Quantitation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with HBeAg Positivity During PEG-IFN and Entecavir Therapy

Nanoarchitectonics-based electrochemical aptasensors for highly efficient exosome detection

Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to provide valuable insights into the pathophysiological microenvironment of the cells from which they originate. This characteristic implicates their potential use as diagnostic disease biomarkers clinically, including cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Aptasensors, which are electrochemical aptamers based biosensing devices, have emerged as a new class of powerful detection technology to conventional methods like ELISA and Western analysis, primarily because of their capability for high-performance bioanalysis. This review covers the current research landscape on the detection of exosomes utilizing nanoarchitectonics strategy for the development of electrochemical aptasensors. Strategies involving signal amplification and biofouling prevention are discussed, with an emphasis on nanoarchitectonics-based bio-interfaces, showcasing their potential to enhance sensitivity and selectivity through optimal conduction and mass transport properties. The ongoing challenges to broaden the clinical applications of these biosensors are also highlighted.

Dynamic changes of the proportion of HLA-DR and CD38 coexpression subsets on T lymphocytes during IFN-based chronic hepatitis B treatment

Background

To investigate the changes of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) and CD38 coexpression subsets on T lymphocytes following interferon (IFN) therapy for those who have chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

A prospective cohort of CHB patients participated in this study. CHB patients without IFN treatment (including naïve and nucleoside [nucleotide] analogs [NAs]-treated patients) were given pegylated interferon alfa (Peg-IFNα) treatment. Peripheral blood samples were taken at baseline, 4 weeks and 12-24 weeks of Peg-IFNα treatment. For the patients who entered the Peg-IFNα plateau phase due to the stagnation of the decrease in HBsAg, and Peg-IFNα was discontinued and Peg-IFNα therapy was resumed after an interval of 12-24 weeks. During the interval, they received first-line NAs treatment. Peripheral blood samples were collected at the baseline of the plateau phase, 12-24 weeks of intermittent treatment, and 12-24 weeks of Peg-IFNα retreatment. The peripheral blood samples were taken to determine virological, serological and biochemical indices of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and T lymphocyte related phenotypes were detected using flow cytometry.

Results

In the process of long-term treatment of Peg-IFNα, the percentage of HLA-DR⁺CD38^dim subsets increased significantly at first, then decreased gradually, while the percentage of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets markedly increased. During long-term Peg-IFNα treatment, there was a considerable negative correlation between HBsAg and the HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subset percentage. The persistent high proportion of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets was related to the occurrence of Peg-IFNα plateau phase. After Peg-IFNα intermittent treatment, the percentage of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets decreased significantly. After Peg-IFNα retreatment, the level of HBsAg began to decrease again. At the same time, the percentage of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets significantly increased, but it was still lower than that at the baseline level.

Conclusions

The spectrum of HLA-DR and CD38 coexpression subsets on T lymphocytes changed during the long-term treatment of IFN. The establishment of the IFN plateau phase was linked to the persistence of a considerable proportion of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets on T lymphocytes. IFN intermittent treatment could significantly reduce the proportion of HLA-DR⁺CD38^hi subsets, helping regain the antiviral efficacy of IFN during IFN retreatment.

Effects of hepatitis B virus infection and strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission on maternal and fetal T-cell immunity

