preincubation with GM-CSF yielded an enhanced ex vivo TNFα-response when TNFα levels were low. Patients with increased TNFα concentrations did not show a GM-CSF stimulation effect. The GM-CSF preincubation yielded an increase of IL-8 production in patients and donors. Conclusions This study demonstrates the immune-modulating properties of GM-CSF depending on the absence or presence of LPS or systemic TNFα. The timing of GM-CSF administration may be relevant for the modulation of the immune system in sepsis. The lack of stimulation in patients with high TNFα may represent endotoxin tolerance.
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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Potential Application for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7517350. [PMID: 29362521 PMCID: PMC5738577 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7517350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was originally discovered in the context of hematopoiesis. However, the identification of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) being expressed outside the hematopoietic system has revealed wider roles for G-CSF, particularly in tissue repair and regeneration. Skeletal muscle damage, including that following strenuous exercise, induces an elevation in plasma G-CSF, implicating it as a potential mediator of skeletal muscle repair. This has been supported by preclinical studies and clinical trials investigating G-CSF as a potential therapeutic agent in relevant disease states. This review focuses on the growing literature associated with G-CSF and G-CSFR in skeletal muscle under healthy and disease conditions and highlights the current controversies.
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Jajtner AR, Hoffman JR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Oliveira LP, Herrlinger KA, Radom-Aizik S, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. The effect of polyphenols on cytokine and granulocyte response to resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13058. [PMID: 28039406 PMCID: PMC5210375 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of resistance exercise on the production, recruitment, percentage, and adhesion characteristics of granulocytes with and without polyphenol (PPB) supplementation. Thirty‐eight untrained men were randomized into three groups: PPB (n = 13, 21.8 ± 2.5 years, 171.2 ± 5.5 cm, 71.2 ± 8.2 kg), placebo (PL; n = 15, 21.6 ± 2.5 years, 176.5 ± 4.9 cm, 84.0 ± 15.7 kg), or control (CON; n = 10, 23.3 ± 4.3 years, 173.7 ± 12.6 cm, 77.3 ± 16.3 kg). Blood samples were obtained pre (PRE), immediately (IP), 1 h (1H), 5 h (5H), 24 h (24H), 48 h (48H), and 96 h (96H) postresistance exercise (PPB/PL) or rest (CON). Fine‐needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at PRE, 1H, 5H, and 48H. Plasma concentrations and intramuscular content of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), granulocyte (G‐CSF), and granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were analyzed via multiplex assays. Changes in relative number of circulating granulocytes and adhesion receptor (CD11b) were assessed using flow cytometry. Intramuscular IL‐8 was significantly elevated at 1H, 5H, and 48H (P < 0.001). Area under the curve analysis indicated a greater intramuscular IL‐8 content in PL than PPB (P = 0.011). Across groups, circulating G‐CSF was elevated from PRE at IP (P < 0.001), 1H (P = 0.011), and 5H (P = 0.025), while GM‐CSF was elevated at IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.007). Relative number of granulocytes was elevated at 1H (P < 0.001), 5H (P < 0.001), and 24H (P = 0.005, P = 0.006) in PPB and PL, respectively. Across groups, granulocyte CD11b expression was upregulated from PRE to IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.015). Results indicated an increase in circulating CD11b on granulocytes, and IL‐8 within the muscle following intense resistance exercise. Polyphenol supplementation may attenuate the IL‐8 response, however, did not affect granulocyte percentage and adhesion molecule expression in peripheral blood following resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Deli CK, Vlachopoulos D, Gracia-Marco L, Leontsini D, Draganidis D, Jamurtas AZ, Mastorakos G, Fatouros IG. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in the Pediatric Population. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010006. [PMID: 28106721 PMCID: PMC5384170 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults demonstrate an upregulation of their pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms in response to acute exercise while systematic exercise training enhances their antioxidant capacity, thereby leading to a reduced generation of free radicals both at rest and in response to exercise stress. However, less information exists regarding oxidative stress responses and the underlying mechanisms in the pediatric population. Evidence suggests that exercise-induced redox perturbations may be valuable in order to monitor exercise-induced inflammatory responses and as such training overload in children and adolescents as well as monitor optimal growth and development. The purpose of this review was to provide an update on oxidative stress responses to acute and chronic exercise in youth. It has been documented that acute exercise induces age-specific transient alterations in both oxidant and antioxidant markers in children and adolescents. However, these responses seem to be affected by factors such as training phase, training load, fitness level, mode of exercise etc. In relation to chronic adaptation, the role of training on oxidative stress adaptation has not been adequately investigated. The two studies performed so far indicate that children and adolescents exhibit positive adaptations of their antioxidant system, as adults do. More studies are needed in order to shed light on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses, following acute exercise and training adaptations in youth. Available evidence suggests that small amounts of oxidative stress may be necessary for growth whereas the transition to adolescence from childhood may promote maturation of pro- and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Available evidence also suggests that obesity may negatively affect basal and exercise-related antioxidant responses in the peripubertal period during pre- and early-puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avloniti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Diamanda Leontsini
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
| | - George Mastorakos
- Faculty of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11528, Greece.
