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Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Fermented soybean foods and diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1329-1340. [PMID: 37799064 PMCID: PMC10688128 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing, and its prevention and management are important. One of the factors contributing to the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the change in dietary habits, including a Westernized diet. Fermented foods are foods that are transformed by the action of microorganisms to produce beneficial effects in humans and have been consumed for thousands of years. The production and consumption of fermented soy foods, including natto, miso, douchi, cheonggukjang, doenjang, tempeh, and fermented soy milk, are widespread in Asian countries. This review focuses on fermented soybean foods and summarizes their effects on diabetes. Fermentation increases the content of ingredients originally contained in soybeans and adds new ingredients that are not present in the original soybeans. Recent studies have revealed that fermented soybean food modifies the gut microbiota-related metabolites by modifying dysbiosis. Furthermore, it has been reported that fermented soybean foods have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. In recent years, fermented foods, including fermented soybeans, have shown various beneficial effects. Therefore, it is necessary to continue focusing on the benefits and mechanisms of action of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyMatsushita Memorial HospitalMoriguchiJapan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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2
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Chan M, Larsen N, Baxter H, Jespersen L, Ekinci EI, Howell K. The impact of botanical fermented foods on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37881833 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Our systematic review assessed the impact of botanical fermented food (BFF) consumption on glucose, lipid, anthropometric, inflammatory and gut microbiota parameters, in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS), MetS components or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched with no language limits, from inception to 31 August 2022, for eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent reviewers screened 6873 abstracts and extracted relevant data. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's ROB2 tool. The final review included twenty-six RCTs, with thirty-one reports published between 2001 and 2022. Significant (p < 0·05) within-group and between-group changes in cardiometabolic outcome means were reported in twenty-three and nineteen studies, respectively. Gut microbiota composition was assessed in four studies, with two finding significant between-group differences. No significant difference between groups of any measured outcomes was observed in five studies. There were fourteen studies at low ROB; ten were of some concern; and two were at high ROB. In 73% of included studies, BFF consumption by participants with obesity, MetS or T2DM led to significant between-group improvements in discrete cardiometabolic outcomes, including fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, waist circumference, body fat percentage and C-reactive protein. BFF consumption increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and LAB, whilst reducing potential pathogens such as Bacteroides. To determine the clinical significance of BFFs as therapeutic dietary adjuncts, their safety, tolerability and affordability must be balanced with the limited power and magnitude of these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miin Chan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Helen Baxter
- Austin Health Science Library, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- The Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations (ACADI), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Chatonidi G, Poppe J, Verbeke K. Plant-based fermented foods and the satiety cascade: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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4
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Arrout A, El Ghallab Y, El Otmani IS, Said AAH. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants prescribed by herbalists for traditional treatment of hypercholesterolemia in Casablanca, Morocco. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Fermented Foods of Korea and Their Functionalities. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fermented foods are loved and enjoyed worldwide and are part of a tradition in several regions of the world. Koreans have traditionally had a healthy diet since people in this region have followed a fermented-foods diet for at least 5000 years. Fermented-product footprints are evolving beyond boundaries and taking the lead in the world of food. Fermented foods, such as jang (fermented soybean products), kimchi (fermented vegetables), jeotgal (fermented fish), and vinegar (liquor with grain and fruit fermentation), are prominent fermented foods in the Korean culture. These four major fermented foods have been passed down through the generations and define Korean cuisine. However, scientific advancements in the fermentation process have increased productivity rates and facilitated global exports. Recently, Korean kimchi and jang have garnered significant attention due to their nutritional and health-beneficial properties. The health benefits of various Korean fermented foods have been consistently supported by both preclinical and clinical research. Korean fermented foods effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular and chronic metabolic diseases, such as immune regulation, memory improvement, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Additionally, kimchi is known to prevent and improve multiple metabolic diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and improve beneficial intestinal bacteria. These functional health benefits may reflect the synergistic effect between raw materials and various physiologically active substances produced during fermentation. Thus, fermented foods all over the world not only enrich our dining table with taste, aroma, and nutrition, but also the microorganisms involved in fermentation and metabolites of various fermentations have a profound effect on human health. This article describes the production and physiological functions of Korean fermented foods, which are anticipated to play a significant role in the wellness of the world’s population in the coming decades.