One of the most common routes of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Approximately 6.4 million children under the age of five have chronic HBV infections worldwide. HBV DNA high level, HBeAg positivity, placental barrier failure, and immaturity of the fetal immune are the possible causes of chronic HBV infection. The passive-active immune program for children, which consists of the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and antiviral therapy for pregnant women who have a high HBV DNA load (greater than 2 × 10⁵ IU/ml), are currently two of the most important ways to prevent the transmission of HBV from mother to child. Unfortunately, some infants still have chronic HBV infections. Some studies have also found that some supplementation during pregnancy can increase cytokine levels and then affect the level of HBsAb in infants. For example, IL-4 can mediate the beneficial effect on infants' HBsAb levels when maternal folic acid supplementation. In addition, new research has indicated that HBV infection in the mother may also be linked to unfavorable outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and premature rupture of membranes. The changes in the immune environment during pregnancy and the hepatotropic nature of HBV may be the main reasons for the adverse maternal outcomes. It is interesting to note that after delivery, the women who had a chronic HBV infection may spontaneously achieve HBeAg seroconversion and HBsAg seroclearance. The maternal and fetal T-cell immunity in HBV infection is important because adaptive immune responses, especially virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses, are largely responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during HBV infection. Meanwhile, HBV humoral and T-cell responses are important for the durability of protection after fetal vaccination. This article reviews the literature on immunological characteristics of chronic HBV-infected patients during pregnancy and postpartum, blocking mother-to-child transmissions and related immune mechanisms, hoping to provide new insights for the prevention of HBV MTCT and antiviral intervention during pregnancy and postpartum.

The relation of the frequency and functional molecules expression on plasmacytoid dendritic cells to postpartum hepatitis in women with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Objective

To explore the correlation between postpartum hepatitis and changes of plasmacytoid dendritic cells’ (pDC) function and frequency in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

Methods

Pregnant women with chronic HBV infection receiving antiviral treatment (treated group) or not receiving antiviral treatment (untreated group) were enrolled and demographic information was collected before delivery. Clinical biochemical, virological serology, pDC frequency and functional molecular expression were tested before delivery and at 6, 12, 24 weeks after delivery.

Results

90 eligible pregnant women were enrolled, 36 in the untreated group and 54 in the treated group. 36 patients developed postpartum hepatitis, including 17 (17/36, 47.2%) in the untreated group and 19 (19/54, 35.2%) in the treated group (χ2 = 1.304 p=0.253), and 22 cases of hepatitis occurred at 6 weeks postpartum, 12 at 12 weeks postpartum, and 2 at 24 weeks postpartum. The alanine transaminase (ALT) levels at any time postpartum were significantly higher than that of the antepartum, especially at 6 weeks and 12 weeks postpartum. However, the frequencies of pDCs, CD83⁺ pDCs and CD86⁺ pDCs antepartum had no significant difference from any time postpartum. The frequencies of CD83⁺ pDCs, CD86⁺ pDCs in the treated group antepartum were significantly higher than those in the untreated group [12.70 (9.46, 15.08) vs. 10.20 (7.96, 11.85), p=0.007; 22.05 (19.28, 33.03) vs. 18.05 (14.33, 22.95), p=0.011], and the same at 12 weeks postpartum [12.80 (10.50, 15.50) vs. 9.38 (7.73, 12.60), p=0.017; 22.50 (16.80, 31.20) vs. 16.50 (12.65, 20.80), p=0.001]. The frequency of CD86⁺ pDCs in the treated group was significantly higher than that in the untreated group at 24 weeks postpartum [22.10 (16.70, 30.00) vs. 17.10 (13.70, 20.05), p=0.006].

Conclusions

Postpartum hepatitis in HBV infected women mainly occurs at 6-12 weeks postpartum. Antiviral treatment during pregnancy can significantly increase the frequencies of CD83⁺ pDCs and CD86⁺ pDCs in pregnant women with chronic HBV infection.

Dynamic changes of cytokine profiles and virological markers during 48 weeks of entecavir treatment for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B

Objective

The aims of this study were to investigate the kinetic changes of serum, virological, and immunological markers during entecavir (ETV) antiviral therapy and to explore whether these indicators can predict the antiviral efficacy of ETV in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

Methods

HBeAg-positive CHB patients were enrolled and treated with ETV 0.5 mg/day. Clinical biochemical, virological, and serological tests were performed at baseline and every 12 weeks during the 48-week treatment. Plasma levels of cytokines (Flt-3L, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-6, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and TNF-α) were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 weeks after treatment. Analysis of the trends of these clinical indicators in ETV antiviral therapy was performed.

