1
|
Frybortova V, Satka S, Jourova L, Zapletalova I, Srejber M, Briolotti P, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M, Anzenbacherova E. On the Possible Effect of Phytic Acid (Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphoric Acid, IP6) on Cytochromes P450 and Systems of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Different Hepatic Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3610. [PMID: 38612422 PMCID: PMC11011971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As compounds of natural origin enter human body, it is necessary to investigate their possible interactions with the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics in general, namely with the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid, IP6) is mainly present in plants but is also an endogenous compound present in mammalian cells and tissues. It has been shown to exhibit protective effect in many pathological conditions. For this paper, its interaction with CYPs was studied using human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, the HepG2 cell line, and molecular docking. Docking experiments and absorption spectra demonstrated the weak ability of IP6 to interact in the heme active site of CYP1A. Molecular docking suggested that IP6 preferentially binds to the protein surface, whereas binding to the active site of CYP1A2 was found to be less probable. Subsequently, we investigated the ability of IP6 to modulate the metabolism of xenobiotics for both the mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of CYP1A enzymes. Our findings revealed that IP6 can slightly modulate the mRNA levels and enzyme activity of CYP1A. However, thanks to the relatively weak interactions of IP6 with CYPs, the chances of the mechanisms of clinically important drug-drug interactions involving IP6 are low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Frybortova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Stefan Satka
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Lenka Jourova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| | - Iveta Zapletalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Srejber
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Briolotti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France (S.G.-C.)
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (V.F.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao J, Lu Q, Li Z, Li J, Zhao Q, Li J. Acetaminophen-induced liver injury: Molecular mechanism and treatments from natural products. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122632. [PMID: 37050900 PMCID: PMC10083499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic over-the-counter medicine worldwide. Hepatotoxicity caused by APAP overdose is one of the leading causes of acute liver failure (ALF) in the US and in some parts of Europe, limiting its clinical application. Excessive APAP metabolism depletes glutathione and increases N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimide (NAPQI) levels, leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell necrosis in the liver, which in turn leads to liver damage. Studies have shown that natural products such as polyphenols, terpenes, anthraquinones, and sulforaphane can activate the hepatocyte antioxidant defense system with Nrf2 as the core player, reduce oxidative stress damage, and protect the liver. As the key enzyme metabolizing APAP into NAPQI, cytochrome P450 enzymes are also considered to be intriguing target for the treatment of APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we systematically review the hepatoprotective activity and molecular mechanisms of the natural products that are found to counteract the hepatotoxicity caused by APAP, providing reference information for future preclinical and clinical trials of such natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxia Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhao, ; Jian Li,
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sichuan-Tibet Traditional Medicinal Plant, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhao, ; Jian Li,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Exogenous Selenium Treatment Promotes Glucosinolate and Glucoraphanin Accumulation in Broccoli by Activating Their Biosynthesis and Transport Pathways. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation using selenium (Se) on plants is an effective and widely used approach. It can not only be converted to more Se rich compounds but promote the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) with anti-carcinogenic properties. However, the molecular mechanism of Se in regulating GSLs synthesis remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of Se treatment (50 μM sodium selenite) on GSLs, glucoraphanin (4MSOB), and sulforaphane compounds in broccoli tissues. The transcript levels of genes involved in sulfur absorption and transport, GSLs biosynthesis, translocation, and degradation pathways were also evaluated. The study showed that Se treatment remarkably promoted the accumulation of total sulfur and total Se contents and increased Trp-derived GSLs levels in roots by 2 times. The 4MSOB concentration and sulforaphane content in fresh leaves was increased by 67% and 30% after Se treatment, respectively. For genes expressions, some genes involved in sulfate uptake and transporters, GSLs biosynthesis, and transporters were induced strongly upon Se exposure. Results revealed that exogenous Se treatment promotes the overaccumulation of GSLs and 4MSOB content in broccoli by activating the transcript levels of genes involved in sulfur absorption, GSLs biosynthesis, and translocation pathways.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abouir K, Samer CF, Gloor Y, Desmeules JA, Daali Y. Reviewing Data Integrated for PBPK Model Development to Predict Metabolic Drug-Drug Interactions: Shifting Perspectives and Emerging Trends. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708299. [PMID: 34776945 PMCID: PMC8582169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling is a robust tool that supports drug development and the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities. Implementation of predictive systems in the clinics is more than ever a reality, resulting in a surge of interest for PBPK models by clinicians. We aimed to establish a repository of available PBPK models developed to date to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in the different therapeutic areas by integrating intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as genetic polymorphisms of the cytochromes or environmental clues. This work includes peer-reviewed publications and models developed in the literature from October 2017 to January 2021. Information about the software, type of model, size, and population model was extracted for each article. In general, modeling was mainly done for DDI prediction via Simcyp® software and Full PBPK. Overall, the necessary physiological and physio-pathological parameters, such as weight, BMI, liver or kidney function, relative to the drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination and to the population studied for model construction was publicly available. Of the 46 articles, 32 sensibly predicted DDI potentials, but only 23% integrated the genetic aspect to the developed models. Marked differences in concentration time profiles and maximum plasma concentration could be explained by the significant precision of the input parameters such as Tissue: plasma partition coefficients, protein abundance, or Ki values. In conclusion, the models show a good correlation between the predicted and observed plasma concentration values. These correlations are all the more pronounced as the model is rich in data representative of the population and the molecule in question. PBPK for DDI prediction is a promising approach in clinical, and harmonization of clearance prediction may be helped by a consensus on selecting the best data to use for PBPK model development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Abouir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Samer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Gloor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules A Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Identification of sulforaphane regulatory network in hepatocytes by microarray data analysis based on GEO database. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227670. [PMID: 33491737 PMCID: PMC7876596 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past several years, more and more attention has been paid to the exploration of traditional medicinal plants. Further studies have shown that more dietary consumption of cruciferous vegetables can prevent the occurrence of tumor, indicating the potential applications in the chemoprevention of cancer. Sulforaphane (SFN) has been identified by the National Cancer Institute as a candidate for chemopreventive research; it is one of several compounds selected by the National Cancer Institute’s Rapid Access to Preventive Intervention Development Program and is currently in use. In the present study, based on the data of Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO), the gene expression profile of hepatocytes that were treated with SFN was analyzed. The ANOVA and Limma packets in R were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). On this basis, gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment were further analyzed. The core gene HSP90-α (cytosolic), class A member 1 (HSP90AA1) was screened by protein–protein interaction (PPI) network established by STRING and Cytoscape software for further study. Finally, miRNAs targeted HSP90AA1 were predicted by miRanda. All in all, based on the data of GSE20479 chip, the molecular mechanism of SFN on hepatocytes was studied by a series of bioinformatics analysis methods, and it indicated that SFN might effect on the hepatocyte by regulating HSP90AA1.