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Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3709-3765. [PMID: 35912631 PMCID: PMC9804244 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysglycemia is a disease state preceding the onset of diabetes and includes impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. This review aimed to collect and analyze the literature reporting the results of clinical trials evaluating the effects of selected nutraceuticals on glycemia in humans. The results of the analyzed trials, generally, showed the positive effects of the nutraceuticals studied alone or in association with other supplements on fasting plasma glucose and post-prandial plasma glucose as primary outcomes, and their efficacy in improving insulin resistance as a secondary outcome. Some evidences, obtained from clinical trials, suggest a role for some nutraceuticals, and in particular Berberis, Banaba, Curcumin, and Guar gum, in the management of prediabetes and diabetes. However, contradictory results were found on the hypoglycemic effects of Morus, Ilex paraguariensis, Omega-3, Allium cepa, and Trigonella faenum graecum, whereby rigorous long-term clinical trials are needed to confirm these data. More studies are also needed for Eugenia jambolana, as well as for Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus which glucose-lowering effects were observed when administered in combination, but not alone. Further trials are also needed for quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and TherapeuticsUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,Centre of Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and DyslipidemiasUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,Regional Centre for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias and AtherosclerosisFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly,Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut)BolognaItaly,Laboratory of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Angela D'Angelo
- Department of Internal Medicine and TherapeuticsUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,Laboratory of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Centre of Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and DyslipidemiasUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,Regional Centre for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias and AtherosclerosisFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly,Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut)BolognaItaly
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Teo WZ, See JY, Ramazanu S, Chan JCY, Wu XV. Effect of lactic acid fermented foods on glycemic control in diabetic adults: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2863-2878. [PMID: 36178255 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2128032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermented foods are reported to have potential in managing glycemic control. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of LAB-fermented foods on improving glycemic control in adults with prediabetics or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on LAB fermentation-related foods were searched on PubMed, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. Sixteen RCTs were included, and the results concluded LAB-fermented food had significant effects in HbA1c (Z = 6.24, MD = -0.05, CI: -0.07 to -0.04, p ≤ 0.00001), fasting plasma glucose (Z = 2.50, MD = -0.16, CI: -0.29 to -0.04, p = 0.01) and fasting serum insulin (Z = 2.51, MD = -0.20, CI: -0.35 to -0.04, p = 0.01). There were significant effects on lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and body mass index in secondary analyses. Subgroup analysis suggests LAB-fermented consumption with a longer duration, younger age group and adults with T2DM, had a larger effect size. Clinicians could offer LAB-fermented food as dietary recommendations for prediabetic and diabetic adults. Larger trials are warranted to verify LAB-fermented food benefits on glycemic control. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42022295220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou Teo
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Yang See
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena Ramazanu
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Chun Yip Chan
- PBTK and Exposomics Platform, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Skin Omics Platform Lead, A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Vivien Wu
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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The Efficacy of Ginseng (Panax) on Human Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122401. [PMID: 35745129 PMCID: PMC9227417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from different clinical trials on the effects of ginseng on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still inconsistent. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the overall effects of ginseng supplementation on improving cardiometabolic biomarkers among these patients. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. A random-effect model was applied to estimate the weighted mean difference and 95% CI for each outcome. Overall, 20 eligible RCTs were included. Meta-analyses revealed that ginseng supplementation significantly reduced serum concentration of FPG, TC, IL-6, and HOMA-IR values. It also increased HR and TNF-α levels. Ginseng supplementation changed HOMA-IR and HDL-C significantly based on dose and changed HOMA-IR and LDL-C significantly based on study duration in a non-linear fashion. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses indicated a linear relationship between ginseng dose and absolute changes in HDL-C. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed that ginseng supplementation changed TC and LDL-C when the supplementation dose was ≥2 g/day. Our findings suggest that ginseng supplementation may be an effective strategy for improving cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM.