Results

A total of 105 HBeAg-positive CHB patients were enrolled, and 100 of them completed 48 weeks of ETV treatment and follow-up. After 48 weeks of treatment, hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) decline ≥ 1 log10 was found in seven patients, but no patient achieved HBsAg disappearance. serological HBeAg disappeared in 13 patients, and serological HBeAg transformed in 3 patients. The baseline HBsAg and HBeAg levels, HBV DNA load, IL-10, and TGF-β1 levels in the complete virological response group were lower than those in the incomplete virological response group, while the ALT level in the complete virological response group was higher than that in the incomplete virological response group. Both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that baseline biochemical indexes, virological indexes, and cytokine levels had no correlation with the complete virological response at 48 weeks. In multivariate analysis, low baseline HBV DNA load, and HBeAg and IL-10 levels were significantly associated with ALT normalization after 48 weeks of ETV treatment (HBeAg OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.001–1.006, p = 0.007; HBV DNA OR = 0.184, 95% CI 0.046–0.739, p = 0.017; IL-10 OR = 0.040, 95% CI 0.972–0.999, p = 0.040).

Conclusion

Cytokine levels changed dynamically during ETV antiviral therapy. Low baseline HBV DNA load, and HBeAg and IL-10 levels were significantly associated with ALT normalization after 48 weeks of ETV treatment.

An optimized mode of interferon intermittent therapy help improve HBsAg disappearance in chronic hepatitis B patients

Background

To investigate the effect of intermittent interferon therapy mode on the disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study in CHB patients who were suspended from pegylated interferon α (PEG-IFNα) therapy due to a plateau in HBsAg decline during the initial treatment period, and resumed interferon therapy after an interval of 3–6 months. Patients received entecavir or tenofovir during the interval period. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) virological and serological indexes, clinical biochemical indexes, and blood routine tests were performed at the baseline and every 3 months during follow-up of initial interferon treatment. A functional cure was analyzed as a primary outcome.

Results

A total of 304 patients treated with intermittent PEG-IFNα were included in the statistical analysis, including 215 men and 89 women, aged 37.97 ± 8.53 years, and 73 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative and 231 HBeAg positive patients. In total 59 patients (19.41%) achieved HBsAg disappearance through the initial, intermittent, and retreatment of PEG-IFNα treatment, of whom 43 patients (14.14%) achieved HBsAg seroconversion. Early HBsAg response to initial treatment was significantly associated with HBsAg response at 12 and 24 weeks of retreatment. After the intermission period, the incidence of HBsAg disappearance in patients with early HBsAg response in the retreatment period was 43.87%. The baseline HBsAg and 12-week HBsAg response in the retreatment period had higher predictive value than the initial treatment HBsAg response.

Conclusion

The initial, intermittent, and retreatment mode of interferon can help to improve the HBsAg disappearance rate in CHB patients.

Clinical trial registration

[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04028856].

Expression of Functional Molecule on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Associated With HBsAg Loss in HBeAg-Positive Patients During PEG-IFN α-2a Treatment

Objective

The ideal endpoint of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is to clear hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). This study aimed to evaluate whether the expression of functional molecules on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) is associated with HBsAg loss in HBeAg-positive patients during peginterferon alpha-2a (PEG IFN α-2a) therapy.

Methods

A single-center prospective cohort study was performed in HBeAg-positive CHB patients who were treated with PEG-IFN α-2a and followed up for 4 years. HBsAg clearance, HBeAg loss and undetectable HBV DNA achieved by PEG-IFN α-2a therapy was considered as functional cure. The frequencies of pDC and CD86⁺ pDC in peripheral blood, and the mean fluorescence intensity of CD86 (CD86MFI) on the surface of pDC were measured at starting therapy, after 12 and 24 weeks of therapy.

