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Hu D, Gao J, Yang X, Liang Y. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Revisited: A Review of Anti-Depression Herbal Sources. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211059312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, which can be accompanied by many fatal diseases and a low life quality, has become the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide. However, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the most authoritative and evidence-based encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), could contain leads and insights into the development of new antidepressant drugs. In this work, nine herbal medicines with ‘dispel melancholy functions’ specifically documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia have been comprehensively reviewed with respect to clinical trials, and phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The nine drugs are Rosae Chinensis Flos, Croci Stigma, Albiziae Cortex and Flos, Roase Rugosae Flos, Curcumae Radix, Hyperici Perforati Herba, Cyperi Rhizoma and Bupleuri Radix. The mechanisms of action of their functional antidepressant compounds, including gallic acid, hypericin, kaempferol, crocetin, crocin, quercetin, luteolin, isorhamnetin, curcumin, hyperforin, adhyperforin, catechin, rutin, puerarin, and saikosaponins A and D, have been collected and discussed. These traditional Chinese herbs and their active compounds provide a promising resource to develop effective new antidepressant drugs in future. Moreover, mechanistic investigations, safety verification and large-scale clinical trials are still expected to finally transform such TCM-based antidepressant resources to new drugs for patients suffering from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Jiayu Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kim S, Park J, Shin J, You Y, Kim OK, Lee J, Chung JW, Shim S, Kim K, Jun W. Ethanolic Extract of Vaccinium corymbosum Alleviates Muscle Fatigue in Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:1225-1229. [PMID: 33170760 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extracts of Vaccinium corymbosum (VCE) on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Mice were randomly divided into three groups; nonexercise control group (CON), exercise control group (Ex-CON), and exercise and VCE supplementation group (Ex-VCE). Compared with Ex-CON, Ex-VCE showed increased endurance exercise capacity on day 21. In Ex-VCE mice, the accumulation of lactate was inhibited and the consumption of fatty acids was enhanced, indicating the delay of muscle fatigue. In addition, VCE supplementation elevated mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-1γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) and fatty acid β-oxidation-associated genes such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ). These results suggest that VCE can potentially prevent muscle fatigue by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintae Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jinseop Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yanghee You
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sangin Shim
- Division of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Kim
- Department of Biofood Analysis, Bio Campus of Korea Polytechnic, Ganggyung, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Chang SW, Du YE, Qi Y, Lee JS, Goo N, Koo BK, Bae HJ, Ryu JH, Jang DS. New Depsides and Neuroactive Phenolic Glucosides from the Flower Buds of Rugosa Rose ( Rosa rugosa). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7289-7296. [PMID: 31244195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The flower buds of Rosa rugosa Thunb. have been commonly used as a source of rose oil and as an ingredient in tea in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Repeated chromatography of a hot water extract from the flower buds of R. rugosa led to the isolation and characterization of three new depside glucosides, rosarugosides A-C (1-3), along with three phenolic compounds, one ionone glucoside, four flavonoids, and two tannins having known chemical structures. Linarionoside A and 2-phenylethyl-(6- O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside were isolated from R. rugosa for the first time in this study. The structures of the new compounds 1-3 were elucidated by interpreting one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Among the isolates, a new depside glucoside (1) and two major phenolic glucosides (4 and 5) improved MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficits, which were measured via an acoustic startle response test in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Woo Chang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Du
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yutong Qi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Su Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Goo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Koo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
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He F, Chen J, Dong K, Leng Y, Xu J, Hu P, Yao Y, Xiong J, Pei X. Multi-technical analysis on the antioxidative capacity and total phenol contents of 94 traditional Chinese dietary medicinal herbs. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1358-1369. [PMID: 30258577 PMCID: PMC6145232 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary medicinal herbs (DMHs) are superior reservoirs for natural antioxidants and safe for long-term consumption. Chinese government recently announced an official list of traditional Chinese DMHs to support civil health promotion. However, antioxidative capacity (AOC) and total phenol contents (TPC) of these listed herbs were not comprehensively and systematically evaluated. In this study, AOC of 94 listed DMHs in water extract were investigated by three techniques including radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidative power. The results showed that emblic leafflower, rose, and clove possessed the highest AOC, while TPC was significantly correlated with AOC. While traditional Chinese medicines are categorized by the nature of Yin-Yang, this study demonstrated that Yin DMHs are statistically correlated with high AOC. Practical application: In this study, AOC and TPC of 94 traditional Chinese DMHs were documented systematically. Emblic leafflower, rose and clove were shown to possess the highest AOC. TPC in traditional Chinese DMHs was significantly correlated with the AOC, while DMHs with Yin characteristic might be used as an indicator to identify potential antioxidative herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting He
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory DiseasesNo. 4 West China Teaching HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yun Leng
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Pengwei Hu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Disease Control and PreventionShenzhenChina
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory DiseasesNo. 4 West China Teaching HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Center for Occupational Respiratory DiseasesNo. 4 West China Teaching HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- Department of Public Health Laboratory SciencesWest China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research CenterSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Shen W, Ma S, Chen W, Qi R. Rosa rugosa flavonoids alleviate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in mice by suppressing JNK and p38 MAPK. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28597598 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although Rosa rugosa has been applied for preventing coronary artery disease, the pharmacological mechanism is little explored. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of Rosa rugosa flavonoids (RRF) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) were investigated. METHODS Mice were pretreated by intragastric administration of 600 mg/kg RRF for 7 days. Then MIRI was induced by 45 minutes coronary artery ligation and 3 hours reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size (MIS) and histopathology, activities of myocardial enzymes, and effects of RRF on inflammation and apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS Pretreating the mice with RRF significantly reduced MIS and inhibited activity of plasma myocardial enzymes. Activity of the enzymes associated with anti-oxidation, SOD, and TEAC, and mRNA expression of NOX2 were significantly elevated. RRF pretreatment significantly decreased the translocation of p65 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-1β. RRF pretreatment also significantly prevented the expression of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased the expression of Bcl-2. And RRF inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS RRF significantly inhibited MIRI through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects, and mechanisms were associated with its inhibition on phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Zhang
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources Ministry of Education, Xinjiang, China.,Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Shen
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources Ministry of Education, Xinjiang, China.,Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shangzhi Ma
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources Ministry of Education, Xinjiang, China.,Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources Ministry of Education, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rong Qi
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources Ministry of Education, Xinjiang, China.,Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Liu L, Tang D, Zhao H, Xin X, Aisa HA. Hypoglycemic effect of the polyphenols rich extract from Rose rugosa Thunb on high fat diet and STZ induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:174-181. [PMID: 28213107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rosa rugosa Thunb is a traditional Uygur medicine that has been used in the treatment of diabetes in Uygur ancient recipe for hundreds of years. However, the mechanism of Rosa rugosa Thunb activity is still unclear. This study was designed to address this issue by studying the polyphenols enriched extract (RPE) of Rosa rugosa Thunb in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS RPE were tested in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and oxidative stress in vitro. RPE was administrated at dosages of 37.5, 75 and 150mg/kg body weight in the type 2 diabetic rats, which were made by high fat diet feeding plus a low dose of STZ injection (30mg/kg). The therapeutic effect was evaluated four weeks later. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and insulin signal pathway (PI3K/AKT) were examined to determine insulin sensitivity. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured weekly in the study. RESULTS In vitro, RPE exhibited an activity in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and had an excellent antioxidant activity in the liver of diabetic rats. RPE significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), OGTT, ITT and blood lipid profile. The glycogen synthesis and hexokinase activity were increased together with the improved signaling activity of insulin as indicated by p-IRS, p-IR, p-AKT, and p-GSK-3β. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that RPE reduced blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats by improvement of insulin sensitivity. The effect is likely achieved by inhibition of oxidative stress and α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Kim B, Park J, Yoon HG, Choi KC, Kim K, Lee J, Chung JW, Shim S, You Y, Jun W. Effect of Ethanol Extract of Canavalia gladiata on Endurance Swimming Capacity in Mice. J Med Food 2016; 19:990-993. [PMID: 27696957 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Canavalia gladiata ethanolic extract on endurance swimming capacity were evaluated in a mouse model. The mice were orally administered distilled water (CON), hot water extract (CGW), or 80% ethanol extract (CGE). The swimming time to exhaustion was significantly prolonged in the CGE group. Of the three groups, the CGE showed the lowest blood lactate and the highest nonesterified fatty acid and muscle glycogen levels. These results suggest that the administration of CGE could improve endurance swimming capacity by enhancing lipid catabolism and thereby preserving glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomjeong Kim
- 1 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- 2 Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmi Kim
- 5 Department of Biofood Analysis, Korea Bio Polytechnic , Ganggyung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- 6 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Chung
- 7 Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University , Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangin Shim
- 8 Division of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghee You
- 1 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- 1 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,2 Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Na JR, Oh DR, Han S, Kim YJ, Choi E, Bae D, Oh DH, Lee YH, Kim S, Jun W. Antistress Effects of Rosa rugosa Thunb. on Total Sleep Deprivation-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Cognitive Dysfunction in Rat: Possible Mechanism of Action of 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonist. J Med Food 2016; 19:870-81. [PMID: 27331439 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous results suggest that the Rosa rugosa Thunb. (family Rosaceae) alleviates endurance exercise-induced stress by decreasing oxidative stress levels. This study aimed to screen and identify the physiological antistress effects of an extract of R. rugosa (RO) on sleep deprivation-induced anxiety-like behavior and cognitive tests (in vivo) and tested for hippocampal CORT and monoamine levels (ex vivo), corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and serotonin 6 (5-hydroxytryptamine 6, 5-HT6) receptor activities (in vitro) in search of active principles and underlying mechanisms of action. We confirmed the antistress effects of RO in a sleep-deprived stress model in rat and explored the underlying mechanisms of its action. In conclusion, an R. rugosa extract showed efficacy and potential for use as an antistress therapy to treat sleep deprivation through its antagonism of the 5-HT6 receptor and resulting inhibition of cAMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ryun Na
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea.,2 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dool-Ri Oh
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - SeulHee Han
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - EunJin Choi
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - Donghyuck Bae
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | | | - Yoo-Hyun Lee
- 4 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon , Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Sunoh Kim
- 1 Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR) , Jeollanamdo, Korea.,2 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea.,5 B&Tech Co., Ltd., R&D Center , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- 2 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
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