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Kwon KS, Shabbir U, Cha SH, Jang KI. Effect of Ginseng Powder Supplementation on the Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacity, and Sensory Characteristics of Cream Soup. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091193. [PMID: 35563916 PMCID: PMC9105560 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a medicinal herb in Asian countries for hundreds of years. It contains many kinds of ginsenosides as major active ingredients and is known to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetic properties. In this study, we have developed cream soup with different concentrations (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) of ginseng powder (GP) and determined the quality characteristics (color, viscosity, salinity, etc.) and antioxidant activity, along with sensory parameters. After the addition of GP, significant differences in salinity, L* and a*color value, DPPH, and ABTS were found among different concentrations of GP. Cream soup supplemented with GP 10% exhibited the highest values for DPPH and ABTS (83.5% and 87%, respectively), while the contents of total phenolic and saponin were 0.651 ± 0.02 (mg Gallic acid Equiv./g, DW) and 0.797 ± 0.05 (mg Diosgenin Equiv./g, DW), respectively. Moreover, there were no significant changes for °Brix value, pH, acidity, and total flavonoids content compared to control. The sensory characteristics indicated bitterness with the increase in the concentration of GP. However, a non-significant difference was observed between the control and supplemented samples for color, viscosity, and overall preference. Therefore, the supplementation of GP to cream soup could exhibit health benefits and increase the demand for ginseng to promote public health as functional food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Sik Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (K.-S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Umair Shabbir
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (K.-S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Seung-Hyeon Cha
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Keum-Il Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Chen W, Li X, Chen Z, Hao W, Yao P, Li M, Liu K, Hu H, Wang S, Wang Y. A comprehensive quality analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials of Asian ginseng and American ginseng based on the CONSORT guideline. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:71-78. [PMID: 35035241 PMCID: PMC8753457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is an international herb that has been used for thousands of years. Two species most commonly applied and investigated in the ginseng family are Asian ginseng and American ginseng. The number of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) has conspicuously increased, driven by the rapid development of ginseng. However, the reporting of RCT items of ginseng is deficient because of different trial designs and reporting formats, which is a challenge for researchers who are looking for the data with high quality and reliability. Thus, this study focused on providing an extensive analysis of these two species and examined the quality of the RCTs, based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guideline. Ninety-one RCTs conducted from 1980 to 2019 that were related to Asian ginseng and American ginseng used singly met our inclusion criteria. We found that the reporting quality of the two species has improved during the past 40 years. Publication date and sample size were significantly associated with the reporting quality. Rigorous RCTs designed for the species of ginseng are warranted, which can shed light on product research and development of ginseng in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Xiuzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Zhejie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Peifen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Kunmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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Alleviation of Neuronal Cell Death and Memory Deficit with Chungkookjang Made with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis Potentially through Promoting Gut-Brain Axis in Artery-Occluded Gerbils. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112697. [PMID: 34828975 PMCID: PMC8619225 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term fermented soybeans (chungkookjang) with specific Bacillus (B.) spp. have anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and anti-stroke functions. We examined the hypothesis that the long-term consumption of B. amyloliquefaciens SCGB 1 fermented (CKJ1) and B. subtilis SCDB 291 (CKJ291) chungkookjang can alleviate clinical symptoms and hyperglycemia after ischemic stroke by promoting the gut microbiota-brain axis. We examined this hypothesis in Mongolian male gerbils with stroke symptoms induced by carotid artery occlusion. The artery-occluded gerbils were divided into five groups: no supplementation (Control, Normal-control), 4% cooked soybeans (CSB), CKJ1, or CKJ291 in a high-fat diet for 3 weeks. The carotid arteries of gerbils in the Control, CSB, CKJ1, and CKJ291 groups were occluded for 8 min and they then continued on their assigned diets for an additional 3 weeks. Normal-control gerbils had no artery occlusion. The diets in all groups contained an identical macronutrient composition using starch, casein, soybean oil, and dietary fiber. The CSB, CKJ1, and CKJ291 groups exhibited less neuronal cell death than the Control group, while the CKJ1 group produced the most significant reduction among all groups, as much as 85% of the Normal-control group. CKJ1 and CKJ291 increased the blood flow and removal of blood clots, as determined by Doppler, more than the Control. They also showed more improvement in neurological disorders from ischemic stroke. Their improvement showed a similar tendency as neuronal cell