Results

Of 63 patients enrolled, 17 patients achieved HBsAg loss. The baseline HBV DNA load in Non-functional-cure group was significantly higher than that in Functional cure group, and the CD86⁺ pDC% was significantly lower in patients without functional cure. HBV DNA load (OR=0.146, P = 0.002) and CD86⁺ pDC% (OR=1.183, P = 0.025) were independent factors associated with functional cure confirmed by binary logistic regression analysis. In the Functional cure group, HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA loads decreased remarkably after 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment compared to baseline. In Non-functional-cure group, CD86⁺ pDC% and CD86MFI increased significantly from baseline after 12 weeks of treatment. In the Functional cure group, compared with baseline, pDC% increased significantly at 24 weeks, while CD86MFI increased significantly after 24 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

The lower the baseline HBV DNA load and the more the baseline CD86⁺ pDC%, the easier it is for patients to obtain functional cure.

Dynamic Changes of Cytokine Profiles and Virological Markers Associated With HBsAg Loss During Peginterferon Alpha-2a Treatment in HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Objective

To explore dynamic changes of cytokines and virological markers associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss during peginterferon alpha-2a (PEG-IFN α-2a) treatment in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

Methods

It was a single-center prospective cohort study. HBeAg-positive CHB patients were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. Cytokines were detected at baseline, week 12 and 24 of PEG-IFN treatment. HBsAg disappearance rate was the primary evaluation index at 48 weeks of PEG-IFN treatment.

Results

Among 100 patients who completed the 48-week PEG-IFN α-2a treatment, 38 patients achieved serum HBeAg disappearance, 25 patients achieved HBeAg seroconversion, 9 patients achieved functional cure, 37 patients had HBsAg decline of ≥1 log IU/ml, and 8 patients produced hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb). Albumin (ALB), fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3-L) and interferon-alpha2 (IFN-α2) in the clinical cure group were significantly lower than those in the non-clinical-cure group at baseline. After 12 weeks of treatment, HBsAg in the clinical cure group was significantly lower than that in the non-clinical-cure group (median 1.14 vs. 3.45 log10IU/ml, Z=-4.355, P < 0.001). The decrease of HBsAg and hepatitis B virus desoxyribose nucleic acid (HBV DNA) in the clinical cure group was significantly higher than that in non-clinical-cure group (median: HBsAg 1.96 vs. 0.33 log10IU/ml, Z=-4.703, P< 0.001; HBV DNA 4.49 vs.3.13 log₁₀IU/ml, Z=-3.053, P=0.002). The increase of IFN-α2 in the cure group was significantly higher than that in the non-clinical-cure group (497.89 vs. 344.74, Z=-2.126, P=0.034). After 24 weeks of treatment, HBsAg, HBeAg, Flt3-L, and IL-10 in the clinical cure group were significantly lower than those in the non-clinical-cure group (median: HBsAg 0.70 vs. 3.15 log₁₀IU/ml, Z=-4.535, P< 0.001; HBeAg 1.48 vs. 13.72 S/CO, Z = 2.512, P = 0.012; Flt3-l 0.00 vs 2.24 pg/ml, Z = 3.137, P=0.002; IL-10 0.70 vs. 2.71 pg/ml, Z=-4.067, P < 0.001). HBsAg decreased significantly in the clinical cure group compared with non-clinical-cure group (median 3.27 vs. 0.45, Z=-4.463, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Dynamic changes of cytokines and virology markers during early PEG IFN α-2a treatment were associated with HBsAg loss in HBeAg-positive CHB patients.