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala 42100, Greece.
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King MA, Leon LR, Morse DA, Clanton TL. Unique cytokine and chemokine responses to exertional heat stroke in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:296-306. [PMID: 27909226 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00667.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In heat stroke, cytokines are believed to play important roles in multiorgan dysfunction and recovery of damaged tissue. The time course of the cytokine response is well defined in passive heat stroke (PHS), but little is known about exertional heat stroke (EHS). In this study we used a recently developed mouse EHS model to measure the responses of circulating cytokines/chemokines and cytokine gene expression in muscle. A very rapid increase in circulating IL-6 was observed at maximum core temperature (Tc,max) that peaked at 0.5 h of recovery and disappeared by 3 h. IL-10 was not elevated at any time. This contrasts with PHS where both IL-6 and IL-10 peak at 3 h of recovery. Keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1β, and monocyte chemoattractive factor-1 also demonstrated near peak responses at 0.5 h. Only G-CSF and KC remained elevated at 3 h. Muscle mRNA for innate immune cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, but not TNF-α) were greatly increased in diaphragm and soleus compared with similar measurements in PHS. We hypothesized that these altered cytokine responses in EHS may be due to a lower Tc,max achieved in EHS or a lower overall heat load. However, when these variables were controlled for, they could not account for the differences between EHS and PHS. We conclude that moderate exercise, superimposed on heat exposure, alters the pattern of circulating cytokine and chemokine production and muscle cytokine expression in EHS. This response may comprise an endocrine reflex to exercise in heat that initiates survival pathways and early onset tissue repair mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Immune modulators called cytokines are released following extreme hyperthermia leading to heat stroke. It is not known whether exercise in hyperthermia, leading to EHS, influences this response. Using a mouse model of EHS, we discovered a rapid accumulation of interleukin-6 and other cytokines involved in immune cell trafficking. This response may comprise a protective mechanism for early induction of cell survival and tissue repair pathways needed for recovery from thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A King
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, The University of Florida; and
| | - Lisa R Leon
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Morse
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, The University of Florida; and
| | - Thomas L Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, The University of Florida; and
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Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: opportunities for optimizing performance. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:175-186. [PMID: 27799809 PMCID: PMC5085309 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is of paramount importance not only because it affects athletic performance but also because it is an excellent model to study the mechanisms governing muscle cachexia under various clinical conditions. Although, a large number of studies have investigated EIMD and its associated inflammatory response, several aspects of skeletal muscles responses remain unclear. In the first section of this article, the mechanisms of EIMD are reviewed in an attempt to follow the events that result in functional and structural alterations of skeletal muscle. In the second section, the inflammatory response associated with EIMD is presented with emphasis in leukocyte accumulation through mechanisms that are largely coordinated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines released either by injured muscle itself or other cells. The practical applications of EIMD and the subsequent inflammatory response are discussed with respect to athletic performance. Specifically, the mechanisms leading to performance deterioration and development of muscle soreness are discussed. Emphasis is given to the factors affecting individual responses to EIMD and the resulting interindividual variability to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
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β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate attenuates cytokine response during sustained military training. Nutr Res 2016; 36:553-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Saini J, McPhee JS, Al-Dabbagh S, Stewart CE, Al-Shanti N. Regenerative function of immune system: Modulation of muscle stem cells. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 27:67-76. [PMID: 27039885 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterised by progressive deterioration of physiological systems and the loss of skeletal muscle mass is one of the most recognisable, leading to muscle weakness and mobility impairments. This review highlights interactions between the immune system and skeletal muscle stem cells (widely termed satellite cells or myoblasts) to influence satellite cell behaviour during muscle regeneration after injury, and outlines deficits associated with ageing. Resident neutrophils and macrophages in skeletal muscle become activated when muscle fibres are damaged via stimuli (e.g. contusions, strains, avulsions, hyperextensions, ruptures) and release high concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors into the microenvironment. These localised responses serve to attract additional immune cells which can reach in excess of 1×10(5) immune cell/mm(3) of skeletal muscle in order to orchestrate the repair process. T-cells have a delayed response, reaching peak activation roughly 4 days after the initial damage. The cytokines and growth factors released by activated T-cells play a key role in muscle satellite cell proliferation and migration, although the precise mechanisms of these interactions remain unclear. T-cells in older people display limited ability to activate satellite cell proliferation and migration which is likely to contribute to insufficient muscle repair and, consequently, muscle wasting and weakness. If the factors released by T-cells to activate satellite cells can be identified, it may be possible to develop therapeutic agents to enhance muscle regeneration and reduce the impact of muscle wasting during ageing and disease.
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