death. CKJ1 treatment improved memory impairment, measured with Y maze and passive avoidance tests, similar to the Normal-control. The gerbils in the Control group had post-stroke hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin sensitivity and β-cell function and mass; the CKJ291, CSB, and CKJ1 treatments protected against glucose disturbance after artery occlusion and were similar to the Normal-control. CKJ1 and CKJ291 also reduced serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations and hippocampal interleukin-1β expression levels, compared to the Control. CKJ1 and CKJ291 increased the contents of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Akkermansia in the cecum feces, similar to the Normal-control. Picrust2 analysis showed that CKJ1 and CKJ291 increased the propionate and butyrate metabolism and the starch and glucose metabolism but reduced the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism compared to the Control. In conclusion, daily CKJ1 and CKJ291 intake prevented neuronal cell death and memory dysfunction from the artery occlusion by increasing blood flow and β-cell survival and reducing post-stroke-hyperglycemia through modulating the gut microbiome composition and metabolites to influence the host metabolism, especially inflammation and insulin resistance, protecting against neuronal cell death and brain dysfunction. CKJ1 had better effects than CKJ291.
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12
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Aminifard T, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5293-5311. [PMID: 34532035 PMCID: PMC8441279 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti-obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aminifard
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Kim IS, Hwang CW, Yang WS, Kim CH. Current Perspectives on the Physiological Activities of Fermented Soybean-Derived Cheonggukjang. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5746. [PMID: 34072216 PMCID: PMC8198423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheonggukjang (CGJ, fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented dish, has recently emerged as a functional food that improves blood circulation and intestinal regulation. Considering that excessive consumption of refined salt is associated with increased incidence of gastric cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke in Koreans, consuming CGJ may be desirable, as it can be made without salt, unlike other pastes. Soybeans in CGJ are fermented by Bacillus strains (B. subtilis or B. licheniformis), Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Enterococcus faecium, which weaken the activity of putrefactive bacteria in the intestines, act as antibacterial agents against pathogens, and facilitate the excretion of harmful substances. Studies on CGJ have either focused on improving product quality or evaluating the bioactive substances contained in CGJ. The fermentation process of CGJ results in the production of enzymes and various physiologically active substances that are not found in raw soybeans, including dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, and phytic acids. These components prevent atherosclerosis, oxidative stress-mediated heart disease and inflammation, obesity, diabetes, senile dementia, cancer (e.g., breast and lung), and osteoporosis. They have also been shown to have thrombolytic, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, antimutagenic, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-atopic dermatitis, anti-androgenetic alopecia, and anti-asthmatic activities, as well as skin improvement properties. In this review, we examined the physiological activities of CGJ and confirmed its potential as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-Resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Cher-Won Hwang
- Global Leadership School, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea
| | | | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Tamang JP, Cotter PD, Endo A, Han NS, Kort R, Liu SQ, Mayo B, Westerik N, Hutkins R. Fermented foods in a global age: East meets West. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:184-217. [PMID: 33319517 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fermented foods and alcoholic beverages have long been an important part of the human diet in nearly every culture on every continent. These foods are often well-preserved and serve as stable and significant sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Despite these common features, however, many differences exist with respect to substrates and products and the types of microbes involved in the manufacture of fermented foods and beverages produced globally. In this review, we describe these differences and consider the influence of geography and industrialization on fermented foods manufacture. Whereas fermented foods produced in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand usually depend on defined starter cultures, those made in Asia and Africa often rely on spontaneous fermentation. Likewise, in developing countries, fermented foods are not often commercially produced on an industrial scale. Although many fermented products rely on autochthonous microbes present in the raw material, for other products, the introduction of starter culture technology has led to greater consistency, safety, and quality. The diversity and function of microbes present in a wide range of fermented foods can now be examined in detail using molecular and other omic approaches. The nutritional value of fermented foods is now well-appreciated, especially in resource-poor regions where yoghurt and other fermented foods can improve public health and provide opportunities for economic development. Manufacturers of fermented foods, whether small or large, should follow Good Manufacturing Practices and have sustainable development goals. Ultimately, preferences for fermented foods and beverages depend on dietary habits of consumers, as well as regional agricultural conditions and availability of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- DAICENTER and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences, Principal Research Officer, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy and APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Remco Kort