Follow-Up of 108 Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Treated with Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Derivatives of Interferon-Alpha and Monitoring of Off-Treatment Virological Relapse

BACKGROUND This single center study, which enrolled 108 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection treated with pegylated interferon-alpha (PEG-IFN-alpha), aimed to follow up and monitor off-treatment responses, including virological relapse, and analyze predictors of long-term efficacy of the PEG-IFN-alpha regimen. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 108 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B who had completed the PEG-IFN-alpha regimen and achieved virological suppression were enrolled. The patients were followed up for 5 years to monitor off-treatment responses. Twenty-eight relevant factors, including the history of antiviral therapy and HBeAg seroconversion, were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS The cumulative rates of virological suppression were 75.70%, 68.68%, 65.25%, 63.91%, and 63.91% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of the follow-up period, respectively. Compared with the rates of virological suppression, the cumulative rates of clinical suppression were 88.41%, 79.83%, 78.59%, 75.65%, and 75.65%, respectively, for the 5 years. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization at 24 weeks after off-therapy (relative risk [RR]=3.430, P=0.013) was a potential predictor for sustained virological suppression, and the history of anti-viral therapy (RR=0.164, P=0.004), quantitative value of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) at 48 weeks of anti-viral therapy (RR=2.697, P=0.039), and ALT normalization at 24 weeks after off-therapy (RR=5.467, P=0.004) were potential predictors for sustained clinical suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that increased HBsAg levels at 48 weeks and normalization of ALT at 24 weeks after off-therapy might be predictive factors for long-term treatment efficacy.[color=red] [/color].

Identifying potential biomarkers in hepatitis B virus infection and its response to the antiviral therapy by integrated bioinformatic analysis

The antiviral treatment efficacy varies among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and the underlying mechanism is unclear. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was performed to investigate the host factors that affect the therapeutic responsiveness in CHB patients. Four GEO data sets (GSE54747, GSE27555, GSE66698 and GSE66699) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analysed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs). Enrichment analyses of the DEGs were conducted using the DAVID database. Immune cell infiltration characteristics were analysed by CIBERSORT. Upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs of hub DEGs were identified by miRWalk 3.0 and miRNet in combination with the MNDR platform. As a result, seventy‐seven overlapping DEGs and 15 hub genes were identified including CCL5, CXCL9, MYH2, CXCR4, CD74, CCL4, HLA‐DRB1, ACTA1, CD69, CXCL10, HLA‐DRB5, HLA‐DQB1, CXCL13, STAT1 and CKM. The enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in immune response and chemokine signalling pathways. Investigation of immune cell infiltration in liver samples suggested significantly different infiltration between responders and non‐responders, mainly characterized by higher proportions of CD8+ T cells and activated NK cells in non‐responders. The prediction of upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs led to the identification of a potential mRNA‐miRNA‐lncRNA regulatory network composed of 2 lncRNAs (H19 and GAS5) and 5 miRNAs (hsa‐mir‐106b‐5p, hsa‐mir‐17‐5p, hsa‐mir‐20a‐5p, hsa‐mir‐6720‐5p and hsa‐mir‐93‐5p) targeting CCL5 mRNA. In conclusion, our study suggested that host genetic factors could affect therapeutic responsiveness in CHB patients. The antiviral process might be associated with the chemokine‐mediated immune response and immune cell infiltration in the liver microenvironment.

