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Berikashvili V, Khardziani T, Kobakhidze A, Kulp M, Kuhtinskaja M, Lukk T, Gargano ML, Venturella G, Kachlishvili E, Metreveli E, Elisashvili VI, Asatiani M. Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Mushrooms and Optimization of Submerged Culture Conditions for Schizophyllum commune (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37830193 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was the exploration of the antifungal properties of Agaricomycetes mushrooms. Among twenty-three tested mushrooms against A. niger, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and G. bidwellii, Schizophyllum commune demonstrated highest inhibition rates and showed 35.7%, 6.5%, 50.4%, and 66.0% of growth inhibition, respectively. To reveal culture conditions enhancing the antifungal potential of Sch. commune, several carbon (lignocellulosic substrates among them) and nitrogen sources and their optimal concentrations were investigated. Presence of 6% mandarin juice production waste (MJPW) and 6% of peptone in nutrient medium promoted antifungal activity of selected mushroom. It was determined that, extracts obtained in the presence of MJPW effectively inhibited the grow of pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds in the extracts obtained from Sch. commune grown on MJPW was several times higher (0.87 ± 0.05 GAE/g to 2.38 ± 0.08 GAE/g) than the extracts obtained from the mushroom grown on the synthetic (glycerol contained) nutrient medium (0.21 ± 0.03 GAE/g to 0.88 ± 0.05 GAE/g). Flavonoid contents in the extracts from Sch. commune varied from 0.58 ± 0.03 to 27.2 ± 0.8 mg QE/g. Identification of phenolic compounds composition in water and ethanol extracts were provided by mass spectrometry analysis. Extracts demonstrate considerable free radical scavenging activities and the IC50 values were generally low for the extracts, ranging from 1.9 mg/ml to 6.7 mg/ml. All the samples displayed a positive correlation between their concentration (0.05-15.0 mg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This investigation revealed that Sch. commune mushroom has great potential to be used as a source of antifungal and antioxidant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Berikashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Khardziani
- Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Academy of Science of Georgia, 10 km Agmashenebeli kheivani, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Aza Kobakhidze
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maria Kulp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Kuhtinskaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A - 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Venturella
- Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Eva Kachlishvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Metreveli
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vladimir I Elisashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mikheil Asatiani
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Evaluation of bioactive properties of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom protein hydrolysate of different degree of hydrolysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sánchez C. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant properties from mushrooms. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:13-22. [PMID: 29062957 PMCID: PMC5625788 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive medicine and food industry have shown an increased interest in the development of natural antioxidants, since those most commonly used synthetic antioxidants may have restricted use in food. This could explain why there is currently much research on the antioxidant properties from natural products such as mushrooms. Many mushrooms have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, which enable them to neutralize free radicals. The oxygen molecule is a free radical, which lead to the generation of the reactive oxygen species and can damage the cells. Cell damage caused by free radicals appears to be a major contributor to aging and degenerative diseases. Mushrooms antioxidant components are found in fruit bodies, mycelium and culture both, which include polysaccharides, tocopherols, phenolics, carotenoids, ergosterol and ascorbic acid among others. Fruit bodies or mycelium can be manipulated to produce active compounds in a relatively short period of time, which represent a significant advantage in antioxidant compounds extraction from mushrooms. Antioxidant compounds may be extracted to be used as functional additives or mushrooms can be incorporated into our food regime, representing an alternative source of food to prevent damage caused by oxidation in the human body.
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de Carvalho MP, Gulotta G, do Amaral MW, Lünsdorf H, Sasse F, Abraham WR. Coprinuslactone protects the edible mushroom Coprinus comatus against biofilm infections by blocking both quorum-sensing and MurA. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4254-4264. [PMID: 27696655 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens embedded in biofilms are involved in many infections and are very difficult to treat with antibiotics because of higher resistance compared with planktonic cells. Therefore, new approaches for their control are urgently needed. One way to search for biofilm dispersing compounds is to look at defense strategies of organisms exposed to wet environments, which makes them prone to biofilm infections. It is reasonable to assume that mushrooms have developed mechanisms to control biofilms on their sporocarps (fruiting bodies). A preliminary screening for biofilms on sporocarps revealed several species with few or no bacteria on their sporocarps. From the edible mushroom Coprinus comatus where no bacteria on the sporocarp could be detected (3R,4S)-2-methylene-3,4-dihydroxypentanoic acid 1,4-lactone, named coprinuslactone, was isolated. Coprinuslactone interfered with quorum-sensing and dispersed biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where it also reduced the formation of the pathogenicity factors pyocyanin and rhamnolipid B. Coprinuslactone also damaged Staphylococcus aureus cells in biofilms at subtoxic concentrations. Furthermore, it inhibited UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. These two modes of action ensure the inhibition of a broad spectrum of pathogens on the fruiting body but may also be useful for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira P de Carvalho
- Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gulotta
- Microbial Interactions and Processes, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Matheus W do Amaral
- Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lünsdorf
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Florenz Sasse
- Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
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Tel G, Ozturk M, Duru ME, Turkoglu A. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of five wild mushroom species with total bioactive contents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:824-830. [PMID: 25720975 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.943245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently, mushrooms are interesting natural products to be investigated due to exhibiting various bioactivities. OBJECTIVE This study determines the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of various extracts of five wild mushroom species. In addition, the total bioactive contents, namely, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene along with phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined spectrophotometrically. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antioxidant activity was tested by using five complementary tests; namely, β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(•) scavenging, ABTS(•+) scavenging, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and metal chelating assays. The in vitro anticholinesterase activity was tested against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes using the Ellman method. The spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene contents. RESULTS The current study has shown that ethyl acetate extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst (IC50: 1.55 ± 0.05 µg/mL) and Funalia trogii (Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer (IC50: 4.31 ± 0.18 µg/mL) exhibited good lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays supported this activity. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Funalia trogii and Ganoderma lucidum indicated good anticholinesterase activity. Ganoderma lucidum had rich phenolic and flavonoid contents, indicating 98.67 ± 0.32 mg PEs/g extract and 160.38 ± 1.25 mg QEs/g extract, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that some of the mushroom species tested herein could be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural antioxidants.
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Intrastrain comparison of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus, and its potent neuritogenic properties. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:378651. [PMID: 25121118 PMCID: PMC4121195 DOI: 10.1155/2014/378651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Pleurotus giganteus (commercial and wild) were tested for their ability to induce neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and mouse neuroblastoma-2a (N2a) cells. Treatment with the mushroom extracts resulted in neuronal differentiation and neuronal elongation, but not nerve growth factor (NGF) production. Linoleic acid (4.5–5.0%, w/w) which is a major fatty acid present in the ethanol extract promoted NGF biosynthesis when augmented with low concentration of NGF (5 ng/mL). The two strains of mushroom were found to be high in protein (154–192 g kg−1), total polysaccharides, phenolics, and flavonoids as well as vitamins B1, B2, and B3. The total phenolics present in the mushroom extracts were positively correlated to the antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition). To conclude, P. giganteus could potentially be used in well-balanced diet and as a source of dietary antioxidant to promote neuronal health.
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Phan CW, Lee GS, Macreadie IG, Malek SNA, Pamela D, Sabaratnam V. Lipid Constituents of the Edible Mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus Demonstrate Anti-Candida Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different solvent extracts of Pleurotus giganteus fruiting bodies were tested for antifungal activities against Candida species responsible for human infections. The lipids extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited the growth of all the Candida species tested. Analysis by GC/MS revealed lipid components such as fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, ergosterol, and ergosterol derivatives. The sample with high amounts of fatty acid methyl esters was the most effective antifungal agent. The samples were not cytotoxic to a mammalian cell line, mouse embryonic fibroblasts BALB/c 3T3 clone A31. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antifungal activity of the lipid components of Pleurotus giganteus against Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guan-Serm Lee
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ian G. Macreadie
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Pamela
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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