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Yoba for Life foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, National University of Singapore
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Department of Microbiology and Chemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Nieke Westerik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Yoba for Life foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Ziaei R, Ghavami A, Ghaedi E, Hadi A, Javadian P, Clark CC. The efficacy of ginseng supplementation on plasma lipid concentration in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2020; 48:102239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112090. [PMID: 31315027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely used ingredient in several traditional Chinese medicine formulation, mainly as a prophylactic and restorative agent. Ginseng's Chinese traditional formulations have shown protective effects against atherosclerosis, suggesting that ginseng may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether the supplementation with Panax ginseng (PG) has an effect on blood lipid profile in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to evaluate the effects of PG on blood lipid profile. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 10 studies were performed in volunteers with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, 3 in postmenopausal women, 2 in healthy volunteers and 3 with other types of inclusion criteria. The doses employed ranged from 0.2 to 20 g/day (median 3 g/day, 95% CI 1.7, 5.8), while the treatment time ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median 8 weeks, 95% CI 6, 9). Few studies reported the composition of the PG extract employed. The main ginsenosides reported were Rb1 and Rg1 (content ranging from Rb1 0.023-6.44 mg/g and Rg1 0.028-3.21 mg/g). Significant modification in blood profile was described in 7 studies, in which 5 studies observed a reduction in total cholesterol, 4 in LDL-cholesterol, and 2 in triacylglycerides. The meta-analysis of 10 studies in volunteers with parameters related with metabolic syndrome describes that PG may induce a mean difference compared to a placebo of -2.30 (95% CI -3.79,-0.80) and -1.47 (95% CI -1.90,-1.05) mg/dL per g/day of PG in the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, with no significant effects in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerides. CONCLUSIONS PG extract may induce an improvement in blood lipid profile mainly by a reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Ce Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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17
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Feinberg T, Wieland LS, Miller LE, Munir K, Pollin TI, Shuldiner AR, Amoils S, Gallagher L, Bahr-Robertson M, D'Adamo CR. Polyherbal dietary supplementation for prediabetic adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 30616613 PMCID: PMC6323847 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prediabetes describes a state of hyperglycemia outside of normal limits that does not meet the criteria for diabetes diagnosis, is generally symptomless, and affects an estimated 38% of adults in the United States. Prediabetes typically precedes the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, which accounts for increased morbidity and mortality. Although the use of dietary and herbal supplements is popular worldwide, and a variety of single herbal medicines have been examined for glycemic management, the potential of increasingly common polyherbal formulations to return glycemic parameters to normal ranges among adults with prediabetes remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available, polyherbal dietary supplement on glycemic and lipid parameters in prediabetic individuals. Methods In this multi-site, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 participants with prediabetes will be randomized to either a daily oral polyherbal dietary supplement (GlucoSupreme™ Herbal; Designs for Health®, Suffield, CT, USA; containing cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia), banaba leaf (Lagerstroemia speciosa standardized to 1% corosolic acid), kudzu root (Pueraria lobata standardized to 40% isoflavones), fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graceum standardized to 60% saponins), gymnema leaf (Gymnema sylvestre standardized to 25% gymnemic acid), American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius standardized to 5% ginsenosides), and berberine HCl derived from bark (Berberis aristata)) or placebo for 12 weeks. Short-, medium-, and comparatively long-term markers of glycemic control (blood glucose and fasting insulin, fructosamine, and glycated hemoglobin/A1c, respectively), and other glycemic parameters (GlycoMark, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity/resistance) will be obtained. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides), inflammation (hs-CRP), progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as safety indices (ALT, AST) will be obtained. An intention-to-treat analysis will be used to assess changes in study outcomes. Discussion Treatment options for adults with prediabetes are currently limited. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a commercially available dietary supplement in the popular, but as yet insufficiently studied, category of polyherbal formulas for the management of glycemic parameters and other biomarkers associated with prediabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03388762. Retrospectively registered on 4 January 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-3032-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termeh Feinberg
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Yale University School of Medicine Center for Medical Informatics, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - L Susan Wieland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kashif Munir
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve Amoils
- Alliance Integrative Medicine, Cincinatti, OH, USA
| | | | - Mary Bahr-Robertson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R D'Adamo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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El Sheikha AF, Hu DM. Molecular techniques reveal more secrets of fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:11-32. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Farag El Sheikha
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Nanchang, China
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Minufiya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Shibin El Kom, Minufiya Government, Egypt
| | - Dian-Ming Hu
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Nanchang, China
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Lee D, Kim MJ, Ahn J, Lee SH, Lee H, Kim JH, Park S, Jang Y, Ha T, Jung CH. Nutrikinetics of Isoflavone Metabolites After Fermented Soybean Product (Cheonggukjang) Ingestion in Ovariectomized Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1700322. [PMID: 28981201 PMCID: PMC6139428 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cheonggukjang (CGJ) is a soybean-based quick-fermented food popular in Korea that contains a variety of biologically active compounds including isoflavones and saponins. Isoflavone bioavailability may be important for the bone health of postmenopausal women; therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of fermentation on the isoflavone metabolite nutrikinetic profile after single dose CGJ or unfermented soybean administration in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We identify 34 isoflavone metabolites using UPLC-QTOF-MS and analyze their nutrikinetics at different time points (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h) to understand their fermentation- and OVX-mediated time-dependent concentration changes. Nutrikinetics analysis shows that genistein, daidzein, genistein 4'-sulfate, dihydrodaidzein sulfate, equol 4'-sulfate, and equol-7-glucuronide are present at high concentrations in all groups based on area-under-the-curve analysis. OVX mice appear to show lower isoflavone bioavailability than mice in the sham group. CGJ enhances various isoflavone metabolite bioavailability including genistein, 3-hydroxygenistein, and equol 7-glucuronide, compared to the unfermented soybean-treated group. Among these metabolites, intact isoflavones, 3-hydroxygenistein, genistein 4'-sulfate, and equol 7-glucuronide promote osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclast formation. CONCLUSIONS CGJ has good isoflavone bioavailability and may be beneficial for the bone health of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Hye Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and TechnologySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and TechnologySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - So‐Hyun Park
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and TechnologySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Young‐Jin Jang
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Youl Ha
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and TechnologySeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Group of Metabolic MechanismKorea Food Research InstituteSeongnamRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and TechnologySeongnamRepublic of Korea
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20
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Tian Y, He X, Liu S, Dong J. Comparative analysis of lipid profile and in vitro cytotoxic activity of fermented and unfermented soybean extracted by supercritical CO 2 extraction. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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21
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Tamang JP, Shin DH, Jung SJ, Chae SW. Functional Properties of Microorganisms in Fermented Foods. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:578. [PMID: 27199913 PMCID: PMC4844621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods have unique functional properties imparting some health benefits to consumers due to presence of functional microorganisms, which possess probiotics properties, antimicrobial, antioxidant, peptide production, etc. Health benefits of some global fermented foods are synthesis of nutrients, prevention of cardiovascular disease, prevention of cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, allergic reactions, diabetes, among others. The present paper is aimed to review the information on some functional properties of the microorganisms associated with fermented foods and beverages, and their health-promoting benefits to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim UniversityGangtok, India
| | - Dong-Hwa Shin
- Shindonghwa Food Research InstituteJeonju, South Korea
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University HospitalJeonju, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University HospitalJeonju, South Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University HospitalJeonju, South Korea
- Division of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonju, South Korea
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22
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Go J, Kim JE, Kwak MH, Koh EK, Song SH, Sung JE, Kim DS, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Neuroprotective effects of fermented soybean products (Cheonggukjang) manufactured by mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis MC31 and Lactobacillus sakei 383 on trimethyltin-induced cognitive defects mice. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:247-59. [PMID: 25923962 DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Cheonggukjang (CGK) manufactured by mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis MC31 and Lactobacillus sakei 383 on neurotoxic damages. METHODS The specific aspects of brain functions were measured in Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice that had been pretreated for 4 weeks with three difference doses of CGK before trimethyltin (TMT) treatment. RESULTS The short- and long-term memory loss induced by TMT treatment was significantly improved in the CGK-pretreated group in a dose-dependent manner. The number of dead cells in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus was decreased in the TMT/CGK-cotreated group relative to the TMT/vehicle-treated group, whereas significant suppression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in the same group. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration, activation of the NGF receptor signaling pathway including the TrkA high affinity receptor and p75(NTR) low affinity receptor, and decline in Bax/Bcl-2 level was measured in all TMT/CGK-treated groups, although a decrease in the active form of caspase-3 was observed in the TMT/H-CGK-treated group. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced in the TMT/CGK-treated group, whereas the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was 43-58% lower in the TMT/CGK-treated group than the TMT/vehicle-treated group. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that CGK fermented by mixed culture of B. subtilis and L. sakei could exert a wide range of beneficial activities for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Go
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Moon Hwa Kwak
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Koh
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Song
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Ji Eun Sung
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Dong Sup Kim
- b Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- c College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center , Chungbuk National University , Chungju 361-763 , Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea
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The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107391. [PMID: 25265315 PMCID: PMC4180277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Despite the widespread use of ginseng in the management of diabetes, supporting evidence of its anti-hyperglycemic efficacy is limited, necessitating the need for evidence-based recommendations for the potential inclusion of ginseng in diabetes management. Objective To elucidate the effect of ginseng on glycemic control in a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in people with and without diabetes. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through July 3, 2013). Study selection Randomized controlled trials ≥30 days assessing the glycemic effects of ginseng in people with and without diabetes. Data extraction Relevant data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The Heyland Methodological Quality Score and the Cochrane risk of bias tool were used to assess study quality and risk of bias respectively. Data synthesis Sixteen trials were included, in which 16 fasting blood glucose (n = 770), 10 fasting plasma insulin (n = 349), 9 glycated hemoglobin (n = 264), and 7 homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (n = 305) comparisons were reported. Ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood glucose compared to control (MD = −0.31 mmol/L [95% CI: −0.59 to −0.03], P = 0.03). Although there was no significant effect on fasting plasma insulin, glycated hemoglobin, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, a priori subgroup analyses did show significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin in parallel compared to crossover trials (MD = 0.22% [95%CI: 0.06 to 0.37], P = 0.01). Limitations Most trials were of short duration (67% trials<12wks), and included participants with a relatively good glycemic control (median HbA1c non-diabetes = 5.4% [2 trials]; median HbA1c diabetes = 7.1% [7 trials]). Conclusions Ginseng modestly yet significantly improved fasting blood glucose in people with and without diabetes. In order to address the uncertainty in our effect estimates and provide better assessments of ginseng's anti-diabetic efficacy, larger and longer randomized controlled trials using standardized ginseng preparations are warranted. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01841229
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Effects of Korean red ginseng supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:494-9. [PMID: 24359773 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle, but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats. Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON, n = 8) and a Korean red ginseng group (KRG, n = 8). The KRG group ingested RG extract (1 g·kg(-1), 6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks. After the two-week treatment, plasma lipid profiles, and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured. The triglyceride (TG) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver. The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation. Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG (P < 0.05). Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group (P < 0.05) compared to the CON group. In addition, resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment (P < 0.05). However, muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment, as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations. These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles, it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.
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Hwang IS, Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kwak MH, Go J, Son HJ, Kim DS, Hwang DY. Fermented soybean product (Cheonggukjang) improved some attributes of protein and growth hormone measurements in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Res 2014; 34:355-67. [PMID: 24774072 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the administration of Cheonggukjang (CKJ) would exert positive effects on factors implicated with growth in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To test this hypothesis, we measured specific aspects of bone and organ growth in male SD rats that were treated for 6 weeks with 3 concentrations of CKJ. Although the CKJ extract contained high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, no significant differences in body length, organ weights, or femur weight were detected between the CKJ- and vehicle-treated groups. However, thicknesses of the epiphyseal growth plate in the proximal femoral epiphysis and the compact bone in the linea aspera were broadest in the femur of the 2 CKJ-treated groups when compared with the vehicle-treated groups. Furthermore, the levels of growth hormone (GH) and calcium ion were higher in the sera of the high-concentration CKJ-treated groups, whereas the expression level of GH receptor was higher in muscle tissue of all CKJ-treated groups and in the liver tissue of the high-concentration CKJ-treated group. In the GH receptor downstream signaling pathway, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and Erk were expressed differently between liver and muscle tissues upon CKJ treatment. However, the phosphorylation level of STAT5 was very similar to the expression level of the GH receptor in all CKJ-treated groups. These results indicate that CKJ extract may increase the thickness of the epiphyseal growth plate and the compact bone of the femur, elevate GH secretion, and stimulate regulation of the GH receptor downstream signaling pathway in the liver and muscle tissues of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sik Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hwa Kwak
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joo Son
- Department of Life Science & Environment Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sup Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea.
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Karmazyn M, Moey M, Gan XT. Therapeutic potential of ginseng in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 2012; 71:1989-2008. [PMID: 21985167 DOI: 10.2165/11594300-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although employed in Asian societies for thousands of years, the use of ginseng as an herbal medication for a variety of disorders has increased tremendously worldwide in recent years. Ginseng belongs to the genus Panax, of which there exists a variety, generally reflecting their geographic origin. North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) are two such varieties possessing a plethora of pharmacological properties, which are attributed primarily to the presence of different ginsenosides that bestow these ginsengs with distinct pharmacodynamic profiles. The many cardiovascular benefits attributed to ginseng include cardioprotection, antihypertensive effects, and attenuation of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. Experimental studies have revealed a number of beneficial properties of ginseng, particularly in the area of cardiac protection, where ginseng and ginsenosides have been shown to protect the ischaemic and reperfused heart in a variety of experimental models. Emerging evidence also suggests that ginseng attenuates myocardial hypertrophy, thus blunting the remodelling and heart failure processes. However, clinical evidence of efficacy is not convincing, likely owing primarily to the paucity of well designed, randomized, controlled clinical trials. Adding to the complexity in understanding the cardiovascular effects of ginseng is the fact that each of the different ginseng varieties possesses distinct cardiovascular properties, as a result of their respective ginsenoside composition, rendering it difficult to assign a general, common cardiovascular effect to ginseng. Additional challenges include the identification of mechanisms (likely multifaceted) that account for the effects of ginseng and determining which ginsenoside(s) mediate these cardiovascular properties. These concerns notwithstanding, the potential cardiovascular benefit of ginseng is worthy of further studies in view of its possible development as a cardiovascular therapeutic agent, particularly as adjunctive therapy to existing medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Karmazyn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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