Association of cytokines with hepatitis B virus and its antigen

To investigate the characteristics of cytokines in patients with different HBV infection status and their correlation with HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg levels. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with chronic HBV infection in immune tolerance phase (IT), HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and acute hepatitis B (AHB) groups, and levels of cytokines were detected by Luminex technique, and analyzed by FLEXMAP 3D analyzer. The correlation between cytokines and HBV DNA load, HBsAg, HBeAg, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in patients with chronic HBV infection was analyzed. In total 312 subjects (184 males and 128 females) were enrolled in the study. There were significant differences among IT, CHB, and AHB groups in Flt-3L value (P = .003; H = 12.312), IFN-γ (P = .001; H = 11.723), IL-10 (P = .001; H = 18.736), IL-17A ((P = .001; H = 12.735), and TGF-β1 (P = .001; Z = 48.571). IFN-α2 levels in CHB group were significantly higher than those in IT and AHB groups (15.24 vs 35.78 pg/mL, P = .000; Z = 3.727; 13.88 vs 35.78 pg/mL, P = .024; Z = -2.258. In CHB group, the levels of HBsAg and ALT were positively correlated with the levels of IL-10 (r = .173; P = .006; r = 0.176; P = .006, respectively), while HBeAg level was positively correlated with the IFN-α2 level (r = .153; P = .016). In AHB group, the HBsAg level was positively correlated with Flt-3L, IFN-α2, IL-10, and IL-6 (r = .402; P = .023; r = .436; P = .016; r = .524, P = .002; r = .405; P = .022, respectively). HBeAg level was positively correlated with IFN-γ and IL-17A levels (r = .400; P = .023; r = .373; P = .036, respectively), and ALT level was positively correlated with IL-6 levels (r = .367; P = .039). In either AHB or CHB group, HBV DNA load was only related to TGF-β level (r = .493; P = .004; r = -.218, P = 0.009 respectively). The correlation between Flt-3L and HBsAg (F = 7.422; P = .007); IL-17, IL-6, and HBeAg (F = 5.757; P = .017; F = 6.156; P = .014) were statistically significant. There was significant correlation between TGF-β2 and HBV DNA (F = 11.795; P = .001), and between ALT and HBsAg, HBV DNA (F = 26.089; P = .000; F = 4.724; P = .031). HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA were correlated with cytokines and ALT in patients with HBV infection. The level of IFN-α2 was significantly higher in patients with CHB. HBV DNA load was only correlated with the level of TGF-β in acute or CHB.

Predictive value of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Toll-like receptor-9 regarding the treatment efficacy of interferon-α in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a public health threat and a challenge for the medical community. Untimely treatment may lead to liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer. At present, the major treatment for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B patients includes administration of interferon-α (IFN-α), which has anti-viral and immunomodulatory effects. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) have important roles in anti-viral therapy. However, their predictive value regarding the efficacy of IFN-α treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients has remained elusive. A total of 178 patients with CHB and HBeAg-positive status, who had not received any previous anti-HBV treatment, were enrolled in the present study. All patients were treated with IFN-α. HBV DNA load, hepatitis B surface antigen and serum alanine aminotransferase were measured prior to and following 48 weeks of treatment. According to HBV levels, the patients were divided into a response group and non-responders group. To determine the amount of pDCs, blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2)- and immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7)-expressing cells in liver biopsies were detected using immunohistochemistry. TLR-9 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. There was no significant difference in the proportion of pDCs (BDCA-2; ILT7) and TLR-9 mRNA expression between the response group and the non-responders group prior to IFN-α treatment. After IFN-α treatment, BDCA-2, ILT7 and TLR-9 mRNA expression was obviously increased in the response group compared with that in the non-responders group (P<0.05). Increased expression of BDCA-2, ILT7 and TLR-9 mRNA was negatively correlated with HBV DNA (P<0.05). Increased levels of pDCs and TLR-9 were negatively correlated with HBV DNA, and were thus capable of predicting the IFN-α treatment response in patients with CHB and HBeAg-positive status.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of viral infections for example hepatitis B

A new approach in understanding the mechanisms of immune response in viral hepatitis is the discovery of a unique type of immune cells – plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are cells of lymphoid origin and morphologically resemble plasma cells. Functionally, they are professional IFN-a-producing cells that play an important role in antiviral immune response. Data on the mechanisms of PDCs participation in hepatitis B virus infection are few and contradictory. In chronic HBV infection, the role of pDCs remains mysterious and poorly understood with conflicting circulating blood pDCs results that show differently that they are not affected or reduced. However, functional disorders of pDCs were observed in patients with chronic HBV infection. The establishment of these mechanisms, as well as the search for the cause of hepatitis B virus latency and the formation of chronic infection remains one of the important and promising areas of scientific activities today.