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh D, Arora R, Bhatia A, Singh H, Singh B, Arora S. Molecular targets in cancer prevention by 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate - A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2020; 241:117061. [PMID: 31794774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of cruciferous vegetables rich in isothiocyanates has long been associated with a reduced risk of various types of cancer. 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate also called erucin is an isothiocyanate present in appreciable quantity in the seeds of Eruca sativa Mill. plant. Although the literature has revealed its protective effects via inducing phase II enzymes and inhibiting carcinogen activating phase I enzymes, recent studies also suggest that, it inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by altering the telomerase activity, dynamics of microtubules, expression of histone deacetylases, and other molecular pathways. With this in mind, the emphasis has been made to review the molecular targets involved in cancer prevention by 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Rohit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Science, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Astha Bhatia
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Hasandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martelli A, Citi V, Testai L, Brogi S, Calderone V. Organic Isothiocyanates as Hydrogen Sulfide Donors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:110-144. [PMID: 31588780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the "new entry" in the series of endogenous gasotransmitters, plays a fundamental role in regulating the biological functions of various organs and systems. Consequently, the lack of adequate levels of H2S may represent the etiopathogenetic factor of multiple pathological alterations. In these diseases, the use of H2S donors represents a precious and innovative opportunity. Recent Advances: Natural isothiocyanates (ITCs), sulfur compounds typical of some botanical species, have long been investigated because of their intriguing pharmacological profile. Recently, the ITC moiety has been proposed as a new H2S-donor chemotype (with a l-cysteine-mediated reaction). Based on this recent discovery, we can clearly observe that almost all the effects of natural ITCs can be explained by the H2S release. Consistently, the ITC function was also used as an original H2S-releasing moiety for the design of synthetic H2S donors and original "pharmacological hybrids." Very recently, the chemical mechanism of H2S release, resulting from the reaction between l-cysteine and some ITCs, has been elucidated. Critical Issues: Available literature gives convincing demonstration that H2S is the real player in ITC pharmacology. Further, countless studies have been carried out on natural ITCs, but this versatile moiety has been used only rarely for the design of synthetic H2S donors with optimal drug-like properties. Future Directions: The development of more ITC-based synthetic H2S donors with optimal drug-like properties and selectivity toward specific tissues/pathologies seem to represent a stimulating and indispensable prospect of future experimental activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre of "Ageing Biology and Pathology," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre of "Ageing Biology and Pathology," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD)," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre of "Ageing Biology and Pathology," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
S. Ramírez-Gómez X, N. Jiménez-García S, Beltrán Campos V, Rodríguez Miranda E, Herrera Pérez G, Vargas-Bernal R. Clinical Relevance of Medicinal Plants and Foods of Vegetal Origin on the Activity of Cytochrome P450. Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Vanduchova A, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E. Isothiocyanate from Broccoli, Sulforaphane, and Its Properties. J Med Food 2019; 22:121-126. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Vanduchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu P, Wang W, Zhou Z, Smith AJO, Bowater RP, Wormstone IM, Chen Y, Bao Y. Chemopreventive Activities of Sulforaphane and Its Metabolites in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050585. [PMID: 29747418 PMCID: PMC5986465 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) exhibits chemopreventive effects through various mechanisms. However, few studies have focused on the bioactivities of its metabolites. Here, three metabolites derived from SFN were studied, known as sulforaphane glutathione, sulforaphane cysteine and sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine. Their effects on cell viability, DNA damage, tumorigenicity, cell migration and adhesion were measured in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, and their anti-angiogenetic effects were determined in a 3D co-culture model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and pericytes. Results indicated that these metabolites at high doses decreased cancer cell viability, induced DNA damage and inhibited motility, and impaired endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Additionally, pre-treatment with low doses of SFN metabolites protected against H2O2 challenge. The activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and the induction of intracellular glutathione (GSH) played an important role in the cytoprotective effects of SFN metabolites. In conclusion, SFN metabolites exhibited similar cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects to SFN, which proves the necessity to study the mechanisms of action of not only SFN but also of its metabolites. Based on the different tissue distribution profiles of these metabolites, the most relevant chemical forms can be selected for targeted chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Wei Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Andrew J O Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Richard P Bowater
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Ian